大型循环流化床锅炉整体动静态数学模型的建模方法研究

提出了一种建立大型商用循环流化床锅炉动静态整体数学模型的方法。该方法在描述循环流化床悬浮段内气固流动特性时考虑了固体物料的宽筛分特性和“核心－环”流动结构，并详尽考虑了循环流化床锅炉内发生的诸如燃烧、传热、有害物质的生成和还原等主要物理化学过程。针对目前国内容量最大的引进410t/hPyroflow循环流化床锅炉，采用该方法对其整体性能进行了预测。     

循环流化床锅炉稀相区辐射传热份额的计算方法

以某热电厂450t/h循环流化床锅炉运行实测数据为基础,在锅炉密相区和稀相区分别建立热平衡方程式,计算循环流化床锅炉密相区、稀相区内的传热系数,并提出了稀相区内以对流为主的对流-辐射模型,新的计算方法可直接计算循环流化床锅炉稀相区辐射传热在总的传热中占的比率。图5参7     

循环流化床传热系数的计算模型

本文在循环流化床流动模型的基础上建立了传热模型，流动模型根据实际运行情况考虑了颗粒的宽筛分，并把床层在轴向上分为密相床和稀相床两部分。在密相床内，传热按照鼓泡床传热微型进行计算；在稀相床内，传热模型建立在颗粒团更新的假设基础上，根据假设，床层由颗粒浓度很低的上升稀相和相对颗粒浓度较大的颗粒团两部分组成，两部分交替地与床壁面接触，床层和受热面间局部换热系数和颗粒浓度及两部分接触壁面的份额有关。模化结     

135MW循环流化床锅炉流动模型

针对135MW循环流化床的特点,建立了密相区和稀相区的流动模型,并进行了宽筛分的处理。沿着床层轴线方向把稀相区均匀划分20个区段,沿着径向将每个区段划分为核心区和环形区,形成了连续的核心小室和环形小室,认为每个核心小室和环形小室内气固流动参数均匀,这样分别建立了每个核心小室和环形小室的流动模型。通过仿真计算表明,所建的流动模型能够反映135MW循环流化床锅炉的流动特性。     

循环流化床复合压降数学模型

建立了同时考虑循环流化床宽筛分物料动态质量平衡以及送风系统流体网络特性的复合压降模型，这是对以往数学模型中采用静态质量平衡及割裂风量和压降关系的修正和改进。该模型可以正确地反映如排渣量、给风流量等锅炉运行参数变化时，床内压降，床料筛分，密相床高度等参数的动态变化情况，从而为建立循环流化床整体动态数学模型奠定了基础。     

宽筛分煤粒在循环流化床内应用的特性

目前我国的循环流化床锅炉大多采用8mm以下宽呼分的煤位，这不同于国外循环流化床锅炉使用的窄筛分物料，这种宽筛分煤位中的细粉部分和大领位部分在流化床内的运动特性和着火燃饶有不同的表现。本文从空气动力特性和燃烧特性两方面进行了初步的理论探讨，并由此对循环流化床的设计和运行提出了建议．     

HG-440t/h循环流化床锅炉燃烧系统仿真模型开发

以HG-440/13.7-L.PM4型循环流化床锅炉为对象,开发了用于循环流化床锅炉燃烧系统仿真研究的软件。描述了以小室模型为基础的宽筛分固体颗粒的燃烧系统模型构建,包括固体颗粒和碳颗粒的质量平衡方程、氧气质量平衡方程、能量平衡方程、煤粒燃烧方程、炉内传热方程,简介了模型的求解方法和软件功能。     

加压导向管喷动流化床部分气化炉颗粒循环倍率的研究

以宽筛分的灰渣和2种不同粒径的窄筛分玻璃珠为实验原料，对加压导向管喷动流化床部分气化炉内颗粒循环倍率进行了试验研究。提出了导向管喷动流化床颗粒循环倍率和床内压降理论关系，分析了环形区的充气量在不同系统压力、导向管位置和喷动管直径对颗粒循环倍率增加因子的影响，在此基础上提出了预测颗粒循环倍率增加因子的试验关联式。结果表明：环形区充气后不仅改善了环形区的气固接触，而且显著增加了环形区和喷动区的颗粒交换，有利于床内气固非均相反应的进行。图10表1参10     

循环流化床锅炉内流动和燃烧特性的理论模型

在对１台１２ＭＷ循环流化床锅炉进行试验研究的基础上,建立了能描述宽筛分循环流化床锅炉的炉内流动体动力特性和燃烧过程的数学模型。循环流化床锅炉总体数学模型以所建流体动力特性模型为子模型,模拟了１２ＭＷ循环流化床锅炉的运行,模拟计算结果合理正确,与试验研究结果吻合良好。     

130t/h循环流化床锅炉燃烧系统的数值模拟

在中国科学院工程热物理所已有的循环流化床数学模型程序及循环床内气-固两相流动等方面的研究成果基础上,建立了能正确描述循环流化床锅炉燃烧的整体数学模型。所建模型具有一些突出优点。首先模型强调了给煤及床料的宽筛分特性;其次,“小室模型”的采用,使得我们可以获得炉内任意位置上主要参数;细致考虑了煤的挥发分和焦炭燃烧等多方面的问题。应用此精细而又较强功能的模型对国产130t/h循环流化床锅炉设计工况的性能进行了预测,计算结果和设计数据吻合较好,获得了一些对设计者有用的结果,且对以后可能的改进设计和大型化设计奠定了基础。     

Numerical modeling of bed-to-wall heat transfer in a circulating fluidized bed combustor based on cluster energy balance

The bed-to-wall heat transfer in a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) combustor depends on the heat transfer contributions from particle clusters, dispersed/gas phase and radiation from both of them. From the available CFB literature, most of the theoretical investigations on cluster and bed-to-wall heat transfer are based on mechanistic models except a few based on mathematical and numerical approaches. In the current work a numerical model proposed to predict the bed-to-wall heat transfer based on thermal energy balance between the cluster/dispersed phase and the riser wall. The effect of cluster properties and the thermal boundary conditions on the cluster heat transfer coefficient are analyzed and discussed. The fully implicit finite volume method is used to solve the governing equations by generating a 2D temperature plot for the cluster and the dispersed phase control volumes. From this 2D temperature profile, space and time averaged heat transfer coefficients (for cluster, dispersed phase and radiation components) are estimated for different operating conditions. The results from the proposed numerical simulation are in general agreement with published experimental data for similar operating conditions. The results and the analysis from the current work give more information on the thermal behavior of the cluster and dispersed phases, which improves the understanding of particle and gas phase heat transfers under different operating conditions in CFB units.     

Effect of dilute and dense phase operating conditions on bed-to-wall heat transfer mechanism in a circulating fluidized bed combustor

In the present paper investigations are conducted on bed-to-wall heat transfer to water-wall surfaces in the upper region of the riser column of a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) combustor under dilute and dense phase conditions. The bed-to-wall heat transfer depends on the contributions of particle convection, gas convection and radiation heat transfer components. The percentage contribution of each of these components depends on the operating conditions i.e., dilute and dense phase bed conditions and bed temperature. The variation in contribution with operating conditions is estimated using the cluster renewal mechanistic model. The present results contribute some fundamental information on the contributions of particle convection, gas convection and radiation contributions in bed-to-wall heat transfer under dilute and dense phase conditions with bed temperature. This leads to better understanding of heat transfer mechanism to water-wall surfaces in the upper region of the riser column under varying load conditions i.e., when the combustor is operated under dilute and dense phase situations. The results will further contribute to understanding of heat transfer mechanism and will aid in the efficient design of heat transfer surfaces in the CFB unit.     

Fundamental heat transfer mechanism between bed‐to‐membrane water‐walls in circulating fluidized bed combustors

In the present work, the fundamental mechanism between bed‐to‐membrane water‐walls in the riser column of a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) combustor is presented. The bed‐to‐membrane water‐wall heat transfer depends on the contributions of particle heat transfer, dispersed phase heat transfer and radiation heat transfer. The fundamental mechanism of particle heat transfer and the effect of fraction of wall exposed to clusters and gas gap thickness between cluster and wall on particle heat transfer coefficient and bed‐to‐wall heat transfer coefficient are investigated. The influence of operating parameters like cross‐sectional average volumetric solids concentration and bed temperature on particle and bed‐to‐wall heat transfer are also reported. The present work contributes some fundamental information on particle heat transfer mechanism, which is responsible for increasing the bed‐to‐wall heat transfer coefficient (apart from dispersed phase convection and radiation heat transfer). The details on particle heat transfer mechanism will enable to understand the basic heat transfer phenomena between bed‐to‐membrane water‐walls in circulating fluidized bed combustors in a detailed way, which in turn will aid for better design of CFB combustor units. The particle heat transfer mechanism is significantly influenced by the fraction of wall exposed to clusters and gas gap thickness between clusters and wall. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The impact of bed temperature on heat transfer characteristic between fluidized bed and vertical rifled tubes

In the present work, the heat transfer study focuses on assessment of the impact of bed temperature on the local heat transfer characteristic between a fluidized bed and vertical rifled tubes (38mm-O.D.) in a commercial circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler. Heat transfer behavior in a 1296t/h supercritical CFB furnace has been analyzed for Geldart B particle with Sauter mean diameter of 0.219 and 0.246mm. The heat transfer experiments were conducted for the active heat transfer surface in the form of membrane tube with a longitudinal fin at the tube crest under the normal operating conditions of CFB boiler. A heat transfer analysis of CFB boiler with detailed consideration of the bed-to-wall heat transfer coefficient and the contribution of heat transfer mechanisms inside furnace chamber were investigated using mechanistic heat transfer model based on cluster renewal approach. The predicted values of heat transfer coefficient are compared with empirical correlation for CFB units in large-scale.     

循环流化床传热研究的综述

本文综述了关于循环流化床床内介质与受热面之间传热的主要研究成果,分析了循环床操作参数对传热的影响规律和各种传热计算关联式及其使用条件,并对研究中存在的问题和今后的研究方向提出了看法。     

循环流化床锅炉中灰循环倍率与炉膛传热系数

循环流化床锅炉中灰循环倍率不仅影响燃烧 ,而且还影响传热。炉膛传热系数是其热力计算的关键数据 ,根据现场测得的数据 ,并参照有关文献 ,提出了一个经验计算公式 ,在几台循环流化床锅炉上亦已证明是正确的     

循环流化床锅炉应用探讨

分析了循环流化床锅炉的循环过程，传热过程和传热影响因素。分析了循环流化床锅炉的技术特点和应用中存在的问题。重点对比分析了循环流化床和煤粉炉各项性能优劣。     

Method of calculation of heat transfer coefficient of the heater in a circulating fluidized bed furnace

Knowledge of heat transfer coefficients is important in the design and operation of CFB boilers. It is the key to determining the area and the layout of the heat transfer surfaces in a CFB furnace. Local bulk density has a close relationship to the local heat transfer coefficient. Using a heat flux probe and bulk density sampling probe, the local bed to wall heat transfer coefficient in the furnace of a 75 t/h CFB boiler was measured. According to the experimental results and theoretical analysis of the facts that influence the heat transfer, the heat transfer coefficient calculation method for the CFB furnace was developed. The heat transfer surface configuration, heating condition, and the material density are considered in this method. The calculation method has been used in the design of CFB boilers with a capacity from 130 t/h to 420 t/h. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 31(7): 540–550, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.10056     

3D modelling of radiative heat transfer in circulating fluidized bed combustors: influence of the particulate composition

A three-dimensional model is developed to predict the bed-to-wall radiative heat transfer coefficient in the upper dilute zone of circulating fluidized bed (CFB) combustors. The radiative transfer equation is solved by the discrete ordinates method and Mie scattering theory is applied to calculate the absorption and scattering efficiency factors of particles existing in CFB combustors. Empirical correlations calculate both spacial variation of solid volume fraction and temperature distribution at the wall. The model considers the influences of the particle properties (including particle size distribution, particle optical constants and solid composition) on the radiative heat transfer coefficient. Simulation results show that the particle properties have significant influences on the bed-to-wall radiative heat transfer coefficient in CFB combustors. A very good agreement of predicted results is shown with experimental data.