复合材料吸能圆管在半圆凹槽触发机制下的斜向压溃失效行为

有效的触发机制能诱导并改善复合材料吸能结构的轴向渐进压溃行为,但仍无法解决汽车吸能结构在斜向冲击载荷下的失稳问题。为了提出新的设计来改善失稳行为,对复合材料吸能圆管在半圆凹槽触发机制下的斜向压溃行为和失效机制进行研究。建立引入半圆凹槽触发机制的圆管有限元模型,采用界面和层内非线性损伤演化模型来模拟其真实的压溃失效模式。通过对比模拟和实验对应的轴向压溃载荷、吸能和失效模式来验证圆管的准静态压溃模型。进而,预测斜向压溃角度(10°～50°)对圆管在半圆凹槽触发机制下压溃行为的影响,并详细揭示其轴向和斜向压溃失效机制及其区别。结果表明,压溃载荷、吸能及失效面积随角度增大而明显减小,不稳定的压溃过程使材料失效耗能不充分。圆管在轴向压溃下表现为渐进破坏,而在斜向压溃下以“渐进破坏”向“失稳破坏”过渡为特征,导致斜向压溃载荷与吸能曲线均存在一个过渡。本研究加深了对圆管在外部触发机制下斜向压溃失效机制的理解,为改善斜向压溃失稳行为提供了一定的设计依据。     

引发角对碳纤维/环氧复合材料圆管件轴向压溃性能的影响

研究了碳纤维增强高韧环氧树脂5288复合材料薄壁圆管件的轴向压溃行为和引发角尺寸之间的关系.对15°,45°,60°引发角的相同尺寸试件分别进行轴向压溃试验,记录了试验过程中的结构载荷力-位移曲线,对照各组不同引发角的管形件轴向压溃过程的峰值压溃载荷、最小压溃载荷后发现,当引发角为60°时,结构的峰值压溃载荷最高,最小压溃载荷最低.对试验件失效后组织进行微观分析后发现,对应于不同引发角,由于接触状态不同,圆管件发生了不同方式的压溃失效,导致了结构吸能力-位移曲线的变化.     

复合材料货舱地板立柱压溃响应试验

复合材料已经在民用飞机结构上得到广泛应用,并逐渐应用到主承力结构中,复合材料的脆性特点给飞机的适坠性设计和评估提出了新的挑战。复合材料机身货舱地板支撑立柱作为坠撞过程中的重要吸能元件,对机身结构抗坠撞性能有重要影响。复合材料货舱地板支撑立柱在压溃失效模式下吸收的能量明显多于整体弯曲失效模式。根据民用飞机复合材料货舱地板立柱的设计需求,对不同试件触发模式、高度、截面形式、截面面积等设计参数变化的T700GC碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料立柱开展准静态和动态压溃试验,得到立柱吸能特性的关键影响参数和设计因子。      

薄弱环节对复合材料波纹梁吸能能力的影响

薄弱环节设置是复合材料吸能结构的关键技术,良好的设计可以使复合材料结构产生稳定的渐进压溃,从而吸收较多的能量.基于波纹梁准静态轴向压溃实验结果,运用MSC/DYTRAN有限元软件建立了三组不同尺寸的碳纤维-环氧树脂波纹梁的有限元模型,在数值模拟结果与实验结果基本吻合的基础上,分析了不同薄弱环节设置对复合材料波纹梁峰值载荷、吸能能力的影响,并进一步比较了不同薄弱环节设置的波纹梁在以6.5m/s的速度碰撞刚性地面时的能量吸能能力.     

AZ31B镁合金挤压矩形管的轴向压溃试验与吸能特性分析

对AZ31B镁合金挤压矩形截面管进行准静态轴向压溃试验,研究其破坏模式和吸能特性,并探索管件长度、截面尺寸、倒角诱导因素等对吸能特性的影响。结果发现镁合金矩形管轴向压溃时存在两种破坏模式:整体破坏模式和渐进破坏模式,无倒角时管件发生整体破坏,而管端有倒角时主要从倒角端开始发生渐进破坏。渐进破坏模式有利于管件吸收能量。镁合金管件具有良好的吸能特性,其比吸能优于钢管、铝合金管和复合材料管。     

复合材料波纹梁冲击试验与数值模拟

为了探究复合材料波纹梁的吸能性能,针对铺层形式分别为[(±45)3/(0,90)/(±45)3]、[(±45)8]和[(±45)7]的3种复合材料波纹梁元件,进行了动态冲击试验,得到了吸能载荷-位移曲线,并对其损伤破坏形貌进行了分析。以连续损伤力学为基础,结合改进的Hashin损伤判定准则以及损伤演化规律,提出了针对波纹梁耐撞性损伤分析的刚度退化模型,并基于有限元软件平台开发了适用于波纹梁渐进损伤分析的子程序。对3种不同结构形式的波纹梁进行了渐进失效数值分析,模拟得到了能量评估参数比吸能(SEA)和平均载荷值,并将模拟结果与试验结果进行了对比分析。比较分析了不同薄弱环节复合材料波纹梁的吸能能力。结果表明:波纹梁在冲击载荷作用下发生了渐进压溃失效;平均压溃载荷的相对误差不超过12%,能够满足工程应用要求;薄弱环节的设置需综合考虑复合材料性能和铺层方式等因素。     

铺层顺序对复合材料薄壁圆管轴向压溃吸能特性的影响研究

采用仿真和试验相结合的方法探讨复合材料薄壁圆管在准静态轴向压缩载荷下的失效吸能特性和吸能机理。首先,建立复合材料薄壁圆管"层合壳"有限元模型,通过显式动力学方法求解其在准静态轴向载荷下的压溃失效力学行为。仿真与试验结果在圆管轴向压溃变形过程、初始峰值载荷、平均压溃载荷及比吸能等主要吸能参数上具有很好的一致性,验证了"层合壳"复合材料圆管有限元模型和建模方法的有效性。其次,采用解析模型与仿真分析方法分别对[0/90]_3s、[0/90/0₂/90₂]_s、[0₃/90₃]_s三种不同铺层顺序的复合材料圆管的屈曲载荷与吸能特性进行了对比,进一步分析了铺层顺序对圆管失效吸能特性的影响。研究表明,0°与90°铺层交替程度对复合材料圆管的吸能特性影响较大,保证纤维失效方式在结构宏观失效中占主导地位能够提高材料失效吸收能量。     

复合材料/铝复合管轴向准静态及冲击压溃的吸能特性

用数值模拟方法,研究了方形和圆形截面的复合材料/铝复合管在轴向准静态及冲击压溃下的吸能特性,计算得到压溃力-位移曲线。通过将一组方形截面复合管在准静态压溃条件下的计算结果与文献的实验数据进行对比,以验证有限元模型和参数设置的正确性。在铝管的管厚、管长以及截面外周长相同,缠绕不同厚度的复合材料情况下,对比分析了方形和圆形截面复合管在准静态及冲击压溃条件下的轴向压溃吸能特性。结果表明,复合管的截面构型对其吸能效果影响很大,在轴向准静态压溃条件下,圆形截面复合管吸能能力要强于方形截面复合管;冲击压溃吸能量不但与结构自身吸能力有关,还受到外界冲击大小的影响。在设计复合材料层厚度时,需要控制复合管的刚度,避免回弹造成吸能量的降低。     

纤维铺层角度对复合材料薄壁圆管轴向压溃吸能特性影响研究

研究T700/3234复合材料薄壁圆管轴向压溃吸能特性受纤维铺层角度变化的影响规律。开展复合材料力学性能试验和薄壁圆管轴向准静态压溃试验。通过对比圆管轴向压溃峰值载荷及比吸能等指标的试验结果,验证建立的复合材料圆管有限元模型和分析方法。基于验证的有限元分析方法,探讨了复合材料纤维铺层角度的变化对薄壁圆管轴向压溃吸能特性的影响规律。结果表明,在准静态轴向压缩载荷下,随着纤维铺层角度的增大,比吸能先增大后减小;纤维角度为±45°时,初始峰值载荷最低,载荷效率最高,圆管易于进入渐进破坏吸能阶段。研究结果可为复合材料纤维铺层角度设计及复合材料薄壁结构有限元建模提供参考。     

变刚度碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料薄壁圆管轴向压溃响应与破坏机制

通过控制缠绕线型改变轴管纤维角度,制备了一种轴向刚度渐变、压溃稳定的碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料(CFRP)变刚度薄壁圆管。对变刚度、[±45°]_n以及[90°]_n三类CFRP缠绕轴管进行轴向准静态压缩测试,结合数字图像相关技术(DIC)及有限元结果,对比三类结构压溃初始应变模式、损伤演化与应力状态结果,研究了变刚度结构的压溃响应与破坏机制。结果表明:不同纤维角度CFRP轴管因轴向刚度不同,压溃的初始破坏与损伤演化过程相异,三类结构产生不同的压溃响应与破坏模式。变刚度区连续变化的大角度纤维能有效地引发分层和"开花式"混合破坏,缓慢释放应变能,使变刚度CFRP轴管吸能效果明显优于其他两类结构。其峰值载荷为66.97 kN,压溃效率为50.8%,比吸能为10.1 kJ/kg,相对于[±45°]_n结构比吸能提升156.35%,压溃效率提升518.76%,相对于[90°])n结构比吸能提升16.9%,压溃效率降低27.3%。     

The Effects of Triggering Mechanisms on the Energy Absorption Capability of Circular Jute/Epoxy Composite Tubes under Quasi-Static Axial Loading

The usage of composite materials have been improving over the years due to its superior mechanical properties such as high tensile strength, high energy absorption capability, and corrosion resistance. In this present study, the energy absorption capability of circular jute/epoxy composite tubes were tested and evaluated. To induce the progressive crushing of the composite tubes, four different types of triggering mechanisms were used which were the non-trigger, single chamfered trigger, double chamfered trigger and tulip trigger. Quasi-static axial loading test was carried out to understand the deformation patterns and the load-displacement characteristics for each composite tube. Besides that, the influence of energy absorption, crush force efficiency, peak load, mean load and load-displacement history were examined and discussed. The primary results displayed a significant influence on the energy absorption capability provided that stable progressive crushing occurred mostly in the triggered tubes compared to the non-triggered tubes. Overall, the tulip trigger configuration attributed the highest energy absorption.     

An experimental study on the effect of failure trigger mechanisms on the energy absorption capability of CFRP tubes under axial compression

The energy absorption characteristics of graphite/epoxy tubes of circular cross sections, subjected to quasi-static axial compression, were experimentally investigated. Tubes with chamfered-ends, inward-folding or outward-splaying crush-caps, or combined (chamfered-end and crush-cap) failure trigger mechanisms, were investigated to identify the optimal configuration that would result in the lowest initial peak load while providing the highest possible specific energy absorption (SEA). The chamfer failure trigger proved to be the most effective at lowering the initial peak load while yielding a high SEA. The inward-folding crush-caps were more effective than the outward-splaying crush-caps in terms of decreasing the initial peak load and increasing the SEA. These results were significantly affected by the corner radii of the crush-caps: the smaller the radius the higher the initial peak load and the SEA. It was determined that combining a chamfered tube with an inward-folding crush-cap yielded the lowest initial peak load and the highest SEA.     

The crush behavior of glass fiber reinforced plastic sections

The crush response of glass fiber reinforced plastic tubes, of cylindrical, square and rectangular section, made from unidirectional tape with various alternating 0° and 90° lay-ups, and also of small samples cut from these tubes, was studied with particular reference to the effects of the geometry of the crush trigger initiator. It was found that the propagation of delamination cracks contributed little to the energy absorption capacity, most of the crush resistance being derived from the development of kink bands in the fiber structure. The crush resistance of square tubes with thinner walls was largely provided by the corners. As the wall thickness increased, the planar portions contributed more to the crush resistance. Approximate estimates of the specific energy may be made from crush tests of simple flat sections. The trigger geometry alters the energy absorption capacity by the extent to which it generates deformation flaws which can then propagate within the wall structure.Softer crush anvils reduce the effectiveness of the trigger crush initiator and can lead to global failure of the section, rather than to stable, progressive crush.     

预制倒角对泡沫铝动态冲击变形及吸能的影响

为防止峰值过高导致的保护失效,对闭孔泡沫铝试件设置三种预制倒角(单倒角、双倒角、中部倒角),探究动态冲击过程中预制倒角对泡沫铝特征曲线、变形与吸能的影响。通过落锤设备进行低速冲击试验获取特征曲线,结合高速摄影设备、ARAMIS软件以及材料变形剖面分析了不同倒角试件的变形模式、能量吸收效率及其对峰值载荷的影响机理。结果表明:预制倒角使泡沫材料初始变形模式发生改变,有效降低了泡沫铝材料在动态冲击过程中的初始峰值载荷,其中单倒角降幅最为明显为26%;倒角种类决定平台区趋势及材料整体变形模式,中部倒角平台区呈硬化现象,载荷波动最明显;预置倒角对泡沫铝材料平台区的能量吸收效率无显著影响。     

Crashworthiness optimization of honeycomb structures under out-of-plane impact using radial basis functions

Crashworthiness design and development of lightweight structures have become important engineering challenges because of the high standards of energy consumption and safety regulations. Within this context, the use of honeycomb structures as crush absorber is continuously growing in automotive and aircraft industries, once honeycombs are known for their high strength-to-weight ratio and excellent energy absorbing capacity. Thus, this paper presents a method that combines radial basis functions with expected improvement to optimize the specific energy absorption of honeycomb cellular materials, while the peak crush force is constrained at low levels for safety reasons. Honeycomb's cell size, cell shape and thickness are the design variables. Concerning the cell shape, the results indicate the hexagonal configuration has a higher out-of-plane performance compared to auxetic and rectangular cells in terms of energy absorption capacity. Lastly, a multi-objective optimization using only the radial basis function predictor (without sequential sampling) is carried out to seek simultaneously for optimal solutions with minimum peak force and maximum specific energy absorption.     

Prediction of crushing morphology of GRP composite sandwich panels under edgewise compression

This paper describes the use of finite element analysis (FEA) for the simulation of the crushing response of glass reinforced plastic (GRP) composite sandwich panels aimed to absorb collision energy. FEA was employed to predict the failure mode associated with the geometry of a triggering mechanism that was introduced in the foam-cored sandwich panels, and for analyses of the influence of the specimens’ aspect ratio on the specific energy absorption of these panels. The formulated numerical models were found to be effective in reproducing the failure mode and crush zone morphology experimentally observed. The numerical results predicted a trigger geometry that marks the transition from catastrophic buckling failure to progressive crushing and showed that there is not an apparent trend between the aspect ratio of the panels and their specific energy absorption.     

诱导结构对泡沫铝填充薄壁方管轴向压溃特性影响的研究

建立了泡沫铝填充薄壁方管的有限元模型,利用试验对泡沫铝填充薄壁方管的有限元模型的准确性进行了验证。研究了诱导结构的类型和数量对泡沫铝填充薄壁方管的轴向压溃变形模式、初始峰值力、压溃力效率和能量吸收能力的影响,结果表明:设计诱导结构可以提高能量吸收能力、减小初始峰值力、增加压溃力效率,甚至可以改变压溃变形模式。沿薄壁方管的轴向方向合理地增加诱导结构的数量,可以进一步的减小初始峰值力、增加压溃力效率、提高结构的能量吸收能力。通过等级评价方法,确定沿薄壁方管的轴向方向设计4组诱导四角方孔可以使泡沫铝填充薄壁方管获得最佳的综合吸能特性。     

Axial crushing of glass fibre-polyester composite cones

Work on the axial compression of axisymmetric tubes, to be used in energy absorbing applications, has been extended to cones. This paper describes the results of compression tests on a range of truncated conical shells made from a chopped strand mat glass/polyester material. For cones with a wall thickness greater than 2 mm, failure occurs by progressive crushing which starts at the small end: unlike tubular specimens, no trigger is necessary. The specific energy absorption varies with cone angle, wall thickness and diameter in a complex way, and in some cases exceeds the values recorded for axisymmetric tubes. The crush zone morphology and failure micromechanisms also vary with specimen geometry. An initial assessment has been made of the relationship between energy absorption and failure mode.     

A numerical study on the quasi-static axial crush characteristics of square aluminum–composite hybrid tubes

In this paper, we describe a numerical investigation on the quasi-static axial crush performance of aluminum–composite hybrid tubes containing a filament-wound E-glass fiber-reinforced epoxy over-wrap around square aluminum tubes. The fiber orientation angle in the overwrap was varied between [±30°] and [90°] with respect to the tube’s axis. The quasi-static axial crush resistance of the hybrid tubes are compared in terms of the maximum load, mean crush load, crush energy and specific energy absorption. The deformation modes of these tubes are also described. An empirical equation is proposed for predicting the mean crush force of hybrid tubes.     

VRB变厚板典型结构件性能对比试验

目的研究VRB与等厚板成形件在吸能特性和抗弯性方面的差异。方法通过准静态压溃、动态压溃及三点弯曲试验,获得并对比分析VRB变厚板的帽型梁典型结构件性能。结果变厚帽型梁的特殊结构在进行压溃变形时能起到诱导槽的作用;VRB帽型梁相比同质量的等厚板帽型梁,降低了峰值力,且吸能效果更优;随着帽型梁厚度(质量)的增加,冲击速度的提高,峰值力升高,吸收的能量增大;变厚板帽型梁的过渡区位置、过渡区长度、厚度分布等结构参数对抗弯承载性能有较大的影响。结论变厚板与等质量的等厚板成形件相比,有更好的结构性能特性。