热循环参数及基板尺寸对焊点可靠性的影响

采用Ansys软件建立BGA倒装芯片模型考察焊点的热应力。通过改变热循环保温时间、温度范围和最高温度,研究各参数对焊点热疲劳寿命的影响,同时也考察了基板的长度和厚度的影响。采用Coffin-Manson方程计算并比较热循环寿命。结果表明:随着热循环高低温停留时间、温度范围以及最高热循环温度的增大,热循环寿命减小,最小寿命为879周;同时热循环寿命也随着基板长度和厚度的增大而减小。     

Comparison of in-situ measurement techniques of solder joint reliability under thermo-mechanical stresses

Thermo Mechanical Cycle Lifetime (TMCL) test is a widely used test methodology for evaluating the reliability of solder joints in the microelectronics industry. The commonly used measurement techniques to monitor solder joint failures during the TMCL test are either event detector or data logger. In this study, TMCL test has been carried out on the same devices in parallel with both measurement techniques. The pros and cons of both techniques are compared. It is observed that the solder joint reliability results on the investigated samples by both techniques are comparable. The event detector can catch short intermittent events, while the data logger is able to capture the details of the solder joint degradation process. In applications for which performance is dependent on the transmission of signals with a frequency of several hundred megahertz or more, the event detector technique shall be used. In such cases the data logger technique may overestimate product lifetime. On the other hand, for some applications where the performance is less susceptible to intermittent solder joint interconnect interruption but more to the increase of the solder joint resistance, the data logger shall be used. In such cases the event detector technique may underestimate product lifetime. In conclusion depending on the end application of the device, the most suitable technique can be selected.     

SMT中焊点形状对焊点可靠性的影响

根据SMTSnPb焊料焊点在热疲劳过程中的受载特点,采用有限元方法,建立了用于预测该种类型焊点热疲劳寿命的数值模型,并借热疲劳试验验证了模型的有效性。结果表明:热疲劳试验中,焊盘(焊盘1)伸出较短的SMT焊点在1440~1680周期之间发生大量破坏,且其热疲劳寿命要低于焊盘(焊盘2)伸出较长的焊点,这与有限元模拟预测的寿命结果基本一致。进而采用该模型研究了焊点形状对其热疲劳寿命的影响规律,在一定条件下,其结果可应用于无铅焊料。     

Numerical analysis of thermo-mechanical characteristics of solder joint depending on change in solder junction structure of MCP

This study suggests an improved junction structure of solder joints that enable an increased junction area and enhance the reliability of solder joints. A finite element analysis was carried out to compare the thermo-mechanical characteristics of the solder joints before and after the improvement. In the suggested junction structure, holes were created in the existing Cu pillar bump to increase its junction area, compared to that of the existing junction structure, and to raise the solder quantity of the joint. Drawing from the analysis results of the thermo-mechanical characteristics on the existing junction structure and the newly suggested junction structure, it was confirmed that shear stress was reduced in the solder joint with the suggested junction structure, as it was lower by around 5–20 MPa in the suggested junction structure. It was also found that the final value of the equivalent stress during a thermal cycle was lower by around 30 MPa in the suggested junction structure. Moreover, in terms of its equivalent strain value, the suggested junction structure had a slightly higher value of elastic equivalent strain although it carried a lower value of plastic equivalent strain in the high-temperature range. Therefore, it is considered that the suggested junction structure will be advantageous in terms of its long-term reliability of thermo-mechanical characteristics.     

浅谈CTE及其对FC—BGA焊点可靠性的影响

PCB对封装行业来说,最关键的莫过不同元器件和PCB之间的热膨胀系数（CTE）匹配性问题。其中FCRGA封装,通过倒装芯片实现芯片焊料凸点与FCBGA基板的直接连接,在FCBGA类产品中可实现较高的封装密度,获得更优良的电性能和热性能。但由于PCB与芯片之间cTE的不匹配,而导致FCBGA焊点的可靠性问题。本文就CTE影响FCBGA焊点可靠性展开讨论。     

Interfacial reaction and solder joint reliability of Pb-free solders in lead frame chip scale packages (LF-CSP)

Chip scale packages (CSP) have essential solder joint quality problems, and a board level reliability is a key issue in design and development of the CSP type packages. There has been an effort to eliminate Pb from solder due to its toxicology. To evaluate the various solder balls in CSP package applications, Pb-free Sn-Ag-X (X=In, Cu, Bi) and Sn-9Zn-1Bi-5In solder balls were characterized by melting behavior, phases, interfacial reaction, and solder joint reliability. For studying joint strength between solders and under bump metallurgy (UBM) systems, various UBMs were prepared by electroplating and electroless plating. After T/C (temperature cycle) test, Sn3.5Ag8.5In solder was partially corroded and its shape was distorted. This phenomenon was observed in a Sn3Ag10In 1Cu solder system, too. Their fractured surface, microstructure of solder joint interface, and of bulk solder ball were examined and analyzed by optical microscopy, SEM and EDX. To simulate the real surface mounting condition and evaluate the solder joint reliability on board level, Daisy chain test samples using LF-CSP packages were prepared with various Pb-free solders, then a temperature cycle test (−65∼ 150°C) was performed. All tested Pb-free solders showed better board level solder joint reliability than Sn-36Pb-2Ag. Sn-3.5Ag-0.7Cu and Sn-9Zn-1Bi-5In solders showed 35%, 100% superior solder joint reliability than Sn-36Pb-2Ag solder ball, respectively.     

热疲劳载荷作用下不同成分BGA互连焊点可靠性研究

本文针对微电子组装中常见的BGA 封装形式,对比采用三种不同成分的BGA焊球和焊膏组合（锡铅共晶焊球和锡铅共晶焊膏、Sn3Ag0.5Cu 焊球和锡铅共晶焊膏、以及Sn3Ag0.5Cu焊球和Sn3Ag0.5Cu焊膏）焊接得到的BGA 互连点,经过不同周期的热疲劳试验后,在金相显微镜和电子背散射衍射下观察,发现Sn3Ag0.5Cu焊球和锡铅共晶焊膏混装形成的BGA焊点中黑色的富锡相均匀弥散分布在焊球内,在热循环载荷作用下极难形成再结晶,抗热疲劳性能最好。     

Reliability issues in Pb-free solder joint miniaturization

As solder joints become increasingly miniaturized to meet the severe demands of future electronic packaging, it is vitally important to consider whether the solder joint size and geometry could become reliability issues and thereby affect implementation of the Pb-free solders. In this study, three bumping techniques, i.e., solder dipping, stencil printing followed by solder reflow, and electroplating of solders with subsequent reflow, were used to investigate the interfacial interactions of molten Sn-3.5Ag, Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu, and pure Sn solders on a copper pad at 240°C. The resultant interfacial microstructures, coming from a variety of Cu pads, with sizes ranging from 1 mm to 25 μm, and representing different solder bump geometries, have been investigated. In addition, a two-dimensional thermodynamic/kinetic model has been developed to assist the understanding of the kinetics of interdiffusion and the formation of interfacial intermetallic compounds. Experimental results and theoretical predictions both suggest that the solder bump size and geometry can influence the as-soldered microstructure; therefore, this factor should be taken into consideration for the design of future reliable ultrafine Pb-free solder joints.     

Solder joint reliability in alternator power diode assemblies

Power diodes in an alternator convert alternating current, generated by the spinning magnetic field, to direct current to be used by the battery and all the automotive electrical/electronic components. The diodes are press-fit into aluminum heatsinks to quickly and efficiently dissipate the heat from the silicon dies in the diode body. The diodes are soldered to a rectifier circuit board through the diode leads by a wave soldering process using a Pb-free, eutectic Sn-3.5Ag solder. A set of positive diodes reside on a different substrate than the set of negative diodes, resulting in differences in the lengths of the diode leads. The distance from the diode body to the solder joint on the leads of the positive diodes is 7 mm less than those of the negative diodes. Solderability, cross-section micrographs, and thermal-cycling fatigue reliability studies were compared between the positive and negative diodes and between diode designs from different suppliers. Wetting balance testing showed significant differences in solderability between positive and negative diodes and between the two different diode designs. Combining the diode body and lead together had a more drastic effect on the solderability than the lead alone. It was discovered that, although the nature of the diode design is to dissipate the heat away from the diode quickly and efficiently, there is a large temperature gradient along the lead immediately above the solder bath which can be as much as 100°C just 2 mm from the bath. This large temperature gradient caused some leads to be too “cold” to form good solder fillets. The solder fillets obtained in the laboratory wetting tests matched those observed in the actual alternators. The inadequate solder fillets resulted in a 250% difference in the thermal cycling fatigue reliability between the two diode designs.     

Sb掺杂对SnAgCu无铅焊点电迁移可靠性的影响

向Sn3.8Ag0.7Cu无铅焊膏中添加质量分数为1%的Sb金属粉末,研究了其焊点在电流密度为0.34×104A/cm2、环境温度150℃下的电迁移行为。通电245h后,阴极处钎料基体与Cu6Sn5IMC之间出现一条平均宽度为16.9μm的裂纹,阳极界面出现凸起带,钎料基体内部也产生了裂纹。结果表明:1%Sb的添加使焊点形成了SnSb脆性相,在高电流密度和高温环境下产生裂纹,缩短了焊点寿命,降低了电迁移可靠性。     

低银无铅焊膏板级封装工艺和焊点可靠性试验

针对低Ag无铅焊膏的市场需求,研究开发了一种适用于99.0Sn0.3Ag0.7Cu低Ag无铅焊膏用松香型无卤素助焊剂(WTO—LF3000),配制了相应的无铅焊膏(WTO—LF3000—SAC0307),并对其板级封装工艺适应性及焊点可靠性进行了考察,用测试后样品的电气可靠性作为接头可靠性评价条件。结果表明:所开发的低Ag无铅焊膏熔点和润湿性符合产品实际要求。配制的焊膏印刷质量良好,焊点切片观察其孔隙率<25%,满足行业标准IPC—A—610D之要求。样品分别经跌落、震动和温度循环试验后,无焊点脱落等现象,电气功能正常。     

焊点的质量与可靠性

主要介绍了Sn—Pb合金焊接点发生失效的各个失效阶段的各种表现形式，探讨发生失效的各种原因．如热应力与热冲击、金属的溶解、基板和元件过热、超声清洗的损害，以及如何在工艺上进行改进以改善焊点的可靠性，使焊点有良好的可靠性、不易损坏，能够承受变化的负载等，从而提高产品的质量。     

Numerical prediction of mechanical properties of Pb-Sn solder alloys containing antimony, bismuth and or silver ternary trace elements

Solder joint interconnects are mechanical means of structural support for bridging the various electronic components and providing electrical contacts and a thermal path for heat dissipation. The functionality of the electronic device often relies on the structural integrity of the solder. The dimensional stability of solder joints is numerically predicted based on their mechanical properties. Algorithms to model the kinetics of dissolution and subsequent growth of intermetallic from the complete knowledge of a single history of time-temperature-reflow profile, by considering equivalent isothermal time intervals, have been developed. The information for dissolution is derived during the heating cycle of reflow and for the growth process from cooling curve of reflow profile. A simple and quick analysis tool to derive tensile stress-strain maps as a function of the reflow temperature of solder and strain rate has been developed by numerical program. The tensile properties are used in modeling thermal strain, thermal fatigue and to predict the overall fatigue life of solder joints. The numerical analysis of the tensile properties as affected by their composition and rate of testing, has been compiled in this paper. A numerical model using constitutive equation has been developed to evaluate the interfacial fatigue crack growth rate. The model can assess the effect of cooling rate, which depends on the level of strain energy release rate. Increasing cooling rate from normalizing to water-quenching, enhanced the fatigue resistance to interfacial crack growth by up to 50% at low strain energy release rate. The increased cooling rates enhanced the fatigue crack growth resistance by surface roughening at the interface of solder joint. This paper highlights salient features of process modeling. Interfacial intermetallic microstructure is affected by cooling rate and thereby affects the mechanical properties.     

不同冷却速度对SMT焊点热循环寿命的影响

采用水冷、空冷和炉冷的不同冷却方式，对焊点的热循环寿命进行了初步研究，结果表明，对ＳｎＰｂ６０／４０钎料，空冷焊点的热循环寿命最高，水冷的最差。焊点的断面均是沿晶和穿晶的混合断口，并伴有疲劳辉纹，呈现蠕变和疲劳交互作用的断裂特征。     

无铅焊点的电阻应变温度迟滞回线特性

在焊点热可靠性研究过程中,发现无铅焊点在313.15～398.15K循环热载荷条件下电阻应变与温度存在滞后效应,以力学分析方法对该效应的迟滞回线进行了分析讨论。结果表明:塑性电阻应变是引起迟滞回线变化的主要原因;稳定期内一个循环的最大塑性电阻应变量是0.00158,电阻应变滞后于温度变化18.31s;高温迟滞回线变化较低温更明显,二者相差0.0036749,反映了高温下焊点内部损伤程度更快。随着循环次数的增多,迟滞回线从不稳定趋向稳定,最后趋向不闭合,且斜率降低。     

Effects of cooling rate on mechanical properties of near-eutectic tin-lead solder joints

This paper reports the results of a study on the effect of the cooling rate during solidification on the shear creep and low cycle shear fatigue behavior of 60 Sn/40 Pb solder joints, and on bulk solder tensile properties. Solder joints were made with three different initial microstructures by quenching, air-cooling and furnace-cooling. They have similar steady-state strain rates under creep at relatively high shear stresses (i.e. in the matrix creep region) but creep at quite different strain rates at lower shear stresses (i.e. in the grain boundary creep region). These results are ascribed to the refined grain size and less lamellar phase morphology that results on increasing the cooling rate. Tensile tests on bulk solders that were cold-worked, quenched and furnace-cooled show that a faster cooling rate decreases the ultimate strength and increases the ductility at low strain rates. The fatigue life of quenched solder joints is shown to be longer than that of the furnace-cooled joints.     

Evaluation of solder joint reliability in flip-chip packages during accelerated testing

The microstructural investigation and thermomechanical reliability evaluation of the Sn-3.0Ag-0.5Cu solder bumped flip-chip package were carried out during the thermal shock test of the package. In the initial reaction, the reaction product between the solder and Cu mini bump of chip side was Cu₆Sn₅ intermetallic compound (IMC) layer, while the two phases which were (Cu,Ni)₆Sn₅ and (Ni,Cu)₃Sn₄ were formed between the solder and electroless Ni-P layer of the package side. The cracks occurred at the corner solder joints after the thermal shocks of 400 cycles. The primary failure mechanism of the solder joints in this type of package was confirmed to be thermally-activated solder fatigue failure. The premature brittle interfacial failure sometimes occurred in the package side, but nearly all of the failed packages showed the occurrence of the typical fatigue cracks. The finite-element analyses were conducted to interpret the failure mechanisms of the packages, and revealed that the cracks were induced by the accumulation of the plastic work and viscoplastic shear strains.     

无铅过渡时期混合焊点可靠性研究进展

在电子产品向无铅化过渡时期,存在前向兼容和后向兼容混合焊点的可靠性问题,对相关的理论和实验研究进行了综述。重点介绍了后向兼容组装中再流温度曲线的设置、焊点合金成分的计算及液相线温度的估算。简要介绍了前向兼容焊点的可靠性,认为一般情况下其可靠性可被接受。     

Effects of Cu contents in Pb-free solder alloys on interfacial reactions and bump reliability of Pb-free solder bumps on electroless Ni-P under-bump metallurgy

Using the screen-printed solder-bumping technique on the electroless plated Ni-P under-bump metallurgy (UBM) is potentially a good method because of cost effectiveness. As SnAgCu Pb-free solders become popular, demands for understanding of interfacial reactions between electroless Ni-P UBMs and Cu-containing Pb-free solder bumps are increasing. It was found that typical Ni-Sn reactions between the electroless Ni-P UBM and Sn-based solders were substantially changed by adding small amounts of Cu in Sn-based Pb-free solder alloys. In Cu-containing solder bumps, the (Cu,Ni)₆Sn₅ phase formed during initial reflow, followed by (Ni,Cu)₃Sn₄ phase formation during further reflow and aging. The Sn3.5Ag solder bumps showed a much faster electroless Ni-P UBM consumption rate than Cu-containing solder bumps: Sn4.0Ag0.5Cu and Sn0.7Cu. The initial formation of the (Cu,Ni)₆Sn₅ phase in SnAgCu and SnCu solders significantly reduced the consumption of the Ni-P UBM. The more Cu-containing solder showed slower consumption rate of the Ni-P UBM than the less Cu-containing solder below 300°C heat treatments. The growth rate of the (Cu,Ni)₆Sn₅ intermetallic compound (IMC) should be determined by substitution of Ni atoms into the Cu sublattice in the solid (Cu,Ni)₆Sn₅ IMC. The Cu contents in solder alloys only affected the total amount of the (Cu,Ni)₆Sn₅ IMC. More Cu-containing solders were recommended to reduce consumption of the Ni-based UBM. In addition, bump shear strength and failure analysis were performed using bump shear test.     

Chip Scale Package (CSP) solder joint reliability and modeling

A viscoplastic constitutive model was used to analyze the thermally induced plastic and creep deformation and low cycle fatigue behavior of the solder joints in Chip Scale Packages (CSP) mounted on Printed Circuit Boards (PCB). The time-dependent and time-independent viscoplastic strain rate and plastic hardening work factors of solder material were used in 2-D plane strain finite element models. The viscoplastic strain rate data was fitted to the viscoplastic flow equation. The plastic hardening factors were considered in the evolution equation. A viscoelastic constitutive model was used for molding compound. Finite element models, incorporating the viscoplastic flow and evolution equations for solder and the viscoelastic equations for molding compound, were verified by temperature cycling tests on assembled CSPs. The effect of the cyclic frequency, dwell time, and temperature ramp rate on the response of the viscoplastic deformation was studied for a tapeless Lead-on-Chip (LOC) CSP and a flexible substrate CSP. The ramp rate significantly affects the equivalent stress range in solder joints while a dwell time in excess of 10 min per half cycle does not result in increased strain range. The failure data from the experiments was fitted to the Weibull failure distribution and the Weibull parameters were extracted. After satisfactory correlation between the experiment and the model was observed, the effect of material properties and package design variables on the fatigue life of solder joints in CSPs was investigated and the primary factors affecting solder fatique life were subsequently presented. Furthermore, a simplified model was proposed to predict the solder fatigue life in CSPs.