高压容器焊接残余应力的有限元分析

运用有限元软件ANSYS分析了高压容器筒体和球形封头连接处焊接区温度场和残余应力的分布规律.结果表明,焊接过程中焊接区温度分布不均匀,焊缝及熔合区温度最高,焊缝周围区域金属的温度急速下降.焊接区残余应力关于焊缝中心呈对称分布,最大残余应力出现在焊缝及熔合区处,最大残余应力约为1750 MPa,残余应力沿焊缝中心向边缘处...     

液化石油气球罐裂纹成因分析与讨论

对两台1500m3液化石油气球罐在用检验中所发现裂纹的成因进行了分析。有限元应力计算和X射线衍射残余应力测试表明,球罐赤道环焊缝位置存在较高的工作应力和焊接残余应力;对典型裂纹中夹杂物能谱分析表明,这些夹杂物是焊渣;在分析球罐现场组焊焊接工艺的基础上,得出焊缝裂纹主要是由于焊接工艺不当所致,进而提出了修复方案。     

哈氏合金C276管道焊接残余应力与变形的有限元分析

针对哈氏合金C276焊接特点,运用有限元分析软件ABAQUS,对哈氏合金C276管道多道焊残余应力进行了有限元模拟。利用单元生死技术,模拟焊缝金属的形成;利用FORTRAN语言编写子程序DFLUX,实现了移动的高斯分布热源;考虑对流、传导、辐射以及高温下的材料性能,获得了残余应力和变形的分布规律。计算结果表明,在焊缝及热影响区,轴向拉应力对内壁裂纹的产生有主要的影响,环向拉应力对外壁裂纹的产生有主要的影响。线能量对温度和变形的影响较大,而对残余应力影响不大。     

内外施焊接管焊接接头应力的有限元分析

应用Ansys有限元应力分析软件,根据钢制化工容器结构设计规定(HG20583-1998),分别建立了内部施焊和外部施焊的内伸入式接管与壳体间焊接接头的模型,分析了焊接接头处应力分布情况,并对焊接接头处的应力进行了对比。结果表明,内部施焊的整个焊缝X方向的应力平均值大于外部施焊焊缝;外部施焊的整个焊缝Y方向应力水平略大于内部施焊焊缝;内部施焊焊缝等效应力的应力值小,但其高应力区域范围较大。     

15MnVNR钢焊后热处理过程中应力松驰行为的热模拟研究

本文是在GLEEBLE—1500焊接热模拟试验机上,对15MnVNR压力容器钢接头热影响区的过热区在不同焊后热处理工艺条件下的应力松驰行为进行了研究。研究结果表明,焊后热处理过程中,焊接残余应力的消除效果主要决定于焊后处理工艺温度,而保温时间在超过30分钟后残余应力已趋稳定。试样经580～650℃焊后热处理,保温1小时,可消除焊接残余应力75～85％。     

半管夹套焊接及焊后热处理的残余应力分析

半管夹套作为一种应用广泛的加热冷却设备,在焊接时产生的残余应力,是导致开裂引起泄漏的重要影响因素之一。本文通过有限元软件ABAQUS,编写了移动热源子程序,并采用顺次耦合方法对半管夹套设备焊接温度场及残余应力场进行了数值模拟,并分析了焊后热处理对半管夹套残余应力的影响。结果表明,半管夹套焊缝根部残余应力较大,成为应力腐蚀开裂的薄弱环节,应引起重视;进行热处理后,残余应力明显降低,焊缝根部降低了73%,且焊缝及附近区域应力变得均匀;热处理后期,残余应力有所升高。     

基于盲孔法的ABS热焊板件残余应力测量

采用盲孔法对4种丙烯腈–丁二烯–苯乙烯塑料(ABS)热焊板进行了残余应力的测量,获得了这4种热焊板焊趾区的残余应力数据,结果发现,ABS经过热焊成型后容易在焊趾区形成较高的残余应力,随着测量时间的延长,热焊板焊趾区的残余应力逐渐增大,在测量7 min后释放完全。为了验证盲孔法应用于塑料热焊板残余应力检测的可行性,对ABS热焊板母材区和焊趾区以及热处理前后焊趾区的残余应力进行了测量,同时测试了4种热焊板的焊接强度,发现母材区的残余应力低于焊趾区,80℃热处理后焊趾区的残余应力比热处理前的低,残余应力较低的热焊板具有较高的焊接强度,这些结果均表明盲孔法对塑料热焊板件残余应力测量结果具有一定的参考价值。     

某核电站行车轨道用U71Mn钢的焊接及热处理工艺研究

本文对U71Mn轨道钢焊接及热处理工艺进行了研究。编制了第一次焊接工艺评定方案,结果表明,该方案下轨道焊缝产生多处裂纹,不符合要求。分析认为,U71Mn钢的焊接接头处应力较大,焊缝室温下组织为高碳片状马氏体,具有高强度、高硬度的特点,焊接性较差。第一次焊接工艺评定中预热温度过低、焊后热处理的时间过短,在应力、扩散氢等因素作用下极易扩展形成冷裂纹。为此,在第二次工艺评定方案中,提高预热温度及恒温时间、增加焊后热处理的时间,细化组织晶粒,改善了接头的应力且有利于焊缝中氢的扩散逸出。结果表明,在工艺改进后,焊缝表面未出现裂纹。     

多道焊焊间冷却时间对管道焊接残余应力的影响

应用大型有限元分析软件ABAQUS,对工业管道多道焊进行温度场和残余应力场的数值模拟,将两种焊接工艺得到的温度场和残余应力场进行比较。结果表明,焊间长时间冷却焊可以降低焊接时的温度,而短时间冷却焊则得到较小的残余应力。     

压力管道焊接热影响区裂纹扩展研究

如今压力管道几乎都是焊接结构。由于焊接工艺不当或材料选择的问题,在管道投用的过程中,管道被焊接的部分常常会产生各种不同的焊接裂纹缺陷。再加上内部压力的影响,可能会使得这些裂纹的扩散速率加快,最终可能会导致管道破裂。管道焊接时会存在一种焊接残余应力,焊接应力是焊接过程中焊件体积变化受阻而产生的,当已凝固的填充金属在冷却过程中,因垂直焊缝方向上各处温度差较大,高温区金属收缩会受到低温区金属的拘束,致使两部分金属中均引起内应力,这种力会随着裂纹的走势和形状产生不同的影响,并且与裂纹所处的位置也有着很大的关系,通常在焊缝两侧200～300mm以外就基本不会存在残余应力。总之,这种局部效应对钢材会带来很大的危害,且可能会使裂纹迅速的扩散。因此,必须对管道的焊接残余应力进行分析,尽可能降低焊接残余应力,从而采取合适的措施控制裂纹扩展的速率,确保管道的正常运行。本文主要探讨压力管道焊接热影响区裂纹扩展,希望给相关人士带来一定的帮助。     

烟管与管板连接结构的焊接残余应力数值模拟

为了研究烟管与管板连接处环向裂纹产生的原因,文章基于ANSYS软件中的APDL语言、单元生死技术以及热-结构间接耦合法对烟管与管板焊接结构的焊接温度场、应力场进行了三维数值模拟,获得了焊接残余应力的大小与分布规律,并对模拟结果进行了详细讨论.模拟结果表明：在焊缝区环向应力较大,容易造成焊缝环向开裂而失效;相邻焊缝的焊接对环向焊接残余应力大小与分布规律影响显著.     

合成气／锅炉给水预热器管口裂纹原因与修复

合成气／锅炉给水预热器投用10月后,众多列管管口部位出现裂纹。经过分析,认为问题出在设备方面：主要是制造焊接时受高温影响时间长,焊后金属组织晶粒大,应力大,且管口硬度高。通过采取减小管板上管口倒角半径,重新制定焊接工艺并严格实施,焊后采取换热器管板整体热处理工艺,解决了换热管与管板焊接后管口硬度高、应力大、易产生裂纹的问题。修复后的使用效果证明,对问题症结的分析正确,修复方案有效。     

Long‐Term Properties of Butt‐Welded Poly(propylene)

It is still not clear why the long‐term properties of plastic weld seams can only be differentiated by the very expensive medium tensile creep tests. One hypothesis for justifying this is based on the change in the structure of the weld seam surroundings, another cites the consumption of antioxidants and the following ageing in the weld seam area to be responsible for this. Butt‐welded weld seams made of poly(propylene) were systematically produced under different process parameters. Corresponding to the particular hypothesis, these weld seams were then analyzed in various ways to find correlations or to prove one of the hypotheses. Regarding their short‐term weld seam quality, the analyzed weld seams could not be differentiated through short‐term tensile or short‐term bend test. However, the medium tensile creep tests showed significant differences in both time until failure and long‐term weld seam quality. Under long‐term loading, the start of the brittle crack could be detected in most weld seams in the fine spherulite‐zone or between this zone and the area of the flow lines. This demonstrated again that only long‐term tests are suitable for examining different weld seam qualities. Depending on the welding parameters, times until failure decline with increasing heated‐tool temperature and heating time. Though these parameters lead to a higher consumption of antioxidants in the weld seam, a degradation was not detected in the breaking area. In fact, increasing heated‐tool temperatures and heating times, as well as higher joining pressures lead to a change in the internal structure of the material. This can be seen in morphological structure analyses in the larger bend of the entire weld seam area. A larger bend, however, correlates with higher residual stresses in the weld seam. In the medium tensile creep tests, these residual stresses as well as the tensile stress in the border region and the compressive stress in the middle are superimposed by the tensile stress resulting from the test stress. Thus a greater bend of the weld seam area and higher residual stresses in the weld seam itself lead to shorter times until failure in medium tensile creep tests.

Schematic representation of the formation of residual stresses in a weld seam and residual stresses in the different bended weld seam areas.     

Vibration welding of thermoplastics. Part II: Analysis of the welding process

The vibration welding process for thermoplastics is known to consist of four phases: (1) initial heating of the interface to the melting temperature by Coulomb friction; (2) unsteady melting and flow in the lateral direction; (3) steady-state flow; and (4) unsteady flow and solidification of the film after the vibratory motion is stopped. Simple analytical models are developed for the first three phases. These models are used for estimating the molten film thickness, the size of the heat affected zone, and the weld time as functions of the weld parameters: the amplitude and frequency of the weld motion, and the weld pressure. The steady-state film thickness and the heat-affected zone are shown to be very small.     

Effect of different welding parameters on residual stress and deformation of 20/0Cr18Ni9 dissimilar metal arc-welding joint

Abstract

Pipelines used for the petrochemical, energy, and other industries contain 20 steel and 0Cr18Ni9. This paper based on the finite element simulation software Simufact Welding, the residual stress field and deformation results for 6-mm-thick 20/0Cr18Ni9 plates were examined by combining numerical simulation with experimental verification and performing an orthogonal experiment of three factors on different welding parameters. Herein, the thermodynamic coupling, isotropic hardening model, viscoplastic model, moving heat source are considered, and the experiments confirm the welding residual stress and deformation. The experimental results show that the stress distribution of each model is similar and the maximum stress appears in the fusion zone. Furthermore, the longitudinal residual stress is substantially greater than the transverse residual stress, whereas the minimum stress distribution is observed in paramaters of heat input 13493?J (welding layer 1) and 22400?J (welding layer 2), interpass temperature 50?°C, ambient temperature 65?°C. The minimum deformation occurred in paramaters of heat input 5913?J (welding layer 1) and 9200?J (welding layer 2), interpass temperature 250?°C, ambient temperature 65?°C, whereas the maximum deformation occurred in paramaters of heat input 13493?J (welding layer 1) and 22400?J (welding layer 2), interpass temperature 250?°C, ambient temperature 20?°C. Finally, the paramaters of heat input 7077?J (welding layer 1) and 11440?J (welding layer 2), interpass temperature 50?°C, ambient temperature 20?°C were selected to conduct the actual experiment and verify the residual stress and deformation. The results showed that the simulation results agreed with the actual results, thereby confirming the model’s reliability.     

塑化度与焊接条件对PVC-U型材焊角强度的影响

通过正交试验对比PVC—U型材塑化度和焊接条件对焊角强度的影响试验得知：焊接温度、加热时间及型材塑化度对焊角强度的影响较大,焊接时间与进给压力对焊角强度影响相对较小。型材塑化度在70％左右时具有较好的可焊性,适当提高焊接温度及延长加热时间有利于提高型材的焊角强度,焊接时间超过一定时间后则对焊角强度影响不大,根据型材截面不同进给压力有一最佳值。     

Simulation of the residual stresses in the contour laser welding of thermoplastics

This article presents the influence of the process parameters in laser transmission welding for plastics on the residual stress in the welded part. The contour welding process is modeled by means of finite element (FE) simulation. In this process, the weld seam is only partially heated, i.e., only part of it melts. The calculations are performed using a material model that describes the time‐dependent temperature and stress development in a plate geometry, making allowance for the material's asymmetric compressive‐tensile behavior. Experimental data were measured under different load cases to present the time‐dependent material behavior, and then implemented in numerical terms by formulating the necessary constitutive equations. The calculations to simulate the influence of process parameters on the residual stress behavior were performed using a finite element model that was developed. The simulation covers the entire welding process, including the heating and cooling stages. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2008. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers     

焊缝层数对不锈钢复合板残余应力和变形的影响

利用有限元法开发顺次耦合的弹塑性焊接残余应力有限元分析程序,对304不锈钢复合板补焊残余应力进行分析;在试验验证的基础上,讨论焊缝层数对残余应力的影响。计算结果表明,最大焊接残余应力出现在热影响区。由于覆材和基材强度的不匹配,在基材和覆材的界面产生了不连续的应力分布,对开裂影响很大。随着焊缝层数增加,变形增加,导致部分残余应力释放,使得残余应力降低。