A spatio‐temporal water quality assessment of the Beas and Sutlej Rivers at the Harike Wetland: A Ramsar site in Punjab,India

Lakes play a vital role in regulating water storage, flow of river water, and ultimately maintaining a balanced ecosystem. Spatial and temporal variations in physicochemical parameters of water in Harike Wetland, a Ramsar site in the northwestern state of Punjab, India, were studied. This study was conducted on a monthly basis from January to December 2015. The water quality was studied at ten locations from sites 1 to 10 upstream, central and downstream from Harike Lake for ten physicochemical parameters, including temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, dissolved oxygen concentration biological oxygen demand, nitrate and phosphate concentrations and salinity. The findings of this study revealed that, except for temperature and pH, all parameters exhibited relatively higher values for the Sutlej River, compared with the Beas River, with sampling sites 5 to site 7 exhibiting intermediate results. The mean seasonal temperature variations ranged from 16.9 to 26.6 °C, the pH from 7.7 to 8.2, electrical conductivity from 223 to 303 μS cm^?1 and TDS concentration from 148.7 to 180.4 ppm. Correlation analysis was conducted to assess the relations between the variables. The electrical conductivity exhibited a high positive correlation with salinity and biological oxygen demand, whereas it correlated negatively with the dissolved oxygen concentration. Box and whisker plots were also plotted for the study results to better examine the data distribution.     

Investigation of aquaculture dynamics at a Ramsar site,using earth observation systems in conjunction with a socio‐economic assessment

This study presents a comprehensive site‐scale analysis conducted within the global wetland inventory and mapping (GWIM) project. GWIM was developed and promoted by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) through global partnerships to investigate wetland analyses at multiple scales. The present study investigates the complexity of an inland freshwater wetland system, presenting a conceptual framework for mapping and monitoring the dynamics of Lake Kolleru (a wetland of international importance, as defined by the Ramsar Convention), utilizing a geospatial platform. Illustrating the pace of land use changes leading to the progressive elimination of the wetland ecosystem of freshwater Lake Kolleru, this study also highlights the impacts of such changes on the socio‐economic system. A comprehensive temporal analysis (1977–2007) provided a structural base to schematically analyse the dynamics of biophysical and ecological changes to the wetland by effectively using a spectrum of remote sensing data. The present status and changing trends in ecological dimensions of Lake Kolleru were illustrated, utilizing information from spatial analyses, complimented with socio‐economic assessment. Attention is drawn to the potential of utilizing earth resources systems in exploring space–time interactions in freshwater ecosystems heavily modified through aquaculture interventions. Further, the spatial derivatives are meant as reference material for local authorities and decision‐makers to rehabilitate the economic livelihood activities to the social community dependent on the lake ecosystem. The disseminated message emphasizes the applicability of geospatial tools to enhance the efficacy of the decision‐making process by facilitating regular monitoring of ecosystem dynamics and providing updated information on wetland patterns and uses.     

Impact of Declining Trend of Flow on Harike Wetland,India

Harike wetland in the Indian state of Punjab is formed by a barrage built downstream on the confluence of rivers Satluj and Beas, with the idea of storing and providing irrigation and drinking water to parts of Southern Punjab and adjoining Rajasthan. Due to decrease in flow at Harike and deforestation etc. in the catchment area, the wetland is reducing in the last few years. In this study, the analysis of rainfall/runoff data has been carried out to see the effect of decreasing trend of runoff on wetland area. Wetland area has been delineated using remote sensing technique. The analysis of rainfall, discharge and ground water level showed that the flow pattern is decreasing at Harike. The remote sensing data revealed that the wetland area has reduced approximately 30% over the last 13 years.     

论湿地研究与中国水利——迎1999年“世界湿地日”

经过沼泽学者的长期系统研究和近３０年野生生物学者及其世界性组织的努力，湿地研究进入一个多学科协作的全球生态环境系统的研究新阶段．水科学技术与湿地的水因素、水条件的控导息息相关．本文就湿地的界定和描述、分类和编目、勘查和统计、试验和监控、开发和利用、保育的管理、规划和评价、经济和立法等８个方面讨论这一新的学科分支的发展前景．     

Assessment of threats to a Ramsar site from seafood processing operation effluents

Waterbodies receiving effluents from seafood processing plants might experience severe eutrophication. The present study was carried out to assess the impacts of effluent discharges on water quality and phytoplankton populations in the Vembanad‐kol Wetland, located adjacent to seafood processing industries. It was conducted in the Cherthala–Aroor–Edakochi coastal belt of Vembanad Wetland, India, a region containing many processing plants. The trophic status of the lake was assessed with the Carlton trophic state index. Hypereutrophic conditions were observed more in the interconnected channels than in the main waterbody. There was a dominance of Bacillariophyceae, followed by Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae and Dinophyceae. Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae and Cyanophyceae were comparatively higher in the interconnected channels, whereas Dinophyceae was high in the main body of the lake. There is a shift in dominance from Chlorophyceae to Cyanophyceae in the interconnected channels, especially in the southern and central portion of the lake. There was a dominance of Cyanophyceae over Chlorophyceae, especially in the interconnected channels, being a characteristic of polluted water. Nitzschia sp and Navicula sp were abundant in the class Bacillariophyceae. The dominant species in the class Dinophyceae was Ceratium sp, which is known to proliferate in nutrient‐rich waters. The dominant members of the class Chlorophyceae were Ankistrodesmus sp and Scenedesmus sp. Furthermore, Oscillatoria and Phormidium were higher in number in the class Cyanophyceae, indicating the presence of pollutants of biological origin. Waste discharges from the seafood processing industry are a major factor contributing to an alarming rate of organic pollution and subsequent eutrophication in the lake. The results of the present study highlight that further expansion of the seafood industry in the Cherthala–Aroor–Edakochi coastal belt of Vembanad Lake is not desirable.     

呼伦湖湿地动态变化遥感监测及驱动力分析

基于LandsatMSS／TM／ETM＋、HJ-1A等多源多期卫星遥感数据,采用归一化水指数（NDWI）模型、监督分类结合人机交互式解译的方式,对呼伦湖湿地1975—2011年的湿地面积变化特征进行了动态监测,并从自然和社会经济两个方面进行了驱动力分析。结果表明：呼伦湖湿地近36年来呈现出萎缩和退化的趋势。该区域水体面积较1975年减少了22．7％,非水体湿地面积较1975年减少了25．9％,自然因素是造成呼伦湖湿地面积减少的最主要原因,社会经济因素也在一定程度上加速了呼伦湖湿地的退化。     

解决衡水湖湿地水资源问题的探讨

通过回顾衡水湖湿地水源的变化情况,按照资源水利、环境水利的治水理念,提出将衡水湖周边水网,衡水市区、冀州市区的城市景观水网作为互相联系的供水用水生态体系建设,三个水网系统互相联通,实现城外河湖环绕,城内流水小桥,依靠衡水湖这颗“华北明珠”创建华北第一“生态城市群”设想。既解决了城市和湿地的水污染问题,又解决了湿地水源,既节约水资源又改善环境,形成人类生产生活与环境保护相互依托的良性循环。达到人与自然在和谐相处的环境中共同发展。     

堆石混凝土技术在洒谷水库施工中的应用

结合云南省曲靖市洒谷水库大坝工程,对新型混凝土技术的施工工艺及技术应用中的工程质量、检测、经济效益等问题进行了探讨,指出堆石混凝土技术是一种新型的工艺简单、节约投资、环保节能的施工工艺,具有广阔的应用前景。     

人工湿地污水处理技术在盘锦地区的应用研究

针对辽宁省盘锦市的污染现状,综合盘锦市的气候条件、土壤条件以及经济发展现状,结合人工湿地的组成、构造、类型与特点,总结研究出人工湿地在盘锦市应用推广的可行性.     

人工湿地数值模拟研究——以山东平阴湿地示范区为例

人工湿地作为污水处理的有效方式,越来越受到人们的广泛应用。平阴湿地示范区的建立主要是对污水处理厂的中水进行深度处理,并考虑湿地的中水净化效果及景观效应。采用MIKE21水动力模型对初始状态下的湿地进行了二维流场模拟,并将模拟与实测的水位和流速值分别进行比较,结果表明,模拟的精度和结果良好,基本能够满足要求;分析了初始状态下湿地示范区存在的问题,在更好的实现湿地示范区污水净化效果的基础上,提出了两个改进方案,并通过比较分析,确定改进方案二为有利于污水净化的最优方案。本研究不仅为今后湿地的二维水质模拟、以及结合植物净化效果研究提供了依据,也可以解决山东南水北调沿线乡镇一级中水的再处理问题,为沿线生态环境恢复提供重要依据。     

螺杆启闭机丝杠清污应用技术探究

文中介绍了一种螺杆式启闭机的丝杠清污设施。该设施设计科学、结构简单、性能稳定、操作方便、清污彻底、工作效率高,解决了螺杆丝杠维护中清污难题,对确保水闸的正常运用效果显著,具有广泛地推广应用空间。     

汾河建设人工湿地的可行性研究

人工湿地是一个具有污水处理功能的独特的生态系统。汾河人工湿地采用了潜、表流混合湿地处理汾河里的污水,通过汾河流域生态的治理修复与保护,修复河道自然形态,改善河道生态环境,促使适宜浅水生物生存的湿地基本得到修复和改善,对河道水质部分进行净化处理,形成自然生态的良性循环。     

人工湿地在珊溪水库水源保护中的应用研究

介绍了珊溪水库黄坦坑小流域人工湿地的设计与建设情况。根据水质监测结果,对湿地运行效果进行了初步分析。实践表明黄坦坑小流域人工湿地设计合理,运行效果明显。认为人工湿地在水源地保护和生态清洁小流域建设中将发挥重要作用。     

水利工程对鄱阳湖湿地生物资源的影响

文中叙述了鄱阳湖湿地生物资源的特征,分析预测了三峡等水利工程对鄱阳湖湿地水生植被、鱼类、越冬珍稀水鸟等生物资源的影响。     

湿地水环境存在问题及其保护措施研究

在分析湿地水环境,重点对河流型湿地、湖泊型湿地和库塘型湿地存在问题的基础上,提出了湿地水环境保护的措施和建议;其措施和建议包括软环境建设和工程建设措施共计10个方面.     

温度变化对人工湿地净化城市湖泊水体影响研究

以西安市兴庆湖为研究对象,对湖泊的水质进行了水平潜流和自由表面流净化的实验研究。在相同的水力负荷、水深等条件下,分析了温度变化对城市湖泊中的有机物、氮、磷等主要污染物的净化效果的影响。实验结果表明,随着水体温度的降低,湿地对各污染物的去除率呈现减少的趋势。     

湿地水位梯度对互花米草生长特性的影响研究

通过模拟高盐人工湿地水位控制试验,探讨了砾石填料下不同水位梯度对互花米草的生长状况、生物量积累及生物量分配格局的影响,为湿地工程水位的调节、植物生物量的控制提供依据。结果表明,砾石填料下植物淹水深度6 cm是互花米草比较适宜生长的水位。水位变化影响互花米草的生物量分配,较低水位下有利于刺激根系向更深处生长。     

Environmental vulnerability assessment of Choghakhor International Wetland during 1985 to 2018

As of natural constraints, and the specific climate of Iran, as well as the increasing importance of international water resources in the socio‐economic development of societies, studies on surface water resources, especially wetlands, merit special attention. Accordingly, the TM, ETM+ and OLI satellite images of 1985, 2000 and 2018 were used in the present study to detect changes in the Choghakhor international wetland. Classifying the images with a supervised method, and using maximum likelihood algorithms, the distinct land use/land cover classes of waterbody, aquatic plants, pasture and forest, agricultural lands, bare land and human built lands were ranked. Selected landscape metrics information on the spatial pattern of the Choghakhor wetland was quantitatively determined, using Fragstats software, and the spatial composition and vulnerability of the wetland were evaluated. The vulnerability assessment of wetland contamination was investigated using the WRASTIC index based on the catchment area scale. Time processing of the data obtained from the maps indicated a 26.63% decrease in the pasture and forest area, and a 12.1% increase in the area of human built lands and agriculture lands during the period from 1985 to 2018. Further, in spite of the waterbody area expanding during 1985 to 2000, it subsequently shrunk in size from 2000 to 2018, with the area of aquatic plants lands increasing during the same period. Analysis of landscape metrics generally indicated the natural wetland cover has been changing during this period along with increasing anthropogenic impacts. Degradation, rotation and replacement of natural land cover such as pastures and forests with human built areas can be considered undesirable development effects on the Choghakhor wetland. The results of the WRASTIC index calculation indicated a major impact of Choghakhor wetland components from water pollution. The results of the present study place an emphasis on more sustainable land use and prevention of land destruction in the Choghakhor wetland basin.     

面源污染治理技术的生命周期评价

采用生命周期评价(LCA)方法对人工湿地、氧化塘、土地处理三种面源污染治理技术对环境的影响进行了评价,并采用SimaPro7.3.3软件分析了生命周期内能源利用、土地利用、原材料消耗及排放物有关的数据,并用于环境影响过程评价,分析了5年、20年内上述各项治理技术对环境影响贡献的变化趋势。通过LCA评价方法分析和比较面源污染治理技术的环境影响,可以为面源污染治理技术的选择和决策提供分析依据。     

双台子河口湿地资源能值-货币价值评估

采用能值评估理论和方法对双台子河口湿地生态系统进行了能值-货币价值评估。结果表明:生态服务功能在环境调节方面对当地自然环境调节及保护发挥着重要作用;生态服务以及水产品的能值-货币价值相对较大,是优先发展、保护和建设的方向。应重点关注双台子河口湿地水产资源的合理建设,将生态服务效应的保护和利用放在首位,同时应注重生态系统的整体性,维持各生态要素之间的动态平衡。