Comments on the Maslach and Marshall-Zimbardo experiments.

Addresses interpretive questions raised in articles by C. Maslach (see record 1980-30451-001) and by G. D. Marshall and P. G. Zimbardo (see record 1980-29870-001) concerning the present authors' (see record 1963-06064-001) 2-factor model of emotion. (19 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Factor structure and convergent validity of the Aggression Questionnaire in an offender population.

The study examined whether the 4-factor structure of the Aggression Questionnaire (AQ; A. H. Buss and M. Perry, see record 1993-00039-001), consisting of Physical Aggression, Verbal Aggression, Hostility, and Anger, would replicate in an offender population. The AQ and Novaco's Anger Scale (NAS; R. Novaco, 1994) were administered to 200 adult offenders. The results of a confirmatory analysis suggested that the 4-factor model is a poor fit in an offender population. A 2-factor model was suggested: 1 factor combines Physical Aggression and Anger; the other combines Verbal Aggression and Hostility. Evidence of convergent validity of the 2-factor model was provided by high correlations between the AQ and the NAS. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Evaluating the MSCEIT V2.0 via CFA: Comment on Mayer et al. (2003).

This investigation uncovered several substantial errors in the confirmatory factor analysis results reported by J. D. Mayer, P. Salovey, D. R. Caruso, and G. Sitarenios (see record 2003-02341-015). Specifically, the values associated with the close-fit indices (normed fit index, Tucker-Lewis Index, and root-mean-square error of approximation) are inaccurate. A reanalysis of the Mayer et al. subscale intercorrelation matrix provided accurate values of the close-fit indices, which resulted in different evaluations of the models tested by J. D. Mayer et al. Contrary to J. D. Mayer et al., the 1-factor model and the 2-factor model did not provide good fit. Although the 4-factor model was still considered good fitting, the nonconstrained 4-factor model yielded a nonpositive definite matrix, which was interpreted to be due to the fact that two of the branch-level factors (Perceiving and Facilitating) were collinear, suggesting that a model with 4 factors was implausible. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Exposure and affect: Overview and meta-analysis of research, 1968–1987.

A review and meta-analysis of methodological and subject variables influencing the exposure–affect relationship was performed on studies of the mere exposure effect published in the 20 years following R. B. Zajonc's (see record 1968-12019-001) seminal monograph. Stimulus type, stimulus complexity, presentation sequence, exposure duration, stimulus recognition, age of subject, delay between exposure and ratings, and maximum number of stimulus presentations all influence the magnitude of the exposure effect. Implications of these findings are discussed in the context of previous reviews of the literature on exposure effects and with respect to prevailing theoretical models of the exposure–affect relationship. Modifications of the 2-factor model of exposure effects that increase the heuristic value of the model are described. A possible evolutionary basis of the exposure effect is discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

More reasons to adopt the five-factor model.

The authors (see record 1987-01218-001) respond to comments by M. M. Dachowski (see record 1988-04372-001) and N. G. Waller and Y. S. Ben-Porath (see record 1988-04405-001) on their 5-factor (Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness) model of personality. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Factor structures of the original and brief Fear of Negative Evaluation (FNE and BFNE) scales: Correction to an erroneous footnote.

In recent factor analyses of the original and brief Fear of Negative Evaluation (FNE and BFNE) scales, a 2-factor model was supported, with straightforwardly worded and reverse-worded items loading on separate factors (see record 2004-15398-007). However, a theoretically meaningful alternative model was not fitted previously because the authors mistakenly assumed that unique variances among categorical manifest variables could not be correlated using the weighted least squares mean and variance adjusted estimation procedure implemented in the Mplus program (Muthen & Muthen, 1998-2004). The present article corrects the erroneous footnote in our previous report and briefly mentions results of fitting 1-factor models with correlated unique variances to the same data analyzed previously. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Attitude organization and the attitude–behavior relation: A critique of Bagozzi and Burnkrant's reanalysis of Fishbein and Ajzen.

Reexamined the empirical tests reported by R. P. Bagozzi and R. E. Burnkrant (see record 1980-30231-001) and by M. Fishbein and I. Ajzen (see record 1974-24385-001) concerning the convergent and nomological validity of the multicomponent and single-component models of attitude. The present authors conclude that although Bagozzi and Burnkrant's 2-factor model cannot be rejected on the basis of the attitude data alone, there are other plausible alternative models that are conceptually consistent with the single-factor, 1-component representation of attitude. (23 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Using real-client perceptions to examine psychometric properties of the Counselor Rating Form.

In study 1, 110 clients of a university counseling center (mostly college students) were asked to participate in self-evaluation of services they received by completing the Counselor Rating Form (CRF) at the end of counseling (mean number of sessions was 7). Results of principal components analysis suggest the existence of only 1 major factor underlying Ss' perceptions of counselors. In addition, oblique and orthogonal 3-factor analyses did not produce factor structures similar to those from laboratory analog research. Study 2 was conducted with a subsample of 72 Ss to determine if the CRF as a 1-factor instrument could adequately discriminate client satisfaction with counseling as well as with the 3 CRF subscales. Ss completed an expectations-about-counseling scale before beginning an 8-wk counseling program and the CRF and Counseling Evaluation Inventory after completing counseling. Results suggest that actual clients at the close of counseling do not clearly distinguish among perceived counselor expertness, attractiveness, and trustworthiness. Discriminant and regression analyses revealed that the 1-factor model performed as well as the 3-factor one. Findings extend those of K. P. Zamostny et al (see record 1982-04514-001) by analyzing data on the CRF using clients at a later stage of counseling and by using discriminant and regression analyses to assess the relative predictive utility of 1- vs 3-factor solutions on the CRF. (33 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Gender and smoking cessation: A factor structure comparison of processes of change.

This study examined gender differences in the pattern of process use for smoking cessation using the Processes of Change Questionnaire (J. O. Prochaska et al; see record 1989-03620-001). The goals were (a) to determine the degree to which the covariance structure of the Processes of Change Questionnaire is invariant across gender, (b) to test the existence of the theoretical 2-factor process model using confirmatory factor analysis, and (c) to explore mean differences, if found, in the use of the 10 processes of change across 4 stages of change (precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, and action). The sample (N?=?516) had an equal distribution of men and women across the stages of change. Results demonstrated that the structure of the measure for men and women was invariant at the level of the variance–covariance matrices and that the hypothesized 2-factor model fit the data. Only stage of change predicted the experiential and behavioral process factors. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Factors of union commitment: The case for a lower dimensionality.

Determined the plausibility of a more parsimonious (fewer factors) representation of the questionnaire developed by M. F. Gordon et al (see record 1980-33572-001) to measure the underlying dimensions of commitment to labor unions. According to the exploratory factor analyses of Gordon et al and R. T. Ladd et al (see record 1983-02449-001), 4 uncorrelated factors were seen to constitute union commitment: Union Loyalty, Responsibility to the Union, Willingness to Work for the Union, and Belief in Unionism. Using unrestricted maximum likelihood and principal axis methods, the present authors' factor analyses of the Gordon et al correlations led to the conclusion that a 2-factor, oblique solution provides a simpler view of the dimensionality of this instrument: The 1st factor was labeled Union Attitudes and Opinions; the 2nd, Prounion Behavioral Intentions. In view of the large number of items with low communalities in the 2-, 4-, and 6-factor solutions, a shorter version of the union commitment questionnaire is suggested. (22 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Rotter's internal-external scale: Confirmatory factor analysis and correlation with social desirability for alternative scale formats.

536 undergraduates completed alternative versions of Rotter's Internal–External Locus of Control Scale and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale. 178 Ss completed the scales in their original formats (forced-choice and true/false, respectively), and 358 Ss completed a Likert instrument that incorporated both measures. It was hypothesized (a) that J. F. Watson's (see record 1982-29470-001) 2-factor structure for the forced-choice scale and B. E. Collins's (see record 1974-25219-001) 4-factor structure for the Likert version would be confirmed and (b) that both scales would exhibit significant social desirability correlation. A restricted factor analysis of the data confirmed the reported factorial structures, but the variance explained by the factors was small, and there was evidence that the scale may be tapping a unitary construct. Correlation with social desirability was found for the Likert data but not for the forced-choice results. However, data indicate that there may be problems with the interpretation of results that were based on use of the Marlowe-Crowne scale. (54 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

On the hierarchical structure of mood and anxiety disorders: Confirmatory evidence and elaboration of a model of temperament markers.

The authors examined D. Watson's (2005) proposed reconceptualization of the diagnostic categories for mood and anxiety disorders for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders--Fifth Edition (DSM-V) and tested an elaboration of the 2-factor (positive and negative activation) model of underlying temperament markers that incorporates A. Tellegen, D. Watson, & L. A. Clark's (1999a, 1999b) higher-order dimension of happiness-unhappiness (or demoralization; see A. Tellegen et al., 2003). In Study 1, 502 undergraduate students completed several symptom measures of mood and anxiety disorders and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (J. N. Butcher et al., 2001). Using confirmatory factor analysis, the authors replicated Watson's distress and fear disorder model. Path analyses showed that demoralization was a primary marker of distress disorders, whereas dysfunctional negative emotions was a primary marker of fear disorders. Low positive emotions was a specific marker of depression and social phobia. This 3-factor path model was associated with better fit than was a 2-factor model excluding demoralization. In Study 2, the authors replicated the findings of Study 1 using data from an archival clinical sample of 636 Veterans Affairs hospital outpatients. The authors' findings provide evidence on the important role of demoralization in mood and anxiety disorders. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Goal and process clarity: Specification of multiple constructs of role ambiguity and a structural equation model of their antecedents and consequences.

Measures of 2 constructs of role ambiguity (process and goal clarity) were developed. Mental health workers (N?=?402) from 2 organizations provided evidence that a confirmatory 2-factor model fit the data better than a 1-factor model. A path model including antecedents (autonomy, job feedback, agent feedback, recognition) and consequences (job satisfaction, job search behavior, turnover) of process and goal clarity was proposed based on the model of role ambiguity developed by A. G. Bedeian and A. A. Armenakis (1981) and modified in light of evidence on role ambiguity reviewed by C. D. Fisher and R. Gitelson (1983) and S. E. Jackson and R. S. Schuler (1985). A structural equation model confirmed the fit of the hypothesized model and a slightly more restricted model. Job tenure, need for clarity, and job classification were investigated as moderators but did not moderate the structural paths of the model. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Confirmatory factor analysis of the WAIS–III standardization data.

Confirmatory factor analyses with the standardization data of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–Third Edition (Wechsler, 1997a) compared 6 models with 1 to 4 factors for 11- and 13-subtest versions of the test. Three factors usually fit the data better than 2 factors, but 2-factor models were more parsimonious. A 2-factor model with a Verbal Comprehension factor (Vocabulary, Similarities, Information, and Comprehension) was as good as and sometimes better than the 2-factor model defined by the traditional separation of Verbal and Performance subtests. For 3-factor models, alternative specifications of processing speed subtests on either the Perceptual Organization or Freedom From Distractibility factor were comparable, and specifying a 4th factor for Digit Symbol and Symbol Search had little advantage in comparison with 3-factor models with correlated errors for the 2 subtests. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

A Test of the Tripartite Model of Depression and Anxiety in Older Adult Psychiatric Outpatients.

This study examined the tripartite model of depression and anxiety in 131 psychiatric outpatients, ages 55-87. Confirmatory factor analyses revealed that a 3-factor model provided an adequate fit to the observed data, that the 3-factor model was empirically superior to 1- or 2-factor models, and that the 3-factor structure obtained in the current sample of older adult outpatients converged with that obtained on a separate, younger 'sample. Negative affect was significantly related to depression and anxiety symptoms and syndromes, and positive affect was more highly related to depression than anxiety symptoms and syndromes. Ways for taking into account possible age-associated differences in emotion in older adults and thus improving the conceptual model of anxiety and depression are briefly noted. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Teacher efficacy: A construct validation.

Developed an instrument to measure teacher efficacy and examined the relationship between teacher efficacy and observable teacher behaviors. Factor analysis of responses from 208 elementary school teachers to a 30-item Teacher Efficacy Scale yielded 2 substantial factors that corresponded to A. Bandura's (see record 1977-25733-001) 2-factor theoretical model of self-efficacy. A multitrait–multimethod analysis that supported both convergent and discriminant validity analyzed data from 55 teachers on 3 traits (teacher efficacy, verbal ability, and flexibility) across 2 methods of measurement. Finally, classroom observations related to academic focus and teacher feedback behaviors indicated differences between 8 high- and low-efficacy teachers in time spent in whole class and small group instruction, teacher use of criticism, and teacher persistence in failure situations. (35 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Testing a Four-Factor Model of Psychopathy and Its Association With Ethnicity, Gender, Intelligence, and Violence.

Although a 2-factor model has advanced research on the psychopathy construct, a 3-factor model was recently developed that emphasized pathological personality and eliminated antisocial behavior. However, dropping antisocial behavior from the psychopathy construct may not be advantageous. Using a large sample of psychiatric patients from the MacArthur Risk Assessment Study (J. Monahan & H. J. Steadman, 1994), the authors used confirmatory factor analysis to test a 4-factor model of psychopathy, which included interpersonal, affective, and behavioral impulsivity dimensions and an antisocial behavior dimension. Model fit was good for this 4-factor model, even when ethnicity, gender, and intelligence variables were included in the model. Structural equation modeling was used to compare the 3- and 4-factor models in predicting proximal (violence) and distal (intelligence) correlates of psychopathy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Measuring motivations for intercollegiate athlete alcohol use: A confirmatory factor analysis of the Drinking Motives Measure.

This study examined the psychometric properties of the Drinking Motives Measure (DMM) on a sample of 227 collegiate athletes. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that the 4-factor structure of the DMM provided a better fit than either 2- or 1-factor models, but the overall fit of the 4-factor model was moderate at best. A revised 3-factor model consistent with prior research (M. L. Cooper, M. Russell, J. B. Skinner, & M. Windle, 1992) provided the best fit. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that the 3 DMM factors included in the revised model accounted for 17%-21% of the unique variance on alcohol consumption variables. Results provide preliminary evidence supporting the internal consistency, construct validity, and convergent validity of the revised 3-factor DMM with collegiate athletes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)