Theory and measurement of androgyny: A reply to the Pedhazur-Tetenbaum and Locksley-Colten critiques.

Discusses issues raised in the critiques of E. J. Pedhazur and T. J. Tetenbaum (see record 1980-29271-001) and of A. Locksley and M. Colten (see record 1980-30293-001). It is noted that (a) the Bem Sex-Role Inventory (BSRI) is based on a theory about both the cognitive processing and the motivational dynamics of sex-typed and androgynous individuals; (b) the strategy of item selection for the BSRI followed directly from the theory and utilized established techniques for test construction; (c) a short BSRI has been developed in accordance with the results of various factor analyses; (d) current research is testing the hypothesis that sex-typed and androgynous individuals differ in the extent to which gender serves as a cognitive schema; and (e) the concept of androgyny contains an inner contradiction and hence a built-in obsolescence. (34 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The many faces of character.

This article discusses the many definitions of character in the psychological and nonpsychological literature. A comprehensive, working definition for character is offered that integrates these definitions, the key points of the authors in this issue, and previous treatments of this topic. The major elements of this model include character (a) as a component of personality, (b) as capacities of the self, (c) as the exercise of good judgment, and (d) as the display of moral development. Finally, reasons are provided to underscore the importance for consulting psychologists to have the skills to assess and develop character and to intervene when character-related issues emerge. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The many faces of literacy.

Reviews the book, Literacy, language, and learning by D. R. Olson, N. Torrance, and A. Hildyard (1985). Literacy, Language, and Learning has something to offer all students of language. Its breadth is achieved through an interdisciplinary analysis of both written and spoken forms of language. The focus is on the differences between these two language modalities and on the impact, on both society and the individual, of acquiring reading and writing skills. In a very real sense the book highlights the embarrassingly narrow appreciation of language shown by much work in cognitive psychology, particularly the work using an information processing orientation. This book has no lack of breadth, yet offers considerable depth of analysis in many chapters. Arguments are well supported with research and historical findings. The book is not particularly easy to read, but it is worth the effort, in this reader's view. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The many faces of analytic interaction.

The patterns of interaction between analyst and analysand are discussed with special reference to the participation of both analyst and analysand in the analytic dialogue. The analyst's participation and interaction with the analysand can take place in one or all of the threefold constituents of the analytic relation—transference (and countertransference), real relation, and alliance. Although these components are continually present and mutually interactive in the analytic process, they can be differentiated in the diversity of patterns of interaction and their implications for technical aspects of the analytic process. Although transference and countertransference hold the primary place in analytic interest, other aspects deserve proper emphasis and exploration insofar as they make substantive and significant contributions to the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of the analytic process. The nature and quality of their influence on patterns of interaction are discussed as well as implications of their respective roles in the analytic process. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The many faces of Eros: A psychoanalytic exploration of human sexuality.

Review of book: The Many Faces of Eros: A Psychoanalytic Exploration of Human Sexuality by Joyce McDougall, New York: W.W. Norton, 1995, 257 pp. Reviewed by Donna Bassin. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The many faces of sarcoidosis

An interesting case of congenital double uterus and the intrapartum events associated with it are described. In view of the rarity of the condition, its implication to the patient, her general practitioner and the obstetrician/gynaecologist is discussed, with special reference to contraception, cervical smear and operative surgical technique.     

The many faces of osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant tumor of bone in adolescents and young adults. It accounts for approximately 15% of all primary bone tumors confirmed at biopsy. There are numerous types of primary osteosarcoma, including intramedullary (high grade, telangiectatic, low grade, small cell, osteosarcomatosis, and gnathic), surface (intracortical, parosteal, periosteal, and high-grade surface), and extraskeletal. Osteosarcoma may also occur as a secondary lesion in association with underlying benign conditions. The identification of osteoid matrix formation and aggressive characteristics usually allows prospective radiologic diagnosis of osteosarcoma. As with all bone tumors, differential diagnosis is best assessed with radiographs, whereas staging is performed with computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. Understanding and recognition of the variable appearances of the different varieties of osteosarcoma allow improved patient assessment and are vital for optimal clinical management including diagnosis, biopsy, staging, treatment, and follow-up.     

The many faces of social isolation in childhood.

Eighty-eight Grade 2 children were observed during free play and were assessed by peers and teachers on measures of social withdrawal, popularity, and aggression. The children's perceptions of their social skills were also measured. In Grade 4, 81 children were assessed, 55 of whom had been in the original sample. In addition to the Grade 2 measures, children's reports of loneliness and depression were gathered. In Grade 5, 77 children participated, including 51 from the original sample; all measures taken in this grade were similar to those in Grade 4, with the exclusion of behavioral observations. The data revealed at least two distinct subtypes of social isolation, passive-anxious and active-immature. Passive isolation was stable across the three grades; was consistently and concurrently related to peer rejection, internalizing difficulties, and negative social self-perceptions. Active-immature isolation was infrequent and unstable, and was more often associated with aggression and with externalizing difficulties. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The many faces of pulmonary aspiration

The population pharmacokinetics of nevirapine (NVP), zidovudine (ZDV), and didanosine (ddI) were evaluated in a total of 175 patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus randomized to receive either a double combination of ZDV plus ddI or a triple combination of NVP plus ZDV plus ddI as a substudy of the AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 241. Levels (approximating 3.5 determinations/patient) of the three drugs in plasma were measured during 44 of a total 48 weeks of study treatment, and a set of potential covariates was available for nonlinear mixed-effect modeling analysis. A one-compartment model with zero-order input and first-order elimination was fitted to the NVP data. Individual oral clearance (CL) and volume of distribution (V) averaged 0.0533 liters/h/kg of body weight and 1.17 liters/kg, respectively. Gender was the only covariate which significantly correlated with the CL of NVP. ZDV and ddI data were described by a two-compartment model with zero-order input and first-order elimination. Individual mean oral CL, VSS (volume of distribution at steady state), and V of ZDV were 1.84 liters/h/kg and 6.68 and 2.67 liters/kg, respectively, with body weight and age as correlates of CL and body weight as a correlate of VSS. The average individual oral CL, VSS, and V of ddI were 1.64 liters/h/kg and 3.56 and 2.74 liters/kg, respectively, with body weight as a significant correlate of both CL and VSS. The relative bioavailability (F) of ZDV and ddI in the triple combination compared to that in the double combination was also evaluated. No significant effects of the combination regimens on the F of ddI were detected (FTRIPLE = 1.05 and FDOUBLE = 1 by definition), but the F of ZDV was markedly reduced by the triple combination, being only 67.7% of that of the double combination. Large (>50%) intraindividual variability was associated with both ZDV and ddI pharmacokinetics. Individual cumulative area under the plasma drug level-time curve of the three drugs was calculated for the entire study period as a measure of drug exposure based on the individual data and the final-model estimates of structural and statistical parameters.     

The many faces of hyperactivity: Similarities and differences in diagnostic policies.

Used multiple regression methods to investigate the diagnostic policies for hyperactivity (hyperkinesis) used by 16 experienced clincial psychologists. Individual analyses were made on each S's set of diagnoses of children who had been described in terms of 19 cues, including reports of home and school behavior, clinical observation, and test results. Linear models accounted for a reasonably large amount of the diagnostic variance. Although Ss' diagnoses were all intercorrelated, there were substantial individual differences among them in terms of both the cues used and the number diagnosed hyperactive. Results cast doubt on the presumption of professional consensus on the behavioral symptoms of a hyperactivity syndrome and suggest that the diagnostician may be an important source of the observed symptom heterogeneity of hyperactive children. (26 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The many faces of completely regressed malignant melanoma

The prognostic significance of clinical and histologic regression of malignant melanoma is highly controversial. Although small foci of regression in evolving malignant melanomas seem to have little or no effect on morbidity and mortality, extensive regression in larger, fully evolved lesions may be associated with poor prognosis. This chapter emphasizes the histologic features of regression and the patterns that are responsible for diagnostic pitfalls.     

The many faces of depression following spousal bereavement

While it is becoming increasingly clear that mood disorders tend to be chronic, intermittent and/or recurrent conditions with different manifestations over time, little is known of the variability or course of mood disorders that are associated with severe psychosocial stress. This paper reports on the prevalence and course of major, minor, and subsyndromal depressions in 328 widows and widowers followed prospectively from 2 to 25 months following one of the most disruptive of all naturally occurring stressors, spousal bereavement. The results are consistent with the following conclusions: (1) past major depression (prior to the death) predicts an increased risk for major depression following bereavement; (2) membership in any of the unipolar subgroups, in turn, predicts future depression throughout the unipolar depressive spectrum; (3) subsyndromal and minor depression stand between major depression, on the one hand, and no depression, on the other, in terms of their effects on overall adjustment to widowhood. Thus, the results support the validity of subsyndromal depression, and that the three subgroups (major, minor and subsyndromal depression) are pleiomorphic manifestations of the same unipolar depression disorder.     

The consistency model: A reply to Parducci.

It is admitted that more research is needed to determine the variables responsible for the large individual differences in the amount of adjustment of scale to a change in stimulus frequencies. Special attention should be given to the different response selection strategies Ss use when a stimulus falls outside the remembered range of the stimuli previously judged. In the majority of cases, however, adjustment to a contextual change is rather incomplete. This indicates that there is a tendency for the initial scale to persist throughout many trials. The consistency model provides a single framework for contextual and transfer effects in absolute judgments. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The deterioration effect: A reply to Braucht.

Argues that G. N. Braucht (see 44:9) has given no really defensible reasons for rejecting the "deterioration effect." There is an abundance of both clinical and statistical evidence, including the studies Braucht critiques, that deterioration occurs during psychotherapy. (17 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The deterioration effect: A reply to Bergin.

Reevaluated the proposition that psychotherapy causes clients to become better or worse adjusted than controls in terms of the body of research from which Bergin originally drew the proposition. It was found that the research cited by Bergin does not support his conclusion, that is, the presence of a deterioration effect, because of problems of criterion validity, lack of experimental control, and inadequate experimental methodology and design. (18 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)