聚甘油脂肪酸酯类乳化剂乳化性能的研究

探讨了3种不同HLB值的乳化剂聚甘油-10硬脂酸酯、聚甘油-6二硬脂酸酯、聚甘油-10二棕榈酸酯的乳化能力,实验结果表明:3种乳化剂配制的乳液在常温及50℃情况下,一个月均保持较好的稳定性;聚甘油-10二棕榈酸酯制备的乳液保湿性能优于其他两个乳化剂;聚甘油-6二硬脂酸酯制备的乳液在显微镜观察下,分散性较好,乳液粒径分布较小。     

撞击流-旋转填料床制备丙烯酰胺反相乳液及其稳定性研究

以撞击流-旋转填料床为乳化设备,煤油为有机介质,山梨醇酐油酸酯(Span 80)和烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚(OP-10)为复配乳化剂制备了丙烯酰胺反相乳液,研究了超重力因子、撞击速度、油水体积比、乳化剂质量分数、复配乳化剂HLB值以及丙烯酰胺单体质量分数对乳液稳定性的影响,并与搅拌式乳化装置进行了对比研究。结果表明:在超重力因子为65.32,撞击速度为12.58 m/s,V(油相)∶V(水相)=1∶1,乳化剂质量占乳液总质量的5%,复配乳化剂HLB值为6.0,丙烯酰胺单体质量占单体水溶液总质量的15%的条件下,所制备乳液平均粒径为664 nm,稳定性系数达0.973;对比研究发现,采用撞击流-旋转填料床制备的乳液稳定性好,粒径小,分散均匀,乳化时间短,为连续化制乳过程。     

相反转法水性环氧树脂的制备

以Span-80和SDS为复合乳化剂,将环氧树脂E-51用相反转法乳化成水包油的稳定乳液。研究了复合乳化剂的亲水亲油平衡值(HLB)、乳化剂的浓度以及乳化温度对环氧树脂E-51相反转点时含水量R_f值、乳液的粒径及粒径分布和乳液离心稳定性的影响,并通过透射电镜(TEM)对乳液粒子的大小、形貌进行表征。结果表明:当复合乳化剂的HLB值为16.2,即Span-80与SDS的质量比为2:1时,乳化剂的质量分数为9%,乳化温度为50℃时,得到的乳液稳定性最好,乳液粒子大小均匀、粒径分布较窄。     

环保型船用艉轴油乳化稳定性的研究

为了考察乳化剂和助乳化剂对环保型船用艉轴油乳化稳定性的影响,分别以乳状液的储存时间、离心析水量和乳液的平均粒径及其粒径分布作为乳状液稳定性的评价指标,研究了乳化剂种类、HLB值、乳化剂质量分数、助乳化剂种类以及助乳化剂质量分数对环保型艉轴油乳化稳定性的影响。结果表明:在环保型船用艉轴油体系中,乳化剂Span 80和Tween 80复配效果最好,且最佳HLB值为6。添加助乳化剂Hypermer B246能进一步增强乳状液的稳定性。提高乳化剂和助乳化剂的质量分数均可增加乳状液的储存时间,降低乳状液的离心析水量和平均粒径,从而提高乳状液的稳定性。     

转相法制备水性硬脂酸的研究

采用转相法,通过烷基多糖苷(APG 1214)、山梨醇酐单硬脂酸酯(Span-60)、十二烷基硫酸钠(K 12)等乳化剂制备水性硬脂酸乳液。考察了不同乳化剂用量、乳化剂配比、硬脂酸质量分数、搅拌速率及乳化温度对水性硬脂酸稳定性、粘度、粒径的影响。结果表明:复配乳化剂的HLB=14.5、复配乳化剂用量为5%、搅拌速率为800 r/min、乳化温度为75℃时,可以制得硬脂酸含量为20%、最大粒径为1.8μm、粘度低、稳定性佳的水性硬脂酸。     

两种氟硅油的乳液配方研究

研究了八氟戊氧丙基甲基硅油和八氟戊氧丙基氨基硅油的乳化工艺和配方,考察了乳化剂配方、HLB值、乳化剂用量以及助乳化剂用量等因素对含氟硅油乳液的贮存稳定性、离心稳定性、乳液粒径和乳液Zeta电位等的影响,确定出两种含氟硅油乳化的较佳条件为:在八氟戊氧丙基甲基硅油的乳化过程中,加入助乳化剂可以获得稳定的乳液;由八氟戊氧丙基氨基硅油配制乳液时,随着八氟氨基硅油氟用量的增加,乳化剂的最佳HLB值降低。制备八氟戊氧丙基甲基硅油乳液的较佳条件为:以Span 20和SDS为复合乳化剂,其最佳质量分数15%(相对于氟硅油质量),助乳化剂月桂醇的最佳用量是1.5 g/L,最佳HLB值为10,可以得到固体质量分数为10 g/L、澄清透明的稳定乳液;八氟戊氧丙基氨基硅油以AEO-9和SDS为复配乳化剂,乳化剂的最佳质量分数为12%,随着氟含量提高,八氟戊氧丙基氨基硅油的表面张力下降,所对应的复配乳化剂的亲疏平衡值相应下降,氟硅油对应的最佳乳化HLB值也下降。氟的质量分数分别为25%、30%、35%,氨基质量分数为1%的三种氟硅油对应的最佳乳化剂的HLB值分别为23、18和14。     

非离子石蜡乳液的研究

选用Span-80、Tween-80和硬脂酸为52^#石蜡复配乳化剂,考察了乳化剂的HLB（亲水亲油平衡）值、乳化剂用量、乳化温度、乳化时间、乳化水用量等因素对石蜡乳化的影响;确定了适宜乳化工艺条件：HLB值为10.385、乳化剂用量为乳液质量的9.80%、乳化温度为75℃、乳化时间为55min和乳化水用量为乳液质量的71.11%。在该条件下可制得稳定的石蜡乳液。     

综合评分法优化石蜡乳化工艺

采用机械搅拌的方法制备石蜡乳液。选用Span-80、Tween-80、平平加O-25和聚乙二醇为工业石蜡复配乳化剂,考察了乳化石蜡的亲水亲油平衡值(HLB)、乳化剂用量对乳液的分散性、稳定性、表面张力、色泽及外观的影响。结果表明,乳化最佳工艺条件:HLB值9.99,乳化剂与石蜡的质量比0.32,乳化时间25 min,乳化温度80℃,搅拌速度600 r/min,乳化水用量为乳液质量的68%。在此最佳条件下,可制得表面张力低、分散性和稳定性好,均匀细腻的石蜡乳液,乳化颗粒的粒径分布较窄。     

无醇微乳化柴油的研究

采用无醇复配乳化剂,在常温下制备油包水(W/O)型微乳化柴油,并绘制柴油-乳化剂-水的拟三元相图,通过对拟三元相图分析,考察亲水亲油平衡(HLB)值对无醇微乳化剂增溶性的影响;对微乳液中的水滴粒径、表面张力进行测试,考察HLB值与掺水量对微乳液水滴粒径、表面张力的影响,并对微乳液的稳定性进行分析。结果表明:无醇复配乳化剂微乳化性能较好,乳化剂用量为10.2%时,微乳体系的增溶水量为22.1%;当复配乳化剂的HLB=7.5时,体系拟三元相图的面积最大,且制得微乳液的水滴平均粒径与表面张力最小;当乳化剂用量为5%时,含水量为12%的微乳液能保持180 d外观透明。     

二甲基硅油-液体石蜡复合乳液的制备

以二甲基硅油、液体石蜡为主要原料,制备了硅油-液体石蜡复合乳液。考察了乳化条件对乳液性能的影响。结果表明,液体石蜡代替部分二甲基硅油制备硅油乳液最适宜的质量分数为20%。采用剂在油中法制备乳液的最佳工艺条件是:采用Span-80、Tween-80、硬脂酸、三乙醇胺、OP-10的质量比为6∶3∶2∶1∶2的复配乳化剂且质量分数为6%,乳化温度85℃,搅拌速率为1 200 r/min,加入适量水,乳化30 min后,搅拌速度降至200 r/min,加入稀释水。在此条件下制备的二甲基硅油-液体石蜡复合乳液为白色细腻液体,具有较好的离心稳定性和稀释分散性,固体质量分数为45%。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。