动态人脸表情合成的模型特征驱动算法综述

分析人脸模型的动态表情合成方法并依据它们内在特点进行分类描述。尽管这个领域已经存在较多文献,但是动态人脸表情合成仍然是非常活跃的研究热点。根据输出类型的不同,分类概览二维图像平面和三维人脸曲面上的合成算法。对于二维图像平面空间合成人脸表情主要有如下几种算法：主动表情轮廓模型驱动的人脸表情合成算法,基于拉普拉斯算子迁移计算的合成方法,使用表情比率图合成框架的表情合成算法,基于面部主特征点offset驱动的人脸表情合成算法,基于通用表情映射函数的表情合成方法和近来基于深度学习的表情合成技术。对于三维空间人脸合成则主要包括：基于物理肌肉模型的合成,基于形变的表情合成,基于三维形状线性回归的表情合成,基于脸部运动图的表情合成和近来基于深度学习的三维人脸表情合成技术。对以上每一种类别讨论它们的方法论以及其主要优缺点。本工作有望帮助未来研究者更好地定位研究方向和技术突破口。     

基于特征区域自动分割的人脸表情识别?

针对目前三维人脸表情区域分割方法复杂、费时问题,提出一种人脸表情区域自动分割方法,通过投影、曲率计算的方法检测人脸的部分特征点,以上述特征点为基础进行人脸表情区域的自动分割。为得到更加丰富的表情特征,结合人脸表情识别编码规则对提取到的特征矩阵进行扩充,利用分类器进行人脸表情的识别。通过对三维人脸表情数据库部分样本的识别结果表明,该方法可以取得较高的识别率。     

基于自由形状变形的三维人脸表情控制

人脸表情控制是生物特征识别研究的重要内容,本文提出了一种基于MPEG-4中FAP、FAT标准进行三维人脸表情合成的方法。首先对人脸进行关键点定义和区域分割,然后使用面向表面的自由形状变形方法(SOFFD)生成人脸表情。在特定人脸表情生成过程中,使用了基表情的比例合成方法。实验表明,该方法可以有效地合成各种真实的人脸表情。     

贝叶斯模型下基于SIFT特征的人脸识别

根据姿态与表情变化对人脸识别的影响,采用对图像的旋转、尺度变化保持不变性的SIFT算子作为人脸特征,建立人脸各个子区域的相似性测度,并通过混合高斯建立不同变形条件下相同样本与不同样本的相似性概率模型。在此基础上,利用各子区域特有的识别能力获取子区域概率权值,结合基于贝叶斯公式建立的概率框架确定识别结果。实验结果表明,与直接用SIFT算子进行人脸识别的方法相比,该方法在姿态变化较大及表情变化较大的情况下识别率有明显提高。     

拉普拉斯滤波结合CS-LBP的单样本人脸识别

针对传统的人脸识别算法在单训练样本的情况下识别率不佳的情况,提出一种结合拉普拉斯滤波与中心对称局部二值模式的人脸识别算法（LFCLBP）。对原始人脸图像进行拉普拉斯滤波处理;然后对图像提取梯度幅值和梯度相位信息,对梯度幅值用CS-LBP算子编码,再将梯度相位量化到16个区间进行编码,将二者融合成人脸图像的LFCLBP特征;分块统计直方图特征,将所有分块的直方图串联起来作为人脸图像的特征向量,并用最近邻分类器识别。在YALE人脸库和AR人脸库上进行测试,测试结果表明该算法有效,在光照变化、表情变化和部分遮挡等环境下对单样本人脸图像具有较好的识别效果。     

基于三维不变矩的人脸表情识别系统研究

本文提出了基于三维不变矩的人脸表情识别系统研究框架。在对三维人脸表情模型进行预处理及归一化的基础上建立具有平移比例和旋转不变性的三维人脸表情模型的矩不变量特征表示。针对人脸表情分类应用背景采用基于支持向量机的智能学习技术研究实现利用多维度3D-Zernike描述子特征的人脸分析识别系统的建模,基于D-ABC算法的分析识别模型优化,提高模型可靠性和系统的鲁棒性,进而利用该系统进行三维人脸表情数据的分类识别。     

虚拟人“双簧”—与语音同步的三维人脸动画的研究

为了有效地合成人脸语音动画,提出一种与语音同步的三维人脸口型与表情动画合成的方法。首先,根据对人脸运动解剖学的研究,构建一个基于肌肉模型与微分几何学模型的三维人脸控制模型,通过数据结构的形式去控制肌肉模型和微分几何学模型实现人脸的运动,从而实现各种口型和表情运动的变化;然后,充分考虑汉语的发音特征,提出一种基于几何描述的并且符合汉语发音习惯的协同发音模型,从而产生逼真的三维人脸语音动画。仿真结果和实验对比表明,采用该方法可以得到符合汉语发音习惯的三维人脸口型动画,且合成的三维人脸表情较为自然,逼真。     

基于分块CBP特征和稀疏表示的三维人脸表情识别

在三维人脸表情识别中,基于局部二值模式（LBP）算子算法与传统的特征提取算法相比具有特征提取准确、精细、光照不变性等优点,但也有直方图维数高、判别能力差、冗余信息大的缺点.本文提出一种通过对整幅图像进行多尺度分块提取CBP特征的CBP算法,能够更有效的提取分类特征.再结合使用稀疏表达分类器实现对特征进行分类和识别.经实验结果表明,与传统LBP算法和SVM分类识别算法对比,文中算法用于人脸表情的识别的识别率得到大幅度提高.     

基于双线性模型的人脸表情识别技术

针对现阶段人脸表情识别过程中所遇到的问题,基于三维数据库BU-3DFE中的三维表情数据,研究三维人脸表情数据的点云对齐及基于对齐数据的双线性模型建立,对基于双线性模型的识别算法加以改进,形成新的识别分类算法,降低原有算法中身份特征参与计算的比重,最大可能地降低身份特征对于整个表情识别过程的影响。旨在提高表情识别的结果,最终实现高鲁棒性的三维表情识别。     

基于局部二元模式的人脸表情识别

提出了一种基于局部二元模式（LBP）和局部保全投影（LPP）相结合的面部表情识别方法。使用LBP算子对图像分块处理,综合人脸局部和整体的特征;再使用LPP对表情特征降维,最后采用支持向量机对面部表情分类。在日本女性人脸表情库上实验表明,本文提出的方法有更好的识别率和更快的识别速度。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.