二次再热超超临界机组分析

二次再热是超超临界燃煤发电机组节能减排重要方向。以我国首台二次再热机组为对象,依据热力学分析法,建立了热力系统分析的数学模型,研究了该超超临界机组及主要部件的效率和损失,讨论了负荷变化的影响。结果表明:二次再热机组TMCR工况下效率为45.9%,高于同等级的一次再热机组,其中锅炉效率为55.3%,汽轮机效率为88.1%。在机组损失分布中,锅炉损率最大,占机组的84.1%,其中以燃烧损失和传热损失为主。对于回热系统,高压加热器效率高于低压加热器。变负荷时,随着负荷的增加,锅炉和回热系统效率有所提高,同时锅炉损率有所降低,汽轮机损率有所升高。     

1000MW二次再热机组抽汽压损对经济性的影响分析

以某台1000MW超超临界二次再热机组回热加热系统为研究对象,基于小扰动理论和等效焓降分析理论,全面考虑两次中间再热、外置式蒸汽冷却器、加热器布置方式和形式等因素的影响,推导出二次再热机组加热器抽汽压损对机组经济性影响的数学模型,该方法形式简单并利于理解。应用此数学模型计算机组在100%THA实际运行工况下,抽汽压损对机组经济性的影响。计算结果表明:抽汽压损使得煤耗和热耗分别增加2.7g/(kW·h)和23.7kJ/(kW·h)。     

1000MW二次再热机组抽汽参数确定与小汽机汽源研究

以二次再热机组为模型,蒸汽焓为变量建立回热系统效率与蒸汽抽汽焓值的关系方程,以回热系统效率最大为目标函数推导出相邻两级加热器抽汽焓值的递推关系,确定1 000MW主蒸汽参数为35MPa/700℃/720℃/720℃二次再热机组再热前后各级最佳的抽汽焓值,结果表明:比采用给水等焓升方法确定机组效率高0.1%,加热器损总值减少1.37k J/kg。改变小汽机汽源抽汽口位置,进汽参数越高,机组效率越大。采用一次再热热段抽汽作为汽源时机组效率最大为55.52%,回热系统损最小为82.76k J/kg。     

1350MW二次再热发电机组热力系统设计分析

综合考虑锅炉侧和汽轮机侧的设计协调,构建了1 350 MW二次再热机组原则性热力系统。针对不同给水泵汽轮机配置进行了计算与分析,定量分析了背压抽汽式与凝汽式小水泵汽轮机两方案对再热蒸汽流量、机组热耗和回热加热器设计等的影响。结果表明:额定工况下,背压抽汽式给水泵汽轮机系统的一、二次再热器蒸汽流量分别比凝汽式系统小266 t/h和289 t/h,从而有利于锅炉对流受热面设计;背压抽汽式系统的4号、5号加热器进汽温度相比凝汽式系统分别降低350℃和297℃,有利于加热器设计和运行。但背压抽汽式系统比凝汽式系统机组热耗高约为6 kJ/kWh。部分负荷下的计算结果表明背压抽汽式系统一、二次再热蒸汽流量仍小于凝汽式系统,机组热耗相比凝汽式系统仍稍高。     

采用再热温度630 ℃的1 000 MW新一代超超临界二次再热机组可行性研究

  [目的]  为了推动采用再热温度630 ℃的1 000 MW新一代超超临界二次再热机组发展,需对某沿海电厂2× 1 000 MW新一代超超临界二次再热机组的可行性进行研究。  [方法]  文章分析了主机参数、主机技术条件、主机设备可行性、辅机设备可行性、主要系统配置、机组经济性和热经济性指标。  [结果]  研究表明:1 000 MW新一代超超临界二次再热机组是可行的,已具备示范应用条件。与1 000 MW常规超超临界二次再热机组相比,1 000 MW新一代超超临界二次再热机组热效率更高,污染物排放更少,经济效益较高。该1 000 MW新一代超超临界二次再热机组热效率达到48.72%,发电标煤耗达到252.48 g/kWh,供电标煤耗达到260.16 g/kWh,为国内最优水平。  [结论]  我国具有自主知识产权的先进马氏体耐热钢G115和带小发电机的抽背式给水泵汽轮机可以应用于新一代超超临界二次再热机组。     

1000MW二次再热机组加热器端差对经济性的影响分析

以某台1000MW超超临界二次再热机组回热加热系统为研究对象,基于等效焓降分析法,分别计算出机组在100%、75%、50%负荷下,实际运行时加热器的端差相比于设计值对机组经济性的影响。计算结果表明,低压加热器1、2和3端差对机组经济性影响较大,随着负荷的降低附加损失增大。机组实际运行端差达到设计值时,在100%、75%、50%负荷下,煤耗分别少损失4.3g/(k W·h)、8.7g/(k W·h)、12.9g/(k W·h)。     

基于单耗理论分析回热系统热经济性

采用基于(炯)和(炯)经济学基础上提出的单耗分析理论,对引进型300MW火电机组各级加热器进行能损计算分析,得出各加热器附加单耗时空分布规律,以期为节能改进提供理论依据.分析结果表明:高压加热器的附加单耗高于低压加热器,其中3号高加是回热系统最为薄弱环节,其附加单耗为0.575g/(kW·h),具有较大的节能潜力,其次是1号、2号高加以及除氧器.     

超临界600MW机组回热系统变工况对发电煤耗影响的定量分析

以某600MW超临界凝汽式机组为例建立仿真模型,在VWO工况、THA工况、75%THA工况和50%THA工况下模型的计算值与设计值的相对误差小于0.08%。运用模型进行了不同工况下加热器效率、加热器切除、除氧器排汽连续运行、给水泵汽轮机汽源变化4种回热系统变工况对机组发电煤耗影响的定量分析。结果表明,不同负荷工况下,2号高压加热器效率对机组发电煤耗影响更大,其次是1号高加、3号高加、5号低加至8号低加;高压加热器切除对机组发电煤耗影响最大,5号低加至8号低加切除对发电煤耗的影响逐渐减小;除氧器排汽量相同时,机组发电功率越低,对机组发电煤增量的影响越大;给水泵汽轮机采用辅助联箱蒸汽作为汽源时,机组发电功率越高,对机组发电煤耗增量的影响越大。     

新能源辅助燃煤发电系统热力性能的分析研究

以300 MW机组为例,建立由太阳能、生物质能组成的辅助热源作用于燃煤机组回热系统加热器汽侧的损矩阵模型,利用该模型分析原机组回热系统中各加热器的节能潜力,确定辅助热源的高效引入位置,研究新能源辅助燃煤混合发电系统的汽轮机效率、标准煤耗率降低量等热力性能指标。结果表明:5#低加、2#高加是节能潜力最大的加热器,100%负荷下混合发电系统的经济效益最好,辅助热源作用于2#高加混合发电系统的经济性优于5#低加,并随分流系数增大,热力性能指标均升高;当分流系数增至完全排挤汽轮机抽汽各指标最大值时,全厂及汽轮机效率提高率分别达6.31%、6.71%,标准煤耗率降低量达17.87 g/k Wh。     

基于调门节流的二次再热机组负荷响应特性研究

针对超超临界二次再热机组并网运行过程中存在负荷快速响应能力不足的问题,以1000MW超超临界二次再热机组为研究对象,基于LabVIEW软件,开发超超临界二次再热机组动态仿真试验平台,仿真分析基于调门节流方式的二次再热机组负荷动态响应特性,并与一次再热机组进行对比。分析结果表明:在相同的阀位指令下,二次再热机组的负荷响应能力滞后于一次再热机组,为满足电网的AGC和一次调频的考核,二次再热机组需预留较大比例的主汽压力节流运行。     

小型锅炉烟尘测试时锅炉出力的计算

锅炉烟尘测试时,必须对锅炉出力进行测试。但监测中,许多小型锅炉往往不具备相关的计量装置和仪表,为解决这一问题,文章提出了用烟气量和空气过剩系数来计算锅炉的出力的公式,在实际使用中,该方法简单易行,其结果和实测值具有很好的一致怀。     

Unerroric of control of mutual compliance of the efficiency of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles in the conditions of mass production

The issues related to the reliability of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles and increasing the efficiency of using hydrogen as fuel when using the method of its production during the decomposition of hydrogen-containing molecules of liquid-phase organic compounds in a plasma discharge under the action of intense ultrasonic exposure are considered. Experiments have shown that as a result of decomposition in the acoustoplasma discharge of liquid hydrocarbons, solid-phase carbon-containing products are formed, chemical transformations occur in the liquid phase and hydrogen-containing combustible gas is formed. Hydrogen-containing gas can be used as fuel immediately after synthesis, i.e. it does not require separation, since in addition to hydrogen it contains only impurities of CO₂ and water vapor. The purpose of the study is to formalize the basic conditions for tightening the control of mutual compliance with the efficiency of hydrogen engines of the same series in the conditions of their mass production. Methods of mathematical statistics and hardware-software modeling were used in the study. The term “unerroric of quality mutual compliance control” is introduced to describe a set of hardware and software tools for such control. The principle of in-depth testing of the technical condition of such engines of one series is described in a multidimensional formulation of the quality control problem for three of their operating parameters at once. The conditions for increasing the mutual correspondence of the measured values of such parameters in the conditions of serial production of hydrogen engines are formalized.     

中国煤炭地下气化技术的发展

本文综述了煤炭地下汽化技术的国内外发展现状,对我国“长通道、大断面”煤炭地下气化新工艺给予了技术经济评述,并提出了发展煤炭地下汽化技术的政策建议。     

Review of theory of distortion and disintegration of liquid streams

Linear and nonlinear analyses of the instabilities and distortion of liquid streams injected into a gaseous media are discussed. The various fundamental mechanisms and the predictive capabilities for the distortions are emphasized. Round jets, planar sheets, annular sheets, and conical sheets are discussed in detail. The balance between capillary and inertial forces is primarily examined. The method for simplifying the analyses in the case of thin liquid sheets is discussed. The capabilities for representing the droplet size distribution that follows the stream disintegration are outlined.     

机车车轮多轴疲劳强度安全评定的研究

使用ANSYS8.0软件对高速列车车轮进行了三维有限元分析,计算出车轮在直线、曲线和道岔条件下牵引、制动共6种工况时孔边薄弱部位的应力,分别通过Mises等效平均应力方法、Sines平均主应力方法和应力分量中考虑平均应力方法计算出应力在极值位置时的等效应力幅、等效平均应力,从而进一步算出车轮的安全系数,对其疲劳强度进行评定,并对3种方法进行了比较研究。     

Constructal optimization of the geometry of an array of micro-channels

This paper documents the geometric optimization of an array of circular and non-circular ducts. The optimization was carried out numerically using finite volume method. As optimal dimensions were independent of the array configuration, the numerical simulation was performed on a unit cell. Numerical optimization for circular, square and isosceles right triangle cross-sections of channels was performed. Based on the results of this investigation, some correlations were proposed to predict the optimal hydraulic diameter and dimensionless heat transfer per unit volume. In addition to examining the effect of pressure drop on these parameters, it was showed that among the different geometries of this study, square cross-section has the most efficiency for a given volume. The numerical results of the present study were compared with approximate results reported in the literature which a good agreement was observed.     

MgO膨胀剂细度对MgO水化和水泥浆体膨胀的影响

基于《水工混凝土掺用氧化镁技术规范》中的Ⅰ型氧化镁（MgO）,研究了该型MgO膨胀剂（MEA）细度对掺粉煤灰水泥浆体膨胀性能的影响。即采用X射线衍射分析(XRD)及同步热分析（TG DSC）分析了掺MEA水泥浆体中MgO的水化性。结果表明,养护温度相同时,MEA的细度对水泥浆体内MEA中MgO的水化和水泥浆体的膨胀无显著影响,产生的膨胀均能补偿水泥浆体的收缩;MEA的细度可从试验设计采用的45 μm筛筛余15%左右增加到30%左右,这将有利于MEA生产企业的节能降耗。     

固体热辐射Yong性能分析

本文对漫灰均温物体在常物性条件下对外辐射传热的Ｙｏｎｇ值计算建立了数学模型。通过与物体内能Ｙｏｎｇ公式的数值计算比较,得出了辐射能量的Ｙｏｎｇ值不大于内能Ｙｏｎｇ值的结论。从初步的热射Ｙｏｎｇ值计算公式发现。Ｙｏｎｇ与物体表面辐射率有关。     

Measurements of concentration distribution of hydrogen jet using deflection of center of the laser spot

The main purpose of this work is to propose a new method to evaluate the concentration distribution of the hydrogen jet by using a He–Ne laser through the jet. This research attempts to apply the expression of concentration Gaussian distribution, the refraction formula of inhomogeneous refractive index medium, and the concentration inversion function to disclose the displacement of the center of the laser spot at different heights in the gas jet. The spot images of the laser beam passing through the gas jet at three vertical heights z = 10d, 20d, 30d, and different radial positions are obtained. The radial spatial asymmetry of the gas jet is also found in the experiment. Finally, the calculated concentration distribution curve and the fluent simulation curve, it is found that the two results are very similar. Our findings show that the error between the concentration distribution of this method and the simulated concentration distribution reaches 2.43%.     

汽轮机零件防锈性能的改善

介绍了汽轮机零件的封存特点、防锈要求及防锈油性能对比试验的方法,通过对试验结果的对比分析,客观验证了各种防锈油的性能。试验表明,只有选择了合适的防锈油,才能保证汽轮机零件长期封存的质量。