基于灰色-RBF神经网络的传播损耗模型训练

室内信号传播损耗模型是基于信号强度测距法的射频识别定位技术的关键。但因室内环境较为复杂且受到多径效应等因素影响,传统的基于经验的信号传播损耗模型环境适应性差,导致测距定位误差较大;而利用传统的神经网络进行传播损耗模型训练则存在所需训练样本过多、硬件采集工作量大等缺点。针对以上问题,提出在变密度采样模式下的基于灰色理论与RBF神经网络相结合的传播损耗模型训练方法。基于灰色理论,利用少量样本预测得到更多样本,并与部分原始样本共同重组样本数据进行RBF网络的训练,以构建传播损耗模型。实验结果表明,该方法可以利用较少的训练样本准确地建立室内信号传播损耗模型,可以很好地满足室内测距定位的精度要求,并可大大减少样本采集工作量。     

基于RSSI测距的传感器网络定位算法研究

基于RSSI(Received Signal Strength Indicator)的测距技术根据理论或经验信号传播模型将传播损耗转化为距离.在实际应用环境中,由于多径、绕射、障碍物等因素,无线电传播路径损耗使得定位过程中产生距离误差.通过对二维空间定位过程中产生距离误差区域进行分析,提出了基于RSSI的新的定位算法ERSS.该算法计算简单,定位过程中节点间不增加通信开销,无需硬件扩展.仿真实验表明,该算法较普通的基于RSSI的测距方法有了明显的改进,提高了距离估计的精度,适合在通信开销小、硬件要求低的传感器网络节点上应用.     

基于UWB的室内停车场高精度定位系统设计

将基于TOA测距的 UWB高精度定位技术运用于室内停车场车辆定位系统.选用 DW1000射频收发器设计定位节点硬件,采用时分复用机制实现多标签共享信道.分析测距误差来源,认为信号飞行时间的测量值相对于真实值的误差应该由节点的时钟漂移、本地响应延迟和飞行时间真实值表示,因此,从该角度详细推导并仿真对比4种测距算法受时钟漂移影响的程度,最终选定改进的SDS-TWR算法进行测距.实验发现天线延迟会给测距结果带来相对固定的偏差,针对这一测距误差,提出通过修正天线延迟参数予以校正.基于均方误差最小化方法,采用约束线性最小二乘定位算法估计标签位置.实验结果表明,测距精度小于4 cm,定位精度不超过20 cm,能够满足室内停车场车辆定位系统的厘米级精度要求.     

基于ZigBee无线传感网络的人员定位系统设计与实现

针对现有无线传感器网络定位系统精度不高的问题,采用基于校正模型的三边测距质心定位算法实现人员定位。通过研究ZigBee无线通信技术,分析无线电传播路径损耗模型,结合实验测试得到RSSI测距模型。引入高斯滤波模型和自校正模型修正测距值,在三边测量法的基础上结合质心定位思想,以三圆相交部分的质心作为盲节点的估算位置。经试验测试,该系统的定位误差小于10%,有效地降低了环境引起的盲节点位置误差,提高了定位精度。     

基于进化理论的无线网络室内定位算法

传统测距算法采用电磁信号的理论模型,其参数根据经验确定,导致定位误差较大。为了提高室内的定位精度,减少环境因素的不利影响,提出了一种基于进化理论的无线网络室内定位算法。首先采用模拟生物进化的遗传算法对损耗模型参数进行估计,找到最优的模型参数,然后采用三边定位算法对未知节点进行定位,最后进行仿真实验测试其性能。结果表明:该方法可以有效降低无线网络的室内平均定位误差,具有一定实用价值。     

用线性调频扩频技术测距的室内质心定位方法

提出一种利用线性调频扩频技术进行通信并实现测距的方法,该测距方法能够适用于复杂室内通信环境的无线传感器网络节点间的测距。在三边测距定位的基础上,提出了四边测距定位算法,突破了三边测距定位的局限性。为了进一步提高精度,采用了求质心和加权质心的方法。实验结果表明,加权质心算法具有较高的精度,整个定位过程中,节点间无需额外的通信开销,具有广泛的实用性。     

基于BP神经网络的实时动态参数定位方法

为减小测距技术中的非视距误差并解决定位模型中存在的问题,提出一种实时动态参数定位方法。基于人工神经网络算法,利用多个参考节点获取的测量值的非视距（NLOS）误差,使测量值 RSSI接近视距（LOS）环境下的测量值;通过该区域内选定的参考节点之间的相互通信实时动态地估算出环境参数值。实验结果表明,该算法缩减了在RSSI测距技术中的非视距误差,并能根据实际环境条件实时动态地调整定位模型的参数,有效提高定位精度。     

基于自适应抗差卡尔曼滤波的UWB室内定位

在UWB室内定位中,测距中存在的NLOS误差和测距异常值会大幅降低其定位的精度和可靠性.针对这一问题,提出了一种自适应抗差卡尔曼滤波方法.该方法首先在UWB距离模型的基础上,利用新息向量和LOS环境下的阈值所构造的抗差因子鉴别并削弱NLOS测距误差和测距异常值的影响,同时利用Sage-Husa滤波对系统噪声进行实时估计和修正,在此基础上推导UWB定位的线性模型,利用卡尔曼滤波进行UWB定位解算.实验结果表明,该方法能有效地抑制并消除UWB测距中的NLOS测距误差和测距异常值的影响,进而能提高UWB定位的精度和可靠性.     

基于路径损耗模型参数实时估计的无线定位方法

定位技术在无线传感器网络中越来越引起人们的重视.针对传统的测距算法中,使用固定路径损耗模型会造成较大测距误差的问题,提出了一种基于RSSI的动态调整信号路径损耗模型参数的协作定位方法.该方法首先根据RSSI确定定位节点所在的最小子区域,然后通过该区域内已知参考节点间的相互合作估算出该子区域的路径损耗模型参数,再根据得到的路径损耗模型实现准确测距,从而减小定位误差.仿真和实验结果验证了该方法提高了定位精度.     

融合RSSI测距定位的室内PDR算法

在室内定位系统中,针对RSSI测距定位系统接收到的信号会因环境的不确定性出现不可预测的随机变化和行人航迹推算(PDR)定位系统漂移误差长时间的累积效果,提出融合RSSI测距定位的室内行人航迹推算算法,以扩展卡尔曼滤波器实现两者定位信息的融合,获得系统的最优定位结果。仿真结果表明,该融合定位算法的平均定位误差约为0.83205 m,范围维持在0.51948 m～1.13529 m内,并在定位稳定性方面表现出良好的性能,验证了该方法的合理性和有效性。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.