多元合金团簇构型优化的研究

为了研究多元合金基体的稳定性,探讨了获得多元合金团簇平衡几何构型的途径,根据随机行走思想编写了多元合金构型优化的计算程序,并铸造了3种合金样品,其基体成分分别为Fe7Cr0.68Mn2.0V1.47Ni1.37Si0.7C,Fe8Cr0.74Mn2.3V1.45Ni1.55Si0.5C,Fe7Cr0.80Mn1.86V1.47Ni1.47Si0.8C,研究了这3种Fe基多元合金奥氏体基体的稳定性及平衡几何构型.计算结果表明:合金1的奥氏体基体最稳定,合金3的奥氏体基体最不稳定,最容易转变成马氏体,与X射线衍射结果一致.     

0Cr25Ni22Mn5Mo2堆焊层超低含量δ-铁素体的测定

采用0Cr25Ni22Mn5Mo2合金焊丝在16MnR低合金钢表面堆焊形成堆焊层,采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和电子背散射衍射仪等仪器对堆焊层的相组成及含量进行了分析。结果表明:0Cr25Ni22Mn5Mo2堆焊层的显微组织主要为奥氏体,δ-铁素体含量极少,电子背散射衍射技术可以用作堆焊层中细小物相的分析,并获得极低含量的物相数;电子背散射衍射技术在焊接材料的分析中具有广阔的应用前景。     

30Cr3Si2Mn2NiNb钢中未溶相的热力学计算及分析

采用Thermo-Calc热力学软件模拟了30Cr3Si2Mn2NiNb钢奥氏体化时平衡相的演化规律以及非平衡态相的演化规律,研究了合金元素C,Mo,Nb和V对实验钢中未溶相的影响.通过SEM,XRD对30Cr3Si2Mn2NiNb钢淬火态组织进行实验观察及分析.结果表明:常规奥氏体化处理后,钢中未溶相主要有富Nb的M...     

高氮奥氏体不锈钢中N与Cr、Mn、Mo键合性质研究

采用基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理计算方法对高氮奥氏体不锈钢中N与Cr、Mn、Mo键合性质进行研究。建立Fe-N-Cr、Fe-N-Mn及Fe-N-Mo晶胞,并对其电子结构进行计算,通过计算其晶胞总能量、体积変化率、电子态密度、重叠聚居数和电荷密度等电子结构参数,分析高氮奥氏体不锈钢中N与合金元素Cr、Mn、Mo的键合性质。结果表明:Cr、Mn、Mo取代顶角位置Fe原子时结构最稳定;N与Cr、Mn、Mo原子间存在离子键,成键轨道主要是N 2p与Cr、Mn、Mo的3d轨道;Fe、N与Cr、Mn、Mo原子存在交互排斥作用,形成反键。     

FeCrNi合金表面MnO薄膜的制备及其抗渗碳性能

为了提高铁铬镍合金(Fe Cr Ni)的抗渗碳性能,在Fe Cr Ni合金表面电镀金属Mn薄膜,然后利用低氧分压氧化法在Fe Cr Ni合金表面制备Mn O薄膜。采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)等研究Fe Cr Ni合金表面Mn O薄膜的组织结构、形貌、薄膜与基体界面扩散层情况及Mn O薄膜的抗渗碳性能。结果表明:经低氧分压氧化法处理后,金属Mn薄膜完全氧化为Mn O薄膜,且在Mn O薄膜和基体之间形成扩散层,扩散层中出现了Mn Cr_2O_4尖晶石相,Mn O薄膜具有明显的抗渗碳效果。     

16Cr-2.5Mn高铬白口铁的亚临界热处理研究

研究了亚临界热处理对16Cr-2．5Mn高铬白口铁组织转变和性能的影响，并利用TEM、SEM、XRD和M200磨损试验机分析了其硬化机制和对耐磨性的影响．研究表明：过饱和奥氏体中固溶的Cr和C在亚临界热处理时会以（Cr，Fe）23C6形式析出，残余奥氏体发生了马氏体相变，使合金产生二次硬化；亚临界热处理中，保温时间过长，将导致（Cr，Fe）23C6向M3C原位转变发生，基体组织发生珠光体转变，导致硬度和耐磨性能不同程度降低；残余奥氏体含量为10％左右时，合金获得最高硬度和最佳耐磨性能．     

低合金钢烧结硬化性能研究

研究了4种成分的低合金钢材料烧结硬化性能。结果表明,添加Mo、Mn、Cr等合金元素的烧结低合金钢抗拉强度、硬度明显提高,合金强化效果显著。采用烧结硬化工艺,低合金钢都获得了比常规烧结更好的力学性能。其中硬化能力倍数高的4#材料效果最佳,硬度达到HRC35.4,强度为540.74 MPa,接近常规热处理的性能。金相分析表明,烧结硬化组织主要是马氏体,此外有少量残留奥氏体、铁素体、珠光体。     

Si元素对明弧堆焊奥氏体合金组织及耐磨性的影响

为获得以奥氏体为基体且韧性及耐磨性良好的明弧堆焊合金,采用药芯焊丝自保护明弧焊方法制备了以奥氏体为基体的Fe-C-Mn-Cr-Nb-V-Ti系多元耐磨合金,借助X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜及其附属能谱仪等测试手段,研究了Si含量对其组织和耐磨性的影响。结果表明:堆焊合金基体为γ-Fe,硬质相有(Fe,Cr,Mn,V)_(23)C_6,(Nb,Ti)C和(Fe,Cr)_3(C,B)等;当堆焊合金含1.5%Si(质量分数)时,出现了沿晶(Fe,Cr,Mn,V)_7C_3相;随着Si含量提高,沿晶界分布的(Fe,Cr,Mn,V)_(23)C_6型碳化物数量先增加然后减少,形态从树枝骨架状变为层片状离散孤立分布,胞状γ-Fe晶内原位析出的(Nb,Ti,V)C复合碳化物随之增大,堆焊合金耐磨性呈先提高后下降再提高的趋势;0.9%Si和1.5%Si堆焊合金试样的磨损质量损失低于一般高铬铸铁,具有良好的耐磨性和韧性,其磨损机制主要为磨粒的显微切削。     

THE EFFECTS OF Si AND Mn ON KINETICS OF BAINITE TRANSFORMATION IN Fe-C ALLOY

通过定量金相法及Formastor 仪测定了Fe-C-Si,Fe-C-Mn 和Fe-C-Si-Mn 合金贝氏体转变动力学曲线。结果表明,用Mn 在原奥氏体晶界偏聚的影响以及溶质类拖曳说来解释Fe-C-X合金转变动力学特征是恰当的。Si 的作用在于它阻碍Fe_3C 的析出和增强Mn 的偏聚。     

Si,Mn对Fe-C合金贝氏体转变动力学的影响

通过定量金相法及 Formastor 仪测定了 Fe-C-Si,Fe-C-Mn 和 Fe-C-Si-Mn 合金贝氏体转变动力学曲线。结果表明,用 Mn 在原奥氏体晶界偏聚的影响以及溶质类拖曳说来解释 Fe-C-X合金转变动力学特征是恰当的。Si 的作用在于它阻碍 Fe_3C 的析出和增强 Mn 的偏聚。     

Evolution of microstructure in laser clad Fe–Cr–Mn–C alloy

Abstract

The laser surface cladding technique was used to form in situ Fe–Cr–Mn–C alloys on AISI 1016 steel substrate. In this process, mixed powders containing Cr, Mn, and C in the weight ratio 10: 1 : 1 were delivered using a screw feed, gravity flow, carrier gas aided system into the melt pool generated by a 10 kW CO₂ laser. This technique produced an ultrafine microstructure in the clad alloy layer. The microstructure of the laser surface clad region was investigated by optical, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray microanalysis techniques. Microstructural study showed a high degree of grain refinement and an increase in solid solubility of alloying elements which, in turn, produced a fine distribution of complex types of carbide precipitates in the ferrite matrix because of the high cooling rate. An alloy of this composition does not show any martensitic transformation or retained austenite phase.

MST/356     

Temperature dependence of the linear expansion coefficients of some Fe-Cr-Ni alloys in the temperature range 4.2 to 300 K

The temperature dependence of the linear expansion coefficients of Cr18Ni10, Cr18Ni15 and Cr18Ni25 alloys has been studied in the temperature range 4.2 to 300 K. Using dilatometric curves the temperature range (195-60 K) of the martensitic transformation on cooling was determined for metastable Cr18Ni10 alloy single crystals.The linear expansion coefficients of the stable structure Cr18Ni25 and Cr18Ni15 and metastable Cr18Ni10 alloys were found to become negative around 25 K; this effect is assumed to be associated with the antiferromagnetic rearrangement in austenite     

A new resource-saving,low chromium and low nickel duplex stainless steel 15Cr–xAl–2Ni–yMn

A new family of resource-saving, low Cr and low Ni duplex stainless steels, with compositions of 15Cr–xAl–2Ni–yMn (x = 1.2–2.8, y = 8–12, wt.%) has been developed by examining the effect of Al and Mn on microstructure, mechanical property and corrosion property. The results show that 15Cr–1.2Al–2.0Ni–8Mn and 15Cr–2.0Al–2.0Ni–10Mn alloys have a balanced ferrite–austenite relation and that 15Cr–2.8Al–2.0Ni–12Mn alloy has a primary ferrite phase structure. The ferrite volume fraction increases with the solution treatment temperature and Al content while decreases with Mn content. No precipitate was found after solution-treated at 750 °C for 30 min. 15Cr–1.2Al–2.0Ni–8Mn alloy has a strong strain hardening effect, and 15Cr–2.0Al–2.0Ni–10Mn alloy has a good TRIP effect. Both of the 15Cr–1.2Al–2.0Ni–8Mn and 15Cr–2.0Al–2.0Ni–10Mn alloys have excellent impact toughness at low temperature with the impact energy higher than 125 J at −40 °C. The pitting corrosions always occur in austenite phase. Among the designed alloys, 15Cr–1.2Al–2.0Ni–8Mn and 15Cr–2.0Al–2.0Ni–10Mn are found to be excellent alloys with a proper phase proportion and a better combination of superior mechanical property and good pitting corrosion resistance.     

Deformation induced martensite characteristics in Fe–29Ni–2Mn alloy

Abstract

Deformation induced martensite characteristics in the austenite phase of Fe–29Ni–2Mn alloy were studied for different austenite grain sizes of alloy. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Mössbauer spectroscopy and also differential scanning calorimetry techniques were applied to study in order to clarify the deformation induced martensite characteristics from morphological, crystallographical, magnetical and thermal points of view. Scanning electron microscope revealed that the increasing of deformation amount also increased the amount of existed martensite. Transmission electron microscope observations showed that the crystal structure of these deformation induced martensites morphology was lenticular plates with a bcc crystal structure. Also the magnetism of both austenite and martensite phases were determined with Mössbauer spectroscopy. Mössbauer spectrometer measurements showed paramagnetic character for austenite phases and ferromagnetic character for martensite phases in all samples. According to obtained differential scanning calorimetry cooling curves, deformation induced martensite start temperature M _d was found to be higher (?128°C) for larger grained samples than for smaller grained samples (?135°C).     

Effect of Austenite Pre-deformation on Isothermal Martensite Transformation in an Fe-20.5Ni-4.8Mn Alloy

With electron microscopy the investigation on isothermal martensite transformation in an Fe20.5Ni-4.8Mn alloy has been carried out to clarify the effect of austenite state on the transformation, by applying pre-deformation to austenite before isothermal holding. Under the condition without pre-deformation, the isothermal martensite products are lath martensite with {111}fhabit planes. Dislocations in austenite seem to contribute to nucleation of martensite, and in this nascent Stage austenite substructure has no obvious effect on martensite growth. The consequent thickening of martensite laths is apparently influenced by local austenite states, resulting in the changes in orientation, morphology as well as substructure of martensite lath. The kinetics of isothermal martensite transformation is controlled by intedece dislocation determined nucleation of martensite in primary stage, but to a larger extent, by the austenite accommodation for the shape strain of martensite in the thickening Stage     

Surface Hardening of Alloy Steels Using a High Intensity Electron Beam

Energy sources such as electron or laser beams have been extensively used for materials processing. Surface hardening is an established process used in industry. A combination of nitriding and electron beam treatment is used to modify alloy steel with nominal composition (wt.%) of 0.42% C, 0.96% Cr, 0.6% Mn, 0.37% Si, balance Fe. The hardness of the hardened layer varies in the range 800-850 HV. The high hardness is due to a refined microstructure consisting of a -solid solution (nitrous martensite) and γ - solid solution (nitrous austenite) and dispersed fine nitride precipitates. The wear resistance the of electron beam treated layer is double that of the ion nitrided specimens.     

Effect of deep cryogenic treatment on the microstructure and wear performance of Cr–Mn–Cu white cast iron grinding media

The phase transformation and grinding wear behavior of Cr–Mn–Cu white cast irons subjected to destabilization treatment followed by air cooling or deep cryogenic treatment were studied as a part of the development program of substitute alloys for existing costly wear resistant alloys. The microstructural evolution during heat treatment and the consequent improvement in grinding wear performance were evaluated with optical and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, bulk hardness, impact toughness and corrosion rate measurements, laboratory ball mill grinding wear test etc. The deep cryogenic treatment has a significant effect in minimizing the retained austenite content and converts it to martensite embedded with fine M₇C₃ alloy carbides. The cumulative wear losses in cryotreated alloys are lesser than those with conventionally destabilized alloys followed by air cooling both in wet and dry grinding conditions. The cryotreated Cr–Mn–Cu irons exhibit comparable wear performance to high chromium irons.     

The formation of martensite in splat-quenched Fe-Mn and Fe-Ni-C alloys

A two-piston splat-quenching technique has been used to prepare splat-quenched Fe-Mn alloys with 0 to 20 wt % Mn, and splat-quenched Fe-Ni-C alloys with a nominal carbon content of 0.1 wt % and 0 to 40 wt % Ni. The resulting alloy microstructures have been investigated by a combination of optical and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, and microhardness testing; and the splat-quenched structures have been compared with the microstructures of similar alloys prepared by conventional solid-state quenching. In both alloy systems, splat-quenching produces a very small as-solidified austenite grain size, and a depression of the martensite transformation temperature as shown by an increased tendency to retain austenite to low temperatures. Because of the combination of a small austenite grain size and, therefore, fine scale martensite structure, splat-quenched martensitic alloys of Fe-Mn and Fe-Ni-C exhibit very high microhardness values.