Nutritional,microbial and sensory attributes of bread fortified with defatted watermelon seed flour

The utilisation of natural food supplements to fortify staples is considered as one of the effective means of dealing with global food nutrient deficiency. Herein, we report the nutritional, microbial and sensorial characteristics of defatted watermelon seed fortified bread. The protein content and level of micronutrients such as phosphorus, potassium, iron and calcium increased with increasing proportion of watermelon seed flour in the bread. Notably, calcium resulted as the highest micronutrient in the bread samples, whereas the content of iron in the fortified samples improved significantly. The defatted watermelon seed flour had a high iron content of about 12.1 mg/100 g as compared to the normal (unfortified) bread of 0.01 mg/100 g. The total microbial count results for all the fortification levels complied with the acceptable microbial quality requirement. Lastly, the consumer acceptability test did not show any significant difference between all levels of fortification with watermelon seed flour.     

Technological,nutritional and sensorial characteristics of wheat bread fortified with calcium salts

The aim of this paper was to carry out a comprehensive study of wheat flour breads fortified with different sources of calcium, which includes: technological, nutritional and sensorial characteristics. Calcium salts (lactate: LA, carbonate: CA, and citrate: CI) at two fortification levels (20% and 50%) were analysed. Only the LA fortified breads were harder with lower specific volume and the LA 50% showed the higher chewiness value. The crust colour of the CI 50% breads presented the lower browning index. In vitro nutritional studies showed that calcium content on digest and dialysate was significantly higher in all fortified breads. The CI 20% and all the 50% fortifications showed a better contribution of bioaccessible calcium. Sensorial general quality was not significantly different between fortified and Control breads.     

Effect of staling on viscoelastic properties of pastes prepared from arabic bread

Dynamic testing detected differences in the rheological properties of pastes prepared from progressively aged Arabic bread. The storage (G') and loss (G″) modulii decreased at different rates upon storage. The progress of textural changes responsible for the generation of the sensory ‘stale’ response was marked by the transition of Arabic bread pastes from viscoelastic solids (G′>G″) to elastoviscous liquids (G″>G′).     

Sensory and physical quality characteristics of bread fortified with apple pomace using fuzzy mathematical model

Apple pomace, after different processing procedures, was added into wheat flour in bread production to improve the dietary fibre content of breads. A fuzzy mathematical model was used in the sensory assessment of bread to improve the reliability of final conclusion. The addition of both apple pomace (AP) and skimmed apple pomace (SAP) reduced the extensibility and improved the resistance of wheat dough compared to the control sample. Wheat dough fortified with apple pomace of differing particle sizes did not have significant effects on either farinograph properties or extensograph properties. Sensory assessment of bread based on fuzzy mathematical model indicated that optimum concentration of apple pomace, both AP and SAP, added into wheat dough was 3%. Such results may be of importance when considering the use of apple pomace in bread production so as to enhance the dietary fibre intake, and also improve the sensory properties of bread.     

糙米粉添加量对面包品质的影响

研究了糙米粉添加量(10%~70%)对糙米面包品质的影响。结果表明:随着糙米粉添加量增大,糙米面包体积逐渐减小,弹性、内聚性、回复性逐渐降低;面包的硬度、胶黏性、耐咀性逐渐升高,孔壁厚度、气孔直径及粗糙气孔体积都随之增大,气孔壁加厚,结构粗糙、紧实,面包芯颜色逐渐加深,外观有褶皱出现,当添加量为40%时,其外观及口感可以接受。     

不同食品胶对面包烘焙特性的影响研究

研究了不同食品胶(海藻酸钠、黄原胶、羧甲基纤维素钠、刺槐豆胶和羟丙基甲基纤维素)对面包烘焙特性的影响。结果表明,添加适量的食品胶可以有效提高面包的焙烤品质,增大面包的比容,提高面包的整体接受度,改善面包的质构特性,增加面包的弹性和内聚性,显著降低面包的硬度和咀嚼性,有较好的抗老化效果,延长产品的货架期。海藻酸钠和羟丙基甲基纤维素改善效果最好,黄原胶改良效果最差。     

Effect of antimicrobial agents and dough conditioners on the shelf-life extension and quality of flat bread, as determined by near-infrared spectroscopy

Middle Eastern Countries are experiencing the emergence of high volume production and retail marketing over traditional unit baking and retailing. This phenomenon has revealed a shortcoming in quality issues in Arabic flat bread (AFB) manufacture. Therefore, shelf-life extension and quality improvement are in demand to limit economic loss. Five improvers and a control (without any improver) were selected for improving shelf-life and quality of AFB. The improver treatments included: (1) sodium 9 stearoyl-2-lactylate (SSL), (2) monoglycreides (MG), (3) hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose gum (HPMC), (4) high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS), and (5) a combination of all the aforementioned improvers. The texture analysis data indicated that the presence of HFCS may act as a plasticizer through contributing to the longer tearing time. The other treatments exhibited a significant decline in tearing time throughout storage. The NIRS data indicated that after 3 days, the control was less fresh than AFB formulated with HFCS or improver combinations. The sensory evaluation of AFB exhibited that the improver combination significantly improved the quality attributes.     

发芽糙米和羟丙基甲基纤维素对面包品质的影响

本文研究了在面粉中添加发芽糙米粉(GBR)和羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)对面包品质的影响。结果表明,添加80目、100目发芽糙米粉制作的面包的比容、硬度、弹性要明显优于60目,而添加80目发芽糙米制作的面包与100目制作的面包之间无显著性差异(p>0.05)。随着发芽糙米粉添加量的增大,发芽糙米面包比容、弹性、内聚性减小,硬度增大;发芽糙米添加量为40%时,其口感已达到不可接受的程度。通过添加HPMC可以有效提高高含量发芽糙米面包的品质,且随着HPMC添加量增大,面包的感官品质逐渐提高。当HPMC浓度为2%时,面包的比容显著性提高,硬度降低,面包的弹性和内聚性增加,提高了面包的整体接受度,改善面包的感官特性。另外,通过考察混合面团的微观结构发现,添加HPMC可以有效改善面团的面筋网络结构。因此,在高含量发芽糙米面包中添加HPMC可以有效改善面包的品质。      

豌豆全粉对小麦面团特性和面包品质的影响

探讨了萌芽程度不同的豌豆全粉(添加量均为5%)对小麦面团加工特性(水分分布、黏性、发酵流变特性、动态流变特性)及面包品质(面包芯质构、面包贮藏期硬度等)的影响。结果表明:与小麦面团(WD)相比,添加未萌芽豌豆全粉(G0MD)的面团中不易流动水的比例升高,结合水和自由水的比例降低,面团发酵产气量降低,面团储能模量(G′),损耗模量(G″)显著下降,面包在储藏期内(1～7 d)面包的硬度增加缓慢。与G0MD相比,添加萌芽豌豆全粉的面团中结合水比例增加,不易流动水比例降低,黏性显著降低,G′、G″均增加,面包老化速度变慢。因此,将萌芽豌豆全粉用于面包的制作表现出良好的应用前景。     

玉米馒头品质影响因素研究

为研究影响玉米馒头品质的因素,以玉米粉添加量、小麦粉筋力、玉米粉粒度和食用多糖种类为主要因素,在单因素试验基础上进行正交试验。结合主成分分析法,通过馒头质构分析和感官评价实验,考察了上述因素对玉米馒头品质的影响,并对玉米馒头的配方进行了优化。结果表明,使用高筋粉、添加50%玉米粉、玉米粉80目时制作的玉米馒头品质最佳。     

Quality characteristics improvement of low‐phenylalanine toast bread

This study was designed to prepare and evaluate low‐phenylalanine toast bread made from gliadin‐free wheat flour and hydrocolloids. Wheat protein fraction (gliadin) rich in phenylalanine was extracted using aqueous alcohol solution for the production of low‐phenylalanine wheat flour. Pectin, gum arabic and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) were used separately to improve the quality of bread at levels of 1, 2 and 3%. Chemical, rheological, organoleptic, baking, staling and microstructure of bread were studied. Phenylalanine content of gliadin‐free bread samples reduced by 43.2% compared with control. Separation of gliadin negatively affected the rheological properties of dough and baking quality of bread, while rheological properties, baking quality and staling were improved upon hydrocolloids addition. Microscopic examination of crumb structure revealed remarkable differences in control and treated breads. It was found that acceptable bread could be produced using gliadin‐free wheat flour with the addition of pectin or CMC up to 2 and 3%, respectively.     

Bioavailability of zinc in fiber‐enriched bread fortified with zinc sulphate

The present study aimed to reduce the caloric value of bread by substituting a part of wheat flour with artichoke bracts at levels of 5%, 10% and 15% without sacrificing taste, texture or acceptability. Moreover, considerable trials had been made to reduce zinc deficiency in wheat bread and fiber‐enriched bread and also to study the effect of fiber on zinc bioavailability. Therefore, zinc sulphate was added to bread at levels of 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 mg/100 g edible portion. The results from this study show that: (i) The addition of artichoke bracts to wheat flour increased the water absorption, arrival time, development time, and weakening of the dough as the level of artichoke bracts increased, while dough stability decreased. (ii) Mixing wheat flour with increasing amount of artichoke bracts increased the content of protein, fiber and total essential amino acids, also all essential amino acids increased in wheat bread and fiber‐enriched bread after fortification with zinc sulphate at a level of 100 mg/100 g edible portion except methionine, threonine and tyrosine. (iii) The best level of zinc sulphate to give the best bioavailability for zinc is 100 mg/100 g edible portion. (iv) Evaluation of fortified wheat bread and fiber‐enriched bread with zinc sulphate showed no significant difference by test panel.     

Quality of wheat bread enriched with onion extract and polyphenols content and antioxidant activity changes during bread storage

We determined the effect of onion skin extract (OE) on the quality of wheat bread: contents of total polyphenols and flavonols, antioxidative activity and their changes during storage. With increasing doses of OE to bread, contents of total polyphenols and flavonols and the antioxidative activity were observed to increase. A higher total flavonol content was found in bread with 1% OE stored at 24 °C than in bread stored at 4 °C. There was no such relationship in the bread with 0.5% OE. Changes in flavonols content during storage for 72 h were insignificant. No clear trends of change in the antioxidant activity could be found at storage of breads. The addition of OE caused no changes in the yield and volume of bread and contributed to a decreasing value of L* parameter and to increasing values of ΔE, a* and b* parameters of bread crumb colour. Consumers accepted the smell and taste of bread with the addition of OE to a lesser extent than the control bread. Bread with 1% OE the taste was rated very low. Consumers rated the taste of bread with 1% OE low because it was bitter. Breads enriched with OE had a proper external appearance as well as crumb and crust features. Roasted onion aroma and taste were perceptible in the obtained breads. A bitterness was perceptible in breads baked with the addition of 1% of OE.     

不同酵母制作的馒头感官及品质分析

将市场收集的不同酵母制作馒头,采用活力仪和质构仪分别测定酵母的产气性能和馒头质构,结合感官评价的方式,探究不同酵母制作的馒头的感官和品质差异。结果表明,馒头制作中优先选择2#酵母,其面团发酵速度适中,产气性能良好,每100 g面团醒发1 h内产气（CO2） 59.96 mL,制作馒头质构优良,风味更好,感官评分最高为72.1分。     

紫苏叶浸提液对面包品质的影响

按照水和紫苏叶浸提液4:1的比例,紫苏叶浸提液浓度分别为0、3%、6%、9%、12%,制作面包,研究紫苏叶浸提液对新鲜面包的感官品质、比体积以及在贮藏过程中面包的保水性、老化度、微生物生长等方面的影响。结果表明,在浓度为6%时,面包的感官品质和比体积最好。随着浓度的提高,面包的保水性、抗老化性及抑制微生物生长的能力逐渐增强。在紫苏叶浸提液浓度为12%时,保水性、抗老化性及抗微生物生长能力最好。     

Physicochemical properties of steamed bread fortified with ground linseed (Linum usitatissimum)

Chinese steamed bread (CSB) is a staple food among Asian populations. Linseed (Linum usitatissimum) is an emerging ‘healthy’ food ingredient rich in a range of bioactive components. Ground linseeds were incorporated in northern style CSB formulation up to 20%. Various physico-chemical, nutritional and sensory properties of the resulting CSB were studied. Linseed addition decreased the specific volume and spread ratio of CSB, while increasing the hardness and chewiness in a dose-dependent manner. Linseed addition up to 15% little affected the overall sensory acceptability of CSB. Nutritionally, linseed addition increased the in vitro antioxidant activities of CSB, while decreasing in vitro starch digestibility and expected glycaemic index. It may be concluded that linseed has the potential to enhance the nutritional quality of CSB without negatively affecting the eating quality.