Characterization of Code Tracking Error of Coherent DLL Under CW Interference

Characterization of the tracking error under continuous wave (CW) interference is the foundation of the interference detection and mitigation in receiver. It is helpful to select pseudo-random noise (PRN) codes with better code tracking performance under interference during the design of signal structure. Considering the effect of discrete spectral line of PRN code, we present a detailed analysis of tracking error of coherent delay locked loop (DLL) for the both situations that when the interference overlaps the spectral line and that when the interference is around the spectral line. In the first situation, the expression of the maximum tracking error for binary phase shift key (BPSK) modulated signal is obtained. The comparison of the tracking errors between finite and infinite frontend bandwidth cases in the first situation shows that the tracking error in the finite case is not like that in the infinite case and cannot be always reduced by narrowing the correlator spacing. The reason of this phenomenon is explained in detail. Further, we obtain the expression of the tracking error limitation as the correlator spacing tends to zero. It is more reasonable to take this limitation as the criterion of evaluating the code tracking performance for different PRN codes under interference. In the second situation, with the assumption of the infinite frontend bandwidth, we obtain the analytic expression of the tracking error. The analysis results show that the impact of the interference on tracking performance decays quickly when the interference leaves far away from the spectral line, and the diminution of correlator spacing and loop bandwidth both can reduce the tracking error efficiently.     

Preprocessing of GNSS signals subject to interference

Increasingly, interference effects on GNSS receivers are becoming important as more safety-critical applications such as civil aviation are employing the system. The inherent interference rejection capability of the GNSS spread spectrum modulating technique is now no longer considered adequate to remove the effects of very strong jammers. These can be generated intentionally, as in jamming situations, or unintentionally by systems such as mobile satellite systems. Continuous satellite tracking through this interference is essential for high-integrity applications. This study describes a new hardware-based GNSS interference mitigation scheme which is particularly effective against CW and pulsed CW interference. Interferers with some degree of frequency or amplitude modulation can also be reduced. The core hardware can remove two CW interferers from anywhere within the GPS P code bandwidth or the GLONASS frequency spectrum and further interferers can be removed by cascading modules. Simulation and actual data are shown. Owing to the wideband nature of the signal processing, the module introduces very little additional phase distortion and thus group delay to the GLONASS band, which has been shown to be advantageous to differential GLONASS processing. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

New formulation of GNSS acquisition with CFAR detection

This paper deals with the analysis of the acquisition process performed by a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receiver with a pilot and data channel or in case of GNSS hybrid receiver. Signal acquisition decides the presence or absence of GNSS signal by comparing signal under test with a fixed threshold and provides a code delay and a Doppler frequency estimation, but in low signal conditions or in a noisy environment; acquisition systems are vulnerable and can give a high false alarm and low detection probability. Firstly, we introduce a cell‐averaging‐constant false alarm rate (CFAR) then a data‐pilot cell‐averaging‐CFAR detector fusion based to deal with these situations. In this context, we use a new mathematical derivation to develop a closed‐form analytic expressions for the probabilities of detection and false alarm. The performances of the proposed detector are evaluated and compared with a non‐CFAR case through an analytical and numerical results validated by Mont Carlo simulations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

大误差条件下单频干扰引起的伪码跟踪误差研究

单频干扰能够引起较大的伪码跟踪误差,基于小误差条件的跟踪误差分析会失效。在大误差条件下,由于码环鉴相器不再工作在线性区域,利用鉴相器输出的二阶泰勒展开式代替一阶线性化近似,该文给出了单频干扰下伪码跟踪误差的解析表达式。通过数值分析和仿真实验分析验证了在单频干扰下伪码跟踪误差随干扰起始相位、干扰频率和干信比的变化特性。结果表明:当干扰引起的伪码跟踪误差较大时,基于鉴相器线性化的理论预测的准确性显著下降,而基于鉴相器二阶泰勒近似的理论分析能够准确预测大误差条件下的伪码跟踪误差,在跟踪误差不超过0.34 chip时,理论分析误差不超过20%。     

卫星导航信号抗单频干扰性能研究

不同信号体制的导航信号受单频干扰的影响不同.目前针对此问题的分析都是在干扰为高斯分布以及忽略伪码离散频谱的前提下进行的.本文针对非相干超前减滞后功率鉴相器,考虑了伪码离散谱线的影响,导出了非带限情况下单频干扰导致的最大跟踪误差的解析式,并进行了仿真验证.提出用最大跟踪误差,以及在此基础上得出的平均跟踪误差和相对跟踪误差...     

Analysis of Combined Effects of Multipath and CW Interference on Coherent Delay Lock Loop

Multipath and continuous wave (CW) interference can cause severe performance degradation of global navigation satellite system receivers. Therefore, effects of multipath or CW interference have been analyzed separately in many papers. However, when multipath and interference exist at the same time, it hasn’t been discussed whether their effects on code tracking performance are independent, and the combined effects of multipath and CW interference haven’t been analyzed. This paper analyzes the combined effects of multipath and CW interference on the code tracking performance of coherent delay lock loop (DLL). An analytical expression of code tracking error envelope is suggested for coherent DLL and can be used to assess combined effects of multipath and CW interference. This analytical expression shows that multipath may change the slope of discrimination function, which causes the problem that effects of multipath and CW interference aren’t independent. Therefore, multipath effects on the slope of discrimination function are discussed in this paper. It is shown that smaller correlator spacing can decrease the multipath effect on the slope of discrimination function. However, when the finite bandwidth is taken into account, the smaller correlator spacing can’t suppress the multipath effect on the slope of discrimination function effectively. The combined effects of multipath and CW interference depend on many factors. The GPS C/A signal is taken as an example of the application of the derived expression to discuss how these factors affect the code tracking performance, and simulation validation shows the availability of theoretical results.     

对GPS接收机的一种新宽带压制干扰样式分析

针对单频连续波干扰极易通过频域滤波加以抑制,而宽带连续阻塞式干扰又存在干扰效率低下的问题,提出脉冲连续波这种新的宽带梳状拦阻式干扰样式。根据C/A码、P(Y)码和M码信号功率谱特点分别设置脉冲连续波的干扰频率覆盖范围。以码跟踪误差作为干扰效果评估指标,对不同干扰环境下采用窄带非相干延迟锁定环的GPS接收机码跟踪性能进行仿真分析。仿真结果表明:脉冲连续波干扰对不同伪随机噪声码(PRN)编号和副载波调制相位下的C/A码和M码信号影响是不同的,在相同干信比(JSR)条件下,脉冲连续波的干扰效果要优于宽带高斯噪声和匹配谱干扰。     

Weak Satellite Signal Tracking Loop Based on Traditional Tracking Framework

Global Satellite Navigation System (GNSS) is applied widely in many fields nowadays, but is still quite limited under complex signal environments, especially weak signal situation. And the major limitation comes from the signal tracking algorithm in GNSS receiver. To solve this problem, this paper mainly deals with performance enhancement for traditional tracking framework. By inviting definition of digital equivalent bandwidth and analyzing sensitivity and stability, this framework is deeply discussed, and the relationship between correlation time and loop bandwidth setting becomes clearer. Based on this foundation, an adaptive tracking algorithm is proposed with longer correlation time under vibrated signal attenuation situation, via statistical learning of carrier phase discriminator outputs. Experiments demonstrate that our proposed algorithm outweighs the traditional one with more gain of sensitivity and stable adaptation under attenuated data situation.     

Pilot interference cancellation technology for CDMA cellular networks

This paper considers the link-level and network-level performance of code division multiple access (CDMA) pilot interference cancellation (pilot IC) technology, a low-complexity advanced receiver technology being considered for use in commercial third generation (3G) CDMA cellular systems. The concept behind this technology is to estimate and cancel at the handset receiver the interference effects associated with CDMA downlink pilot signals broadcast from the base stations of the network. The canceling of interference at the receiver improves the signal-to-interference/noise ratio (SINR), which enables increased cell capacity or throughput. In this paper, we derive SINR expressions for evaluating the probability of error performance of both the RAKE and pilot IC handset receivers, under conventional random spreading code assumptions. The approach can easily and accurately model a wide variety of transmitter, channel, and receiver conditions, including the effects of channel estimation. We also utilize radio network simulations to illustrate and quantify the capacity gains available for 3G CDMA networks through the use of pilot IC handsets. Network simulations are also used to examine the reduced level of soft-handoff found to be possible in pilot IC-based networks and the increased flexibility available in setting pilot power levels. We further consider the impact of using stronger pilot signals for improving the demodulation performance of sensitive higher-order modulation constellations that are needed to support spectrally efficient high-rate data services.     

Interference suppression to aid acquisition in direct-sequencespread-spectrum communications

The acquisition and tracking systems of a spread-spectrum receiver are probably the most critical components of the receiver, since if they fail to function properly, it is doubtful that the desired signal can be successfully detected. This means that the affect of interference (such as jamming) on the receiver while it is attempting to learn the correct phase position of the incoming code might be especially harmful, since the interference might not allow the receiver to acquire the signal. To address this problem, a narrow-band interference suppression filter is used to enhance the performance of a serial search acquisition scheme for a direct-sequence spread-spectrum receiver. Analytical expressions for the probabilities of error in both the search and lock modes are derived, and numerical results are used to illustrate the sensitivity of the receiver to various system parameters. It is shown that the presence of the rejection filter can be significantly improves the performance of the acquisition system     

GPS L5接收机的设计与实现

在GPS现代化过程中,GPS L5新信号采用了QPSK调试方式,它由数据支路和导频支路组成.为了开发GPS L5新信号接收机,在研究信号特征的基础上,给出了接收机的总体设计思路并讨论了相应的捕获技术、跟踪技术以及导航电文的译码技术.接收机信号处理基于FPGA实现,连接卫星导航模拟器,该接收机成功捕获、跟踪和解调了GPS L5信号,并得到了正确的定位结果.对接收机的输出结果进行了测试,证明了设计L5接收机过程中所采用方法的有效性和可行性.     

一种针对用户GNSS时钟的转发式欺骗方法

全球卫星导航系统(Global Navigation Satellite System,GNSS)转发式欺骗干扰具有系统搭建容易、干扰实施方便、成本低等优点,目前已成为一种重要的GNSS欺骗方式。针对多峰值抗转发欺骗干扰检测算法,提出一种针对目标接收机GNSS时钟的转发式欺骗干扰方法。相比于传统转发式欺骗的各通道卫星信号时延一致的特点,该方法根据待欺骗接收机和转发式欺骗源的位置计算各卫星通道转发时延,使待欺骗目标接收到的GNSS欺骗信号的时延为伪码周期整数倍,并随时间自适应动态调整转发时延,使得欺骗检测失效,进一步欺骗静态目标接收机的GNSS时钟。模拟实验和仿真实验验证了该转发式欺骗方法的有效性。     

Digital multi-carrier spread spectrum versus direct sequence spreadspectrum for resistance to jamming and multipath

We compare single user digital multi-carrier spread spectrum (MC-SS) modulation with direct sequence (DS) SS (with a modified implementation) in the presence of narrowband interference (NBI) and multipath fading. We derive closed-form expressions for the symbol error probability for both the linear MMSE receiver as well as the conventional matched-filter receiver under different scenarios: additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel with NBI, multipath channel with or without NBI. We show that DS-SS can achieve the same performance as MC-SS if the spreading code is carefully designed to have perfect periodic autocorrelation function (PACF). On the other hand, MC-SS is more robust to narrowband interference and multipath fading than is DS-SS with the widely used spreading codes that do not possess perfect PACE. Our analysis reveals that the performance improvement of MC-SS is precisely due to the implicit construction of an equivalent spreading code having nonconstant amplitude but possessing perfect periodic autocorrelation     

Unambiguous and precise correlation receiver for binary offset carrier modulated signal

The binary offset carrier (BOC) modulated signal can improve the positioning accuracy and increase the multipath resistance in global navigation satellite system (GNSS), and it may cause potential ambiguity in the process of signal acquisition and code tracking. In this paper, a simple but efficient unambiguous receiver is firstly proposed for multiple side‐peaks mitigation by implementing correlation of the received BOC signal with local sine wave instead of square wave used at the transmitter. Moreover, the potential degradation of sharpness of the nonlinear correlation induced by the sine wave is well compensated by optimizing the early‐to‐late spacing. The other reason leading to ambiguity is the multipath propagation, so we further propose a maximum likelihood (ML) estimator with Newton iteration method, where the received GNSS signal is modeled via the line‐of‐sight (LOS) component and the first‐arrived non‐line‐of‐sight (NLOS) component. Finally, the analytical expression of multipath propagation Cramer‐Rao bound is derived for the designed ML estimator. Simulation results indicate that compared with the conventional BOC modulation, the proposed sine wave receiver can achieve unambiguous and more precise code tracking performance and thus turns out to be more robust to multipath propagation.     

On the architecture and performance of an FFT-based spread-spectrumdownlink RAKE receiver

This paper describes a spread-spectrum downlink RAKE receiver that computes data detection in the frequency domain. We assume a pilot signal is transmitted with data signals for channel sounding. The pilot signal does not degrade the receiver bit error rate (BER) performance because the receiver estimates the pilot signal and subtracts the estimated pilot signal from the received signal before data detection. A spreading code matched filter, a channel matched filter, and a sounding receiver are implemented by fast Fourier transform (FFT)-based matched filtering and integrated in a unified architecture. Monte Carlo simulation is used to evaluate the receiver BER performance in both a static channel and a mobile radio channel. Simulation results show that the RAKE receiver performs well in both kinds of channels     

MMSE multipath diversity combining for multi-access TH-UWB in the presence of NBI

The performance of asynchronous time-hopping ultra-wideband (TH-UWB) multiple access spread spectrum is analytically investigated in a UWB realistic multipath channel and in the presence of narrowband interference (NBI). In particular, an interference suppression receiver for TH-UWB wireless systems is proposed. It consists of selecting the first strongest multipath components using an appropriate Rake receiver with the path diversity combining being based on the minimum mean square error criterion. Pulse position modulation and pulse amplitude modulation schemes are considered. The expressions of the signal-to-interference and noise ratio at the output of the selective Rake combiner, the system multi-access data rate as well as the conditional bit error rate are also derived. The impact of different parameters, such as the number of selected dominant paths, the NBI power as well as the time hopping sequence code on the system performance are studied. Results reveal that the proposed receiver can almost completely eliminate the effect of NBI.     

Performance Analysis of GPS Receivers in Non-Gaussian Noise Incorporating Precorrelation Filter and Sampling Rate

Global positioning system (GPS) receivers find growing applications in indoor and outdoor communication environments, including urban and rural areas. Interference and noise sources for GPS receivers may assume Gaussian or non-Gaussian distributions. The GPS receiver performance under Gaussian additive noise has been studied. Non-Gaussian noise may equally contaminate the GPS satellite signals and disturb the receiver delay lock loops (DLL), producing significant tracking errors. These sources include impulsive noise, ultra-wideband (UWB) signals, and impulse and noise radar signals for target tracking and indoor imaging applications. This paper considers non-Gaussian noise of finite variance and examines its effect on the discriminator outputs for the commercial GPS receiver that uses the coarse acquisition (C/A) code. The correlator noise output components are produced from the correlation between the noise sequence and the early, late, and punctual reference C/A code. Due to the long time averaging, which is characteristic of the GPS correlation loops, these components assume Gaussian distributions. The discriminator tracking error variance is derived, incorporating the effect of noise, the front-end precorrelation filter, and the sampling rate.     

An efficient RAKE receiver architecture with pilot signalcancellation for downlink communications in DS-CDMA indoor wirelessnetworks

This paper deals with a RAKE receiver architecture which makes use of a pilot signal broadcast by the base station to obtain channel parameter estimates in a direct-sequence code division multiple access (DS-CDMA) indoor wireless network. A suitable cancellation algorithm, which is different from previous approaches, is used to reduce multipath interference due to the pilot signal. Numerical results are used to demonstrate the performance of the proposed RAKE receiver in terms of the bit error probability under typical multipath fading propagation conditions. Performance comparisons with the ideal case of perfect channel parameter estimation are given in order to highlight the good behavior of the proposed approach     

Pilot tone aided coherent GMSK systems for sound/data mobilebroadcasting

A Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK) modem with built-in fade canceler is proposed narrowband mobile digital broadcasting systems. The proposed scheme combines DC suppressing line code and high-pass filters to create a spectral null at the carrier frequency of the transmit GMSK signal spectrum. This enables an unmodulated carrier pilot tone to be transmitted with the digital broadcast signal without mutual interference. In the receiver, the recovered pilot is used to coherently demodulate the received signal without phase ambiguity. The pilot can be also be used to track and cancel out the random phase noise induced by fast fading. The scheme is applied to a 16 kb/s BT=0.25 GMSK signal with B_v=800 Hz, and its performance over a fast Rayleigh fading channel is investigated using computer simulation. The results demonstrates that the proposed coherent modem is capable of significantly outperforming conventional differential detection in fast fading environments such as a broadcasting channel for mobile reception     

Effects of chip rate on selective RAKE combining

The focus of this paper is to characterize the performance of a RAKE receiver tracking the L strongest multipath components and to quantify the effects of the chip rate on spread spectrum systems operating in dense multipath frequency-selective fading environments. Analytical expressions for the symbol error probability are derived in terms of the chip rate, multipath spread of the channel and an arbitrary number of combined paths