A pseudo-Zernike moment based audio watermarking scheme robust against desynchronization attacks

Desynchronization attack is known as one of the most difficult attacks to resist, for it can desynchronize the location of the watermark and hence causes incorrect watermark detection. It is a challenging work to design a robust audio watermarking scheme against desynchronization attacks. Based on pseudo-Zernike moment and synchronization code, we propose a new digital audio watermarking algorithm with good auditory quality and reasonable resistance toward desynchronization attacks in this paper. Firstly, the origin digital audio is segmented and then each segment is cut into two parts. Secondly, with the spatial watermarking technique, synchronization code is embedded into the statistics average value of audio samples in the first part. And then, map 1D digital audio signal in the second part into 2D form, and calculate its pseudo-Zernike moments. Finally, the watermark bit is embedded into the average value of modulus of the low-order pseudo-Zernike moments. Meanwhile combining the two adjacent synchronization code searching technology, the algorithm can extract the watermark without the help from the origin digital audio signal. Simulation results show that the proposed watermarking scheme is not only inaudible and robust against common signals processing such as MP3 compression, noise addition, resampling, re-quantization, etc., but also robust against the desynchronization attacks such as random cropping, amplitude variation, pitch shifting, jittering, etc.     

A new adaptive digital audio watermarking based on support vector machine

It is a challenging work to design a robust digital audio watermarking scheme against desynchronization attacks. On the basis of support vector machines (SVMs), a new robust digital audio watermarking algorithm against desynchronization attacks is proposed in this paper, and in this the audio statistics characteristics and synchronization code are utilized. Firstly, the optimal embedding positions are located adaptively by using the SVM theory. Secondly, the 16-bit Barker code is chosen as synchronization mark and embedded into the digital audio by modifying the statistics average value of several samples. Finally, the digital watermark are embedded into the statistics average value of low-frequency components in wavelet domain by making full use of auditory masking. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme is inaudible and robust against common signal processing such as MP3 compression, low-pass filtering, noise addition, equalization, etc., and is robust against desynchronization attacks such as random cropping, amplitude variation, pitch shifting, time-scale modification, jittering, etc.     

A robust digital audio watermarking based on statistics characteristics

In digital audio watermarking, the watermark's vulnerability to desynchronization attacks has long been a difficult problem. According to the audio statistics characteristics and synchronization code technique, a new robust audio watermarking scheme against desynchronization attacks is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the original digital audio is segmented and then each audio segment is cut into two parts. Secondly, with the spatial watermarking technique, the synchronization code is embedded into the statistics average value of audio samples in the first part. Finally, the second part of audio segment is cut into audio sections, the DWT is performed on the audio sections, and the watermark bit is embedded into the statistics average value of low frequency components. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme is inaudible and robust against common signals processing, including MP3 compression, low-pass filtering, noise addition, and equalization, etc. Moreover, it also survives several desynchronization attacks, such as random cropping, amplitude variation, pitch shifting, time-scale modification, and jittering, etc.     

A robust content based audio watermarking using UDWT and invariant histogram

Desynchronization attack is known as one of the most difficult attacks to resist, for it can desynchronize the location of the watermark and hence causes incorrect watermark detection. It is a challenging work to design a robust audio watermarking scheme against desynchronization attacks. Based on undecimated discrete wavelet transform (UDWT) and invariant histogram, we propose a new content based audio watermarking algorithm with good audible quality and reasonable resistance toward desynchronization attacks in this paper. Firstly, the undecimated discrete wavelet transform (UDWT) is performed on original host audio. Secondly, the invariant histogram is extracted from a selected wavelet coefficients range in the low frequency subband. Then, the bin of histogram is divided into many groups, each group including four consecutive bins. For each group, one watermark bit is embedded by reassigning the number of wavelet coefficients in this group of four bins. Finally, the digital watermark is embedded into the original audio signal in UDWT domain by modifying a small set of wavelet coefficients. Simulation results show that the proposed watermarking scheme is not only inaudible and robust against common signal processing operations such as MP3 compression, noise addition, and low-pass filtering etc, but also robust against the desynchronization attacks such as random cropping, time-scale modification, pitch shifting, and jittering etc.     

基于音频统计特性的数字水印嵌入算法

结合数字音频时频域统计特性及同步码技术, 提出了一种可有效抵抗去同步攻击的混合域数字音频水印嵌入算法. 该算法首先结合数字水印与同步码(大小), 对原始音频载体进行分段处理, 并将每个音频数据段分割成两部分用于嵌入同步码与水印信息; 然后利用时间域音频样本统计特性, 将同步码信息嵌入到音频样本的统计均值上; 最后根据频率域小波系数统计特性, 将数字水印嵌入到低频小波系数的平均值内.     

Invariant image watermarking using multi-scale Harris detector and wavelet moments

Desynchronization attack is known as one of the most difficult attacks to resist, which can desynchronize the location of the watermark and hence causes incorrect watermark detection. It is a challenging work to design a robust image watermarking scheme against desynchronization attacks. Based on multi-scale Harris detector and wavelet moment theory, we propose a new content based image watermarking algorithm with low computational complexity, good visual quality and reasonable resistance toward desynchronization attacks in this paper. Firstly, the steady image feature points are extracted from the origin host by using multi-scale Harris detector, and the local feature regions (LFRs) are constructed adaptively according to the feature scale theory. Then, the LFRs are image normalized, and significant regions are obtained from the normalized LFRs by utilizing the invariant centroid theory. Finally, the digital watermark is embedded into the LFRs by modifying wavelet moment invariants of the significant regions. By binding the watermark with the geometrically invariant image features, the watermark detection can be done without synchronization error. Experimental results show that the proposed image watermarking is not only invisible and robust against common image processing operations as sharpening, noise adding, and JPEG compression etc, but also robust against the desynchronization attacks such as rotation, translation, scaling, row or column removal, cropping, and local random bend etc.     

High payload multi-channel dual audio watermarking algorithm based on discrete wavelet transform and singular value decomposition

Digital watermarking technology is concerned with solving the problem of copyright protection, data authentication, content identification, distribution, and duplication of the digital media due to the great developments in computers and Internet technology. Recently, protection of digital audio signals has attracted the attention of researchers. This paper proposes a new audio watermarking scheme based on discrete wavelet transform (DWT), singular value decomposition (SVD), and quantization index modulation (QIM) with a synchronization code embedded with two encrypted watermark images or logos inserted into a stereo audio signal. In this algorithm, the original audio signal is split into blocks, and each block is decomposed with a two-level DWT, and then the approximate low-frequency sub-band coefficients are decomposed by SVD transform to obtain a diagonal matrix. The prepared watermarking and synchronization code bit stream is embedded into the diagonal matrix using QIM. After that, we perform inverse singular value decomposition (ISVD) and inverse discrete wavelet transform (IDWT) to obtain the watermarked audio signal. The watermark can be blindly extracted without knowledge of the original audio signal. Experimental results show that the transparency and imperceptibility of the proposed algorithm is satisfied, and that robustness is strong against popular audio signal processing attacks. High watermarking payload is achieved through the proposed scheme.     

自适应小波域数字音频水印嵌入算法研究

以整型提升小波变换、人类听觉掩蔽特性、数字音频局部邻域特性为基础，提出了一种自适应小波域数字音频水印嵌入算法，该算法具有以下特点：（1）结合人类听觉系统的掩蔽特性，实现了水印嵌入位置的自适应确定；（2）引入了高效的整型提升小波变换；（3）利用数字音频的局部邻域特性，实现了数字水印嵌入深度的智能调节；（4）数字水印信息的提取不需要原始音频信号．对比实验表明：该自适应数字音频水印算法不仅具有较好的透明性，而且对诸如叠加噪声、有损压缩、低通滤波、重新采样、重新量化等攻击均具有较好的鲁棒性（特别是叠加噪声与低通滤波）。     

一种可抵抗MP3压缩的音频水印算法

提出了一种稳健的自适应混合域数字音频水印算法，该算法具有以下特点:(1)通过采纳更为稳健的同步信号及其全新嵌入策略，提高了音频水印的抗攻击能力；(2)充分利用DWT的多分辨率特性和DCT的能量压缩特性，改善了数字水印的隐藏效果；(3)结合听觉掩蔽特性自适应确定量化步长，提高了数字水印的不可感知性；(4)以保证不可感知性和稳健性的良好平衡为前提，实现了数字水印的盲检测．仿真实验表明，所提出的算法不仅具有较好的不可感知性，而且对诸如重新采样、重新量化、叠加噪声、低通滤波、随机剪切等攻击均具有较好的稳健性．特别地，该算法对于最为普通的MP3压缩攻击具有极强的抵抗能力(尤其是高压缩比下).     

基于小波变换的自同步音频水印算法

该文提出了一种基于DWT的自同步音频水印算法．该算法具有如下特点：(1)在隐藏水印信息的同时，嵌入一个同步信号，使水印具有自同步能力；(2)同步信号与水印隐藏于DWT域低频子带，在改善同步信号鲁棒性的同时，利用DWT的时频局部特性，有效地提高在变换域内搜索同步信号的效率，较好地解决了同步信号鲁棒性与其搜索计算量之间的矛盾．实验表明，所提出的方法在抵抗各种通用的音频处理和攻击(如高斯噪声、MP3压缩、重采样、重量化、裁剪等)方面具有良好的性能．     

一种新的大容量数字音频水印嵌入算法

提出了一种新的大容量数字音频水印嵌入算法．该算法具有以下特点：（1）以整型小波变换为基础，不仅降低了舍入误差，而且提高了音频水印的嵌入与检测速度；（2）采纳分段变换及整体修改策略，增强了数字水印嵌入的稳定性；（3）以灰度图像作为数字水印，不仅数据容量大，而且更具层次感和多样性；（4）以保证不可感知性和鲁棒性的良好平衡为前提，实现了数字水印的盲检测．仿真实验表明：所提出的算法不仅具有较好的不可感知性，而且对诸如重新采样、重新量化、低通滤波、MP3压缩、叠加噪声等攻击均具有较好的鲁棒性．     

基于内容的自适应小波域数字音频水印算法研究

以整型提升小波变换、静态图像压缩编码、人类听觉系统（HAS）为基础，提出了一种将灰度图像（即二维数字水印）嵌入到数字音频信号的新水印算法．该算法具有以下特点：（1）应用静态图像压缩编码技术，实现了以灰度图像作为水印信号的数字音频水印算法；（2）充分利用人类听觉系统（HAS），实现了二维数字水印的自适应嵌入，增强了算法的透明性和鲁棒性，（3）二维数字水印的提取不需要原始音频信号．仿真实验表明：该自适应数字音频水印算法不仅具有较好的透明性，而且对诸如叠加噪声、有损压缩、低通滤波、重新采样、重新量化等攻击均具有较好的鲁棒性．     

一种基于均值量化的抗去同步攻击数字水印算法

基于量化调制的音频水印方案以其原理简单、操纵灵活等特点,已引起人们广泛关注,但现有方案不同程度地存在鲁棒性较差等不足之处.结合音频统计均值稳定特性及同步码技术,提出了一种新的数字音频水印嵌入算法,该算法选取稳健的16位巴克码作为同步标记,通过量化音频样本统计均值嵌入同步码,同时结合听觉掩蔽特性量化低频小波系数平均值嵌入数字水印.仿真实验结果表明,本算法不仅具有较好的不可感知性,而且对常规信号处理(MP3压缩、低通滤波、添加噪声、均衡化等)和去同步攻击(随机剪切、幅度缩放、抖动等)均具有较好的鲁棒性.     

稳健局部特征非下采样小波域数字水印

目的 基于数字水印技术的音乐作品版权保护是学术界的研究热点之一,多数数字音频水印方案仅仅能够对抗简单的常规信号处理,无法有效抵抗破坏性较强的一般性去同步攻击。为此,提出了一种基于稳健局部特征的非下采样小波域数字水印算法。方法 利用非下采样小波域平滑梯度检测算子从载体音频中提取稳定的音频特征点,结合数字音频样本响应确定局部特征音频段,采用量化调制策略将数字水印信号重复嵌入局部特征音频段中。结果 选取4段典型的采样频率为44.1 kHz、量化精度为16 bit、长度为15 s的单声道数字音频信号作为原始载体进行测试,并与经典算法在不可感知性和鲁棒性两方面进行对比。结果表明,本文算法在含水印音频与原始载体音频间的信噪比平均提升了5.7 dB,同时常规攻击和去同步攻击下的平均检测率分别保持在0.925和0.913,高于大多数传统算法,表明了本文算法具有较好的不可感知性。在常规信号处理（MP3压缩、重新量化、重新采样等）和去同步攻击（幅度缩放、随机剪切、音调伸缩、DA/AD转换、抖动等）方面均具有较好的鲁棒性。结论 本文利用描述能力强且性能稳定的平滑梯度刻画局部数字音频性质,提出一种基于平滑梯度的非下采样小波域音频特征点提取方法,有效解决了音频特征点稳定性差且分布极不均匀的缺点,提高了数字音频水印对音调伸缩、随机剪切、抖动等攻击的抵抗能力。     

新的特征点强鲁棒音频水印技术

以均值量化索引调制（MQIM）、特征点为理论基础,提出一种新颖的强鲁棒性数字音频水印技术。该算法选取数字音频的局部能量峰值点作为特征,提取稳定的特征点;以特征点为标记,对特征点后的区域进行分段,利用均值量化索引调制将水印嵌入到原始音频的小波域中。水印提取时无需原始图像。仿真实验表明,提出的算法对常规信号处理（MP3压缩、叠加噪声、重新采样、重新量化等）和去同步攻击（随机剪切、幅度缩放、变调、抖动等）均具有较好的鲁棒性。     

基于重心的抗同步攻击的音频水印算法

抗同步攻击是音频水印领域公开的难题. 相对重心是音频的一个稳定的全局特征量, 对 TSM (Time scale modification)等同步攻击不敏感. 本文提出一种基于相对重心的抗同步攻击的音频水印算法,提出的算法通过量化音频的相对重心生成水印, 生成的水印由混沌序列加密后以量化的方法嵌入载体音频三级小波近似分量均值中. 为了降低同步攻击后同步位置的连续偏移, 水印嵌入提取过程采用了均匀分帧的方法. 实验结果表明提出的算法能抵抗常规信号处理操作, 同时 能抵抗20%的TSM操作(包含音调不变TSM和重采样操作)和 1/10的抖动操作, 有很好的鲁棒性.     

伪Zernike矩归一化的抗几何攻击图像水印

以改进的伪Zernike矩相关知识为基础,提出了一种改进的抗几何攻击的数字水印算法。该算法首先计算载体图像的伪Zernike矩,然后对其进行归一化处理。最后选择部分低阶矩幅值量化嵌入水印。实验结果表明该数字水印算法不仅可以抵抗常规的数字信号处理,而且较基于伪Zernike矩的抗几何攻击的数字水印算法有对旋转和缩放的联合攻击具有较好的抵抗能力。     

An adaptive audio watermarking based on the singular value decomposition in the wavelet domain

This paper presents a secure, robust, and blind adaptive audio watermarking algorithm based on singular value decomposition (SVD) in the discrete wavelet transform domain using synchronization code. In our algorithm, a watermark is embedded by applying a quantization-index-modulation process on the singular values in the SVD of the wavelet domain blocks. The watermarked signal is perceptually similar to the original audio signal and gives high quality output. Experimental results show that the hidden watermark data is robust to additive noise, resampling, low-pass filtering, requantization, MP3 compression, cropping, echo addition, and denoising. Performance analysis of the proposed scheme shows low error probability rates. The data embedding rate of the proposed scheme is 45.9 bps. The proposed scheme has high payload and superior performance against MP3 compression compared to the earlier audio watermarking schemes.     

基于小波域的均值量化数字音频水印算法

提出了一种均值量化的小波域数字音频水印算法。均值量化可以减少攻击对水印的影响,算法选择合适的小波基对音频信号进行小波分解,对其中的中、低频系数进行均值量化,嵌入水印,水印提取过程不需要原始音频信号。实验结果表明,与一般水印量化算法相比,该算法对MP3、重量化、重采样、低通滤波和噪声干扰等信息处理型攻击具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Pseudo-zernike moments-based audio content authentication algorithm robust against feature-analysed substitution attack

Content-based audio content authentication algorithms provide a method to solve the veracity and integrity of audio content. On the basic of pseudo-Zernike moments, an audio content authentication algorithm robust against feature-analysed substitution attack is proposed, which is aimed at some insecure issues in the existing content-based audio content authentication schemes. Firstly, the audio signal is cut into non-overlapping frames and each frame is divided into two segments, and each segment is scrambled. Then, synchronization codes generated by pseudo random sequence and watermark bits generated by pseudo-Zernike moments are embedded in the first and second segment, respectively, which are completed by quantizing the modulus of pseudo-Zernike moments. The scrambled segments used to generate and extract watermark are unknown to attackers. So, it is difficult for attackers to get the watermark generated and extracted to perform feature-analysed substitution attack. The synchronization code and watermark embedding method proposed is inaudible and has excellent ability to tolerance against common signal processing operations. Compared with the existing audio watermark algorithms based on pseudo-Zernike moments, the algorithm increases the embedding capacity and improves the security of the watermarking system.