Spatial-Doppler domain precoding for orthogonal time frequency space modulation with rake detector

The orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS) transmission scheme was shown to outperform orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) under the doubly dispersive channel. In this paper, the linear precoding is studied for multiple-input and multiple-out (MIMO) OTFS systems, in which a spatial-Doppler domain singular value decomposition (SVD) precoding scheme is proposed. At the transmitter, the Doppler domain symbols from different spatial streams are precoded before projected onto multiple antennas for transmission. At the receiver, multipath components of the transmitted symbols in the delay-Doppler grid are combined by using maximal ratio combining (MRC) strategy, so as to achieve the multipath diversity gain and increase the reception reliability. The achievable rate and complexity of the proposed scheme are analyzed, revealing that it can increase the achievable rate while reducing the detector complexity as well. The simulation results confirm that the SVD-based precoding significantly enhances the error performance of the MIMO-OTFS with MRC-based detector.     

空间色噪声背景下双基地多输入多输出雷达低仰角估计方法

针对多径效应的影响,该文提出一种空间色噪声背景下双基地多输入多输出(MIMO)雷达低仰角估计方法。首先对双基地MIMO雷达中低仰角目标的多径环境进行建模,同时考虑发射和接收端的镜面反射信号,并用空间色噪声模拟漫反射。然后利用协方差矩阵求差方法消除未知色噪声的影响,在发射端和接收端进行空间平滑对多径信号解相干,即进行空间差分平滑处理。最后利用酉变换旋转不变技术(ESPRIT)算法估计目标的发射角(DOD)和接收角(DOA)。该文指出特殊情况下空间差分平滑协方差矩阵缺秩的问题,并提出一种修正的空间差分平滑方法。该算法对阵元数要求不高,适用于未知噪声背景及低信噪比环境,并且解决DOD与DOA联合估计的角度兼并问题。仿真实验表明了所提算法的有效性。     

Effect of multipath fading and multiple access interference on broadband code division multiple access systems

In this paper, the performance of uncoded uplink transmissions in a broadband code division multiple access (CDMA) system using tapped delay line (TDL) antenna array under multipath conditions is investigated. An expression for broadband CDMA system is derived to calculate the optimal weights of TDL antenna array. Using the derived broadband expression, the performance of TDL antenna array is investigated and compared with that of the already existing narrowband systems. Simulation results show that TDL antenna array can reduce multipath fading and multiple access interference (MAI). It is shown that if the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) level is maintained at 20 dB and two‐ray channel model is used, two antennas with four taps each can support 30 users with a BER of 10^?3. If three‐ray channel model is used, the same antenna arrangement is not enough to support 30 users. To support these 30 users with BER of 10^?3, the number of taps needs to be increased to eight. Finally, the number of taps needs to be further increased to 16 if four‐ray channel model is used. Not only that, the SNR should also be increased to 25 dB to achieve the same BER. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种基于空域滤波的空间临近相干源角度估计方法

相干源常见于存在多径的场景,如何解相干历来是阵列信号处理领域亟待解决的难题之一,特别针对空间临近相干源,其角度估计精度尚有待提高。针对空间临近相干源该文提出一种基于空域滤波的角度估计方法。首先利用空域滤波技术将多个相干源分离,再对滤波分离后的各个信号分别进行角度估计,并通过对滤波器系数和相干源角度的迭代优化提高测角精度。针对非均匀线阵,该方法采用虚拟阵列技术扩展其适用范围。计算机仿真结果表明该方法的测角精度较现有方法更高,信噪比较高时其测角的均方根误差可达克拉美罗界,验证了该方法的有效性和在空间临近相干源场景的优越性。     

一种稀疏增强的压缩感知MIMO-OFDM信道估计算法

 基于压缩感知(Compressed Sensing, CS)的信道估计可以达到减少导频的目的,但在频-时域信道矩阵到时延-多普勒域的稀疏变换中存在谱泄漏现象,影响了信道矩阵的稀疏性和估计的均方误差(MSE)性能。为此该文对信道的稀疏性进行研究,提出一种时域加窗的稀疏优化CS信道估计算法。通过对时域加窗,所提算法抑制了由离散截断导致的多普勒域泄漏,再据此设计出观测矩阵,以此方式增强信道在时延-多普勒域的稀疏性,并实现对稀疏的信道矩阵更为准确的重构,达到改善信道估计MSE性能的目的。仿真结果表明随信噪比的增大,加窗CS算法相比无窗CS算法有效改善了信道估计的性能。     

A Framework for the Analysis of UWB Receivers in Sparse Multipath Channels with Intra?Pulse Interference via Pad′e Expansion

In this letter, we propose a framework for analyzing the performance of ultra wide band (UWB) receiver architectures in sparse multipath channels with overlapped multipath components (MPCs). The proposed methodology is based on approximating the moment generating function (MGF) of the received signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) via Pade expansion. The method can be applied to any fading scenarios and to any UWB receiver architectures, provided that the MGF of the SNR can be characterized in terms of a convergent Pade expansion. By comparing the results obtained from the analysis with those obtained from simulations in selected reference scenarios, it can be observed that the proposed approximation is very accurate.     

Impact of spreading bandwidth on RAKE reception in dense multipathchannels

Spread spectrum (SS) multiple access techniques have been proposed for third generation broadband wireless access. We develop an analytical framework to quantify the effects of spreading bandwidth on SS systems operating in dense multipath environments in terms of the receiver performance, receiver complexity, and multipath channel parameters. In particular, we consider wide-sense stationary uncorrelated scattering (WSSUS) Gaussian channels with frequency-selective fading. The focus of the paper is to characterize the combined signal of the RAKE receiver fingers tracking the strongest multipath components. Closed form expressions for the mean and the variance of the total RAKE receiver output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) are derived in terms of the number of RAKE fingers, spreading bandwidth, and multipath spread of the channel. The proposed problem is made analytically tractable by transforming the physical RAKE paths into the virtual path domain. A representative result indicates that for SS systems with 5 MHz signal bandwidth operating in a channel with constant power delay profile having 5 μs spread, the average SNR gain from increasing the number of RAKE fingers from one to three is 3.8 dB and from three to five is 1.5 dB. Furthermore, the reduction in the variation of SNR is 1.1 dB and 0.4 dB for the same increments in the number of fingers     

一种天波雷达多径扩展多普勒杂波抑制方法

该文分析了天波超视距雷达(Over The Horizon Radar, OTHR)多径扩展多普勒杂波(Spread Doppler Clutter, SDC)的产生机理。由于阵列存在幅相误差且期望信号的功率大于SDC功率,自适应数字波束形成(Adaptive Digital Beam Forming, ADBF)将降低SDC抑制能力,同时还会导致信号对消,严重降低信噪比。针对以上问题,该文提出一种自适应抑制SDC的方法。该方法首先采用改进噪声子空间拟合自校正法消除阵列幅相误差,得到期望信号和SDC准确的到达仰角,然后采用正交投影权矢量进行ADBF处理,避免了强期望信号条件下ADBF权矢量估计不准的问题。理论分析和仿真实验表明该方法能够较彻底地抑制多径SDC。     

RNN based MIMO channel prediction

A new hybrid PSO-EA-DEPSO algorithm based on particle swarm optimization (PSO), evolutionary algorithm (EA), and differential evolution (DE) is presented for training a recurrent neural network (RNN) for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channel prediction. This algorithm is shown to outperform RNN predictors trained off-line by PSO, EA, and DEPSO as well as a linear predictor trained by the Levinson–Durbin algorithm. To explore the effects of channel prediction error at the receiver, new expressions for the received SNR, array gain, and average probability of error are derived and analyzed. These expressions differ from previous results which assume the prediction error is Gaussian and/or independent of the true CSI. The array gain decays with increasing signal-to-noise ratio and is slightly larger for spatially correlated systems. As the prediction error increases in the non-saturation region, the coding gain decreases and the diversity gain remains unaffected.     

A RAKE Receiver With an ICI/ISI Equalizer for a CCK Modem

In this paper, we first derive the theoretical performance of a complementary code keying (CCK) code on an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel and over a multipath channel. To derive the error performance, we use the weight and cross-correlation distributions of the CCK code for optimal and suboptimal decoding, respectively, based on union bound. In addition, we propose a RAKE receiver for a CCK modem, which is suitable for a multipath environment with a large delay spread. The RAKE receiver principle is acceptable for modest multipath because it can coherently combine multipath components to provide signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) enhancement. However, as the delay spread is larger and the data rate of systems goes higher, intersymbol interference (ISI) generated due to multipath environments are increased. To handle the increasing ISI, the CCK modem needs an equalization technique to remove the ISI, together with RAKE processing. Thus, our proposed system is based on a channel matched filter (CMF) with a decision feedback equalizer (DFE). The CMF is applied for RAKE processing, whereas the DFE structure is used for ISI cancellation. In our system, ISI is calculated and removed by using a decoded CCK codeword.     

采用截断循环前缀的OFDM系统码元盲同步

为提高低信噪比下抗干扰能力,提出一种更加稳健的正交频分复用( OFDM )系统盲同步方案。所提方法不需要预先估计信噪比( SNR)信息,而是根据循环前缀( CP)和距离分析,进行定时偏移的盲估计。算法利用CP和对应码元尾部的相似性,在频域最小化码间距离。为减少计算复杂度,距离测量同样可在时域进行。为提高算法性能,剥离多径干扰,使用了截断CP技术。仿真结果表明,在SNR为0 dB时,算法依然可正确识别定时偏移位置,较以往基于CP的盲同步算法,所提方案在低信噪比下性能更加稳健。这使得所提算法更适合一些低SNR情况下的应用,如混合直接序列扩频技术的OFDM系统。     

Performance Analysis of STFT Based Timing Approach to OFDM Systems

1　IntroductionMuchinteresthasbeenfocusedonOrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultiplexing (OFDM)inmanyareas,suchaswiredandwirelessapplications[1～ 1 5] .Synchronizationinbothtimeandfrequencydo mainisacriticalprobleminOFDMsystems.WEILandSCHLEGELC ,etalhavediscussedtheeffectsofsynchronizationerrorsandcarrierfrequencyoff sets[1～3] .ThemostremarkableworkbyBEEKJ[3]isajointMLestimatoroftimeandfrequencyoffsetutilizingtheCyclicPrefix (CP)withouttheaidofadditionalpilots.ThenJOHANSSONS ,eta…     

二维阵列超视距雷达的选频方法

该文提出一种通过预测到达任务区域路径信噪比,自适应地为天波超视距雷达选择工作频点的方法。利用2维阵列的俯仰维分辨能力,克服了传统方法无法从返回散射电离图中分离多模/多径信号的缺陷。雷达通过电离层探测设备和2维接收阵列,获取返回散射数据、环境干扰数据和电离层状态数据。然后利用电离层模型和状态数据,推算各频点对任务区域的照射路径。运用2维自适应波束形成抑制环境干扰噪声,并处理返回散射数据以预测各路径回波强度。最后计算各频点路径在脉冲压缩后的信噪比,选择信噪比最大值的频率为最优工作频点。     

New improved fractional order integrators using PSO optimisation

This article investigates the optimal results of new improved fractional order integrators (FOIs) of different orders. Mathematical models of FOIs have been first developed by a single-step procedure of direct linear interpolation of fractional integrators based on Al-Alaoui operator in fractional domain itself, instead of using three steps of the well-known conventional method, namely, digital interpolation, series expansion and truncation. Later, these transfer functions (TFs) are optimised for their coefficient values for finding a minimum error function by particle swarm optimisation (PSO) algorithm. Simulation results of magnitude responses, phase responses and relative magnitude errors (dB) for all the proposed half integrators have validated the effectiveness of this new technique of interpolation of fractional order operators, mixed with PSO algorithm. A parallel comparison has been also drawn between the proposed optimised half integrators and those obtained by discretisation of PSO optimised integer order digital integrators (DIs) to properly support the proposed novel combination of interpolation and PSO, both applied together in fractional domain.     

The research on channel estimation and signal-noise ratio estimation based on minimum error entropy kalman filter for single carrier frequency domain equalization system

In this paper, the channel estimation and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) estimation technique of single-carrier frequency domain equalization (SC-FDE) system under low SNR in aeronautical multipath channel are studied, a SNR estimation algorithm which is easy to implement in engineering and an improved LS channel estimation algorithm based on Kalman filter using minimum error entropy (MEE-KF) are proposed. This paper first introduces the SC-FDE system and introduces the principle of MEE-KF, and then, the channel estimation flow based on MEE-KF is obtained by combining it with the traditional LS channel estimation algorithm, which makes the estimation results perform better. Simulation results show that after getting more accurate noise variance, the channel estimation results can better follow the changes of the channel after MEE-KF processing, so as to resist the doppler frequency offset effect and make the channel estimation results more accurate, that is the channel response results of the data part can be closer to the real situation, so that the communication performance of SC-FDE system has also been greatly improved.     

Comparative Analysis of ML-PSO DOA Estimation with Conventional Techniques in Varied Multipath Channel Environment

In the field of array signal processing, direction of arrival (DOA) estimation is a prime area of research. DOA estimation and adaptive beamforming (ABF) are the main issues in smart antennas, which dynamically find the direction of desired and interfering users and finds the optimum weights for beamforming. There are numerous spectral and eigen structure algorithms for estimating the direction of narrow band sources. However, in a complex multipath channel environment, received signals from different directions are fully or partially correlated, which prevents the applications of high resolution techniques to estimate the direction of incoming signals. Maximum likelihood (ML) is an efficient technique for DOA estimation in a low signal to noise ratio (SNR) and coherent channel environment. In this paper, we use particle swarm optimization (PSO) for estimating ML solution by optimizing complex non linear multimodal function over a high dimensional space in linear arrays. PSO-ML estimator has been compared with conventional DOA estimation techniques in uncorrelated, partially correlated and coherent channel environment. The performance of PSO-ML estimator and conventional algorithms are analyzed in varying partially correlated channel environment. The simulation results demonstrate that PSO based estimator gives superior statistical performance.     

具有空时二维分辨能力的多径干扰抑制算法

针对全球卫星导航系统（Global Navigation Satellite System,GNSS）中的多径干扰抑制问题,本文提出了一种有效的算法,该算法首先对接收到的数据进行捕获,以获得各卫星信号的参数粗估结果,接着利用WRELAX（Weighted RELAXation）技术,在空时二维空间中逐一估计出直达卫星信号和多径干扰的来向、码时延和幅度信息;并根据所估计到的参数来区分多径干扰和直达信号;此外,本文在进行二维参数估计时,根据捕获到的码时延的信息,限定码时延的搜索范围的方法显著降低了算法运算量.由于空时二维处理能够同时从空域和时域区分直达卫星信号和多径干扰,因此能够更好地实现多径干扰抑制.最后,通过仿真实验验证了本文算法较之传统多径干扰抑制算法的优越性.     

An improved DOA estimation algorithm for asynchronous multipath CDMA system

This paper proposes an improved Direction Of Arrival（DOA） estimation algorithm for asynchronous multipath Code Division Multiple Access（CDMA） system. The algorithm is based on the correlation matrices of outputs of decorrelator, which is a Multi-User Detection（MUD） approach, one of the key techniques for CDMA system. Through decorrelating processing, the desired user＇s mulipath signals can be resolved and all the other resolved multipath signal interference is eliminated. So the proposed algorithm is expected to perforln much better than algorithm such as that based directly on the Matched Filter（MF） bank outputs. Simulation results confirm this. While the improved algorithm performs better and better as Signal-to-Noise Ratio（SNR） increases, the performance of algorithm based directly on the MF bank outputs can not be improved.     

基于波束空间的米波MIMO雷达角度估计算法

针对米波多输入多输出(Multiple-Input Multiple-Output,MIMO)雷达低仰角估计的问题,提出了一种基于波束空间的角度估计算法.结合米波MIMO雷达低仰角目标的回波特点,建立了同时考虑发射多径和接收多径的信号模型.算法首先在接收端形成多个接收波束,再利用发射信号进行匹配滤波,然后在接收端形成多...     

多径环境下TDDM-BOC信号伪码周期估计

针对低信噪比下存在多径效应的时分数据调制二进制偏移载波( TDDM-BOC )调制信号的伪码周期估计难题,提出了一种基于二次谱的TDDM-BOC信号伪码周期估计算法。该算法首先推导出多径环境下TDDM-BOC信号模型,然后求出多径TDDM-BOC信号的功率谱,再求其二次谱,最后通过检测二次谱的尖峰脉冲间的间距得到多径环境下TDDM-BOC信号的伪码周期。实验过程中采用累加平均的方法可以达到降噪和精确估计的目的。仿真结果表明：该算法能够在多径环境下对TDDM-BOC信号伪码周期进行有效估计,且估计性能与多径环境有密切关系,这为今后我国“北斗冶导航接收设备的开发提供了一定的理论参考。