Silicon detector array for radioactive beam experiments at HIRFL-RIBLL

A new and innovative detector system based on a silicon strip detector dedicated to the study of the reaction induced by lighter radioactive beams is described herein.The detector system consists of five sets of three types of telescopes,which are successfully used to measure the angular distributions of both elastic scattering and breakup simultaneously, on the Radioactive Ion Beam Line in Lanzhou at Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou. This silicon detector array is used to measure the elastic scattering angular distributions of ~(11) Be on a ~(208) Pb target at E_(lab) = 140 and 209 MeV. A comparison of the Monte Carlo simulations with the experimental results shows a reasonable consistency.     

基于APV25读出电子学系统的GEM探测器的位置分辨与X射线成像研究

采用3层GEM膜制作了有效面积为10 cm×10 cm的GEM探测器,该探测器采用二维条读出方式,条间距为400 μm,每个维度有256个读出通道。探测器的读出采用APV25读出电子学系统,根据GEM探测器的需要,设计并改进了电子学系统使用的背板连接器。实验测得GEM探测器空间分辨为76 μm。进行了X射线二维成像研究,获得了清晰的二维图像,探测器与电子学运行稳定可靠。     

用于HL-2A装置的新型硬X射线探测器

介绍了一种应用于托卡马克等离子诊断领域的新型硬X射线探测器,该探测器主要由硅酸钇镥(Lutetium-yttrium Oxyorthosilicate,LYSO)闪烁体和硅光电倍增管(Silicon Photomultiplier,Si PM)组成。基于项目应用需求,对探测器的选型和基于粒子输运蒙特卡罗仿真软件GEANT4的探测器设计加以阐述,并搭建了前端的探测系统,在HL-2A托卡马克装置上进行了现场诊断实验。实现了硬X射线空间能谱和辐射强度分布的诊断测量。实验表明该探测器阵列具有10 ms的时间分辨率,同时具有结构紧凑、使用方便等特点,能够满足等离子体诊断中硬X射线动态能谱和强度分布测量的诊断需求。     

Dual detector system for PIXE measurement covering a wide element range

Two different type of X-ray detectors were used for simultaneous PIXE measurement over a wide element range. One is a pure-Si detector with a thin Be-window, which is to keep high sensitivity for the detection of low Z element. The other is a CZT detector with a thick Be window of 250 μm. It has almost 100% detection efficiency for the X-rays with high energy of up to about 80 keV. By using the CZT detector that was arranged to have a large solid angle, the detection sensitivity of the high energy X-rays of around 30 keV was enhanced by about two orders of magnitude than that by the pure-Si detector. A pair of small permanent magnet was used to sweep away the back-scattered protons from the detector. With this magnet system, the background level in the spectrum of the pure-Si detector was significantly reduced.     

宇宙线缪子散射成像模拟与算法研究

本文验证了基于Micromegas探测器的宇宙线缪子散射成像系统进行快速核材料检测的可行性,并对实验室宇宙线缪子成像系统原型进行参数估算。基于Geant4程序开发了用于模拟宇宙线缪子物理过程、传输径迹及Micromegas探测器响应的模拟程序。在模拟数据的基础上,实现并改进了两种主要的宇宙线缪子散射成像算法。根据模拟和成像结果,1 m×1 m成像系统可在10 min内检测到被重元素屏蔽的核材料。10 cm×10 cm成像系统的缪子事例触发率为0.16 s^-1,要获得较为清晰的成像结果,要求探测器位置分辨率达到300 μm,探测器增益为1 000时实际测量事例至少需要20 h。     

大面积GEM中子探测器高计数率读出电子学系统研制

研制并测试了GEM中子探测器的512通道高计数读出电子学系统,以满足中国散裂中子源高效率、高分辨、高通量二维位置灵敏中子探测器的需求。系统以Kintex-7 FPGA作为系统控制和数据分析的核心,使用8块AS20Board前端芯片对灵敏面积为200 mm×200 mm的探测器的两个维度的信号进行读出,读出通道为256×256。读出数据经FPGA分析后通过千兆以太网传输至计算机显示。计算机可通过千兆以太网发送配置指令对前端采样电路和FPGA算法进行配置。系统与探测器组装后在中子束流实验中测得系统最高瞬时计数率为（1.2±0.1）×106 s^-1,系统运行稳定,受噪声干扰小。     

大面积阵列中子伽马甄别探测器的蒙特卡罗模拟研究

对特殊核材料的检测关乎国土安全,需要一个快速、安全可靠的辐射检测系统。采用Geant4蒙特卡罗模拟软件建立一套基于塑料闪烁体的大面积中子伽马探测系统。研究单根闪烁体晶体不同截面边长、多种层数结构以及不同natGd₂O₃包裹方式等探测器的关键参数,通过调整探测器的响应数目阈值评估探测器的n/γ甄别性能。结果表明,当采用截面边长为6 cm×6 cm的塑料闪烁体包裹25 μm厚的natGd₂O₃、探测器之间放置3 mm厚Pb板以及探测器响应数目阈值设置为3时,阵列探测器可以达到约23%的中子探测效率以及约802的n/γ甄别比。计算结果可对大面积阵列探测器的关键参数优化提供理论依据。     

离子注入型与金硅面垒型半导体探测器温度特性比较

半导体探测器性能受温度影响较大,影响着辐射探测系统的稳定性和测量精度。本文设计了一个温度测试电路,通过温度测试实验分别得出了离子注入型和金硅面垒型半导体探测器的温度特性曲线。测试结果表明,离子注入型半导体探测器的温度特性明显优于金硅面垒型半导体探测器。本文的结果可为半导体探测器的使用、筛选提供参考。     

Integral Type Position-Sensitive Proportional Chamber with Multiplexer Readout System

A new position-sensitive detector with a multiplexer readout system for synchrotron radiation measurements is described. The detector consists of many proportional chamber cells with capacitors for charge accumulation. Charges delivered from a detector cell are accumulated in an associated capacitor during a measuring time. The accumulated charges are transferred to a charge-sensitive amplifier through a multiplexer channel which is addressed by binary coded signals. This process corresponds to the integral type radiation measurement which has no dead time in the pulse measurement. Each cell is regarded as a memory cell containing information about X-ray photons. Experiments carried out with a direct X-ray beam show that the detecting system is applicable to a wide range of photon rates from 103 cps to 108 cps per cell.     

Ultrasonic positioning system for the calibration of central detector

A thorough detector response calibration using radioactive sources is necessary for the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory. Herein, we discuss the design of a source positioning system based on ultrasonic technology, aiming for a 3-cm precision over the entire35-m diameter detector sphere. A prototype system is constructed and demonstrated for the experiment.     

PET复合晶体甄别电子学及算法设计

设计并实现了一种高分辨率复合晶体探测器和电子学,并提出一种系统辨识的算法。复合晶体探测由LYSO(Lu2-xYxSiO5)和YSO(Y2SiO5)两种晶体交错排列而成,目的在于提高晶格的定位能力,改善空间分辨率。由甄别电路完成对PMT(photomultiplier tube)原始信号的处理,使用了高速ADC对信号连续采样,由FPGA完成波形采集,并能够完成实时基线恢复。甄别算法是分析了探测器响应和电子学采集模型之后提出的,是一种系统辨识算法。晶体甄别是基于提取与信号的衰减时间常数相关量来完成的。对LYSO和YSO的单晶体条实验,其甄别率超过98%;并绘制了甄别后两种晶体的二维直方图(2Dmap),有效地减少晶格间交叠,提高了空间分辨率。     

Gamma-ray imaging laboratory measurements using externallysegmented germanium detectors

Fully two-dimensional gamma-ray imaging with simultaneous high-resolution spectroscopy using an externally segmented germanium sensor has been demonstrated in the laboratory with a calibrated radioactive source. The system employs a single high-purity coaxial detector with its outer electrode segmented into five distinct charge collection regions and a lead coded aperture, with a uniformly redundant array (URA) pattern. A series of one-dimensional responses was collected around 511 keV while the system was rotated in steps through 180°. A nonnegative, linear least-squares algorithm was then employed to reconstruct a two-dimensional image. Corrections for multiple scattering in the detector, and the finite distance of source and detector are made in the reconstruction process     

Stability in the parallel signal transfer mode from a silicon stripfocal plane detector

A parallel signal-transfer method is used for the front-end readout of a silicon strip focal plane detector. This paper focuses on the system stability, in particular the prevention of resonant oscillations using a time-variant method. A similar analysis can be applied to other detector systems that have large numbers of parallel readout channels     

Neutron fluence rate measurements in a PGNAA 208-liter drum assay system using silicon carbide detectors

Pulsed prompt gamma neutron activation analysis (PGNAA) is being implemented for the nondestructive assay (NDA) of mercury, cadmium and lead in containers of radioactive waste. A PGNAA prototype system capable of assaying 208-liter (55-gallon) drums has already been built and demonstrated. As part of the evaluation of this system, the thermal neutron fluence rate distribution in a drum containing a combustible waste surrogate was measured during PGNAA runs using a silicon carbide neutron detector. The fast charge-collection time of this detector type enabled the investigation of the neutron kinetics at various locations within the matrix during and between pulses of the system’s 14-MeV neutron source. As expected, the response of a SiC detector equipped with a lithium-6 fluoride layer is dominated by thermal neutron-induced events between pulses. The measurement results showed that the thermal neutron fluence rate is relatively uniform over a radial depth of several centimeters in the matrix region that contributes a significant fraction of the prompt gamma radiation incident on the system’s photon detector.     

基于FPGA的Micro PET符合探测电路设计

研制了用于小动物成像实验的Micro PET。在Micro PET中,设计实现了基于FPGA的符合探测电路。探测器环由8个探测模块组成,每个探测模块引出的信号,在基于FPGA的符合探测电路中实现信号的总符合(假符合+真符合)以及假符合甄别。符合探测电路由底板和可插拔的子板组成,并且配有可编程的FPGA芯片,对于电路的扩展、修改都极为便利,有很大的弹性。从8个探测模块引出的每个信号都要和与之相对(不相邻)的5个模块进行符合甄别,一共有20(8×5/2=20)种可能存在的情况。总符合以及假符合事件都是进行实时的同步甄别。假符合甄别是将总符合甄别的触发信号进行相应的延时之后再进行符合甄别得到,延时时间为30ns。符合甄别的时间窗有一个可以人为控制的调节范围,在4.8ns至14.8ns之间。     

一种监测低能X射线的Si探测器

低能(50keV以下)光子探测器广泛应用于外大气层核爆监测,天体物理现象研究。采用半导体探测单元试制了低能X射线探测器模块。说明了配置多探测器系统的方法,并介绍了探测单元模块的设计、主要试验和技术指标。室温下噪声等效输入光子能量为2.1keV。     

Tritium depth profiles in graphite and carbon fibre composite material exposed to tokamak plasmas

Tritium inventories in the plasma-facing surface and the bulk of tiles were investigated with a highly sensitive, accurate full-combustion technique and a PIN-diode method. Examined were (i) a tokamak fusion test reactor (TFTR) graphite tile (D–D plasmas), (ii) a JET graphite tile (low-tritium D–T plasmas), and (iii) several JET carbon fibre composite (CFC) divertor tiles as well as a graphite limiter tile (all high-tritium D–T plasmas). Whilst the bulk tritium concentration in graphite tiles appears to remain at very low levels (about 0.3% of the total tritium) the tritium bulk concentrations in CFC divertor tiles can be as high as three times that in the surface layer. The latter is attributed to plasma-induced trapping of tritium between the fibre planes of CFC in the hot divertor zone. In addition to carbon/hydrogen co-deposition, this contribution constitutes another important source of tritium inventory in the torus that so far had not been recognised.     

High Counting Rate Spectrometer

A signal processing system is proposed, capable of accepting a counting rate which is limited only by the charge collection time of the detector and by the time of the sample-hold circuits employed. This system has not been assembled. The concept is presented in order to stimulate interest and development by others.     

用于电致冷Si-PIN探测器的掌上型电源系统的研制

介绍一套用于电致冷Si-PIN半导体探测器的掌上型电源系统的设计.系统采用集成电路方案与表面贴装元件(SMD)制作,具有体积小、重量轻、效率高、稳定性高、纹波噪声小和成本低等特点.内置可充电电池能维持一台XR-100CR型探测器工作7h以上,适合在各种基于Si-PIN探测器的现场X荧光分析系统中推广应用.提出了一种温控致冷电源的理论设计与实现方法,并对无变压器式、高稳定度、低纹波高压偏置电源的制作技术进行了讨论.