发芽糙米粉理化性质研究

对发芽粳糙米粉和发芽籼糙米粉基本成分、微观结构、热焓特性及糊化性质(RVA)等进行了研究。结果表明:与糙米粉相比,发芽糙米粉中粗脂肪含量降低,蛋白质含量增加,总淀粉含量降低,粗纤维、灰分等含量变化不明显;随着发芽时间的增长,糙米粉峰值粘度、最低粘度、崩解值、最终粘度和回升值都降低;发芽糙米粉峰值温度、起始温度、终止温度及焓值均比糙米粉低,且籼糙米高于粳糙米。扫描电镜结果显示:发芽后糙米粉颗粒结构变得较疏松,棱角不太明显,发芽籼糙米粉颗粒结构较发芽粳糙米粉颗粒结构更加疏松,淀粉颗粒体积更小。      

浸泡发酵对米粉体系理化特性的影响

利用动态流变仪和差示扫描量热仪等手段探讨了浸泡发酵对米粉体系理化特性的影响。实验结果表明:浸泡发酵后的米粉体系凝胶强度和弹性组分增加。由于浸泡发酵使米粉体系可溶性物质减少,浸泡发酵后的米粉凝胶体系回生速度增加。     

挤压加工对苦荞粉理化性质的影响

为了阐明挤压加工技术对苦荞粉理化性质的影响,分别研究了不同挤压温度、物料水分和螺杆转速对挤压苦荞粉的吸水性指数、水溶性指数、膨胀势、糊化及凝胶特性的影响规律。结果表明:与未挤压苦荞粉相比,经挤压改性后的苦荞粉在30℃水浴时有更好的吸水性和水溶性;在100℃水浴时的水溶性增大,吸水性减小;膨胀势、糊化特征值及凝胶特征值均明显升高。随挤压温度升高,挤压苦荞粉的峰值粘度、衰减值增大,谷值粘度、回生值降低,制成的凝胶品质更好;随物料水分升高,吸水性指数、膨胀势、各糊化特征值显著增大,水溶性指数明显降低,低物料水分形成的凝胶品质较好;随螺杆转速升高,水溶性指数增大,吸水性指数和峰值粘度、谷值粘度、衰减值稍降低,膨胀势先增大后减小,转速越高的苦荞粉的凝胶品质越好。综合而言,物料水分变化对挤压苦荞粉的各理化性质影响最大。吸水性指数和水溶性指数与糊化特性、凝胶特性都有显著相关性(P0.05);膨胀势与糊化特性极显著正相关(P0.01),与凝胶特性没有显著相关性。     

Effect of ozone treatment on physicochemical properties of waxy rice flour and waxy rice starch

The effect of ozone treatment on physicochemical properties of waxy rice flour and waxy rice starch was investigated. Results showed that ozone treatment increased the pasting viscosity of waxy rice flour. Compared with untreated waxy rice flour, the peak viscosities of waxy rice flour for 0.5, 1 and 2 h of ozone treatments were increased by 27.4%, 32.8% and 45.5%, respectively. The alpha‐amylase in waxy rice flour was inactivated during the treatment. The gelatinisation temperature and enthalpy of waxy rice flour were kept unchanged after the treatment. For waxy rice starch, pasting viscosity, swelling power and molecular weight were increased after 0.5 h of treatment, but decreased as treatment time extended. The ozone treatment decreased gelatinisation temperature and enthalpy of waxy rice starch.     

柠檬酸脱镉对糙米粉结构及理化性质的影响

在前期柠檬酸脱除糙米粉中镉的研究基础上,为进一步了解柠檬酸脱镉对糙米粉品质的影响,采用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、差示扫描量热仪、快速黏度分析仪对柠檬酸脱镉前后糙米粉的结构及理化性质进行了测定。结果显示,酸处理糙米粉的直链淀粉含量显著低于原糙米粉;酸处理糙米粉的表面变得粗糙,小颗粒淀粉数目增多,但未改变其晶体类型,也未产生新的化学键或基团;酸处理糙米粉的糊化开始温度、峰值温度、终止温度均显著降低,但吸热焓增大;酸处理糙米粉的最高黏度、崩解值显著增大,最低黏度、最终黏度、回生值、糊化温度显著降低。结果表明,柠檬酸脱镉后糙米粉的结构未发生显著变化,但品质有所提高。     

出粉率对小麦粉理化特性及面条品质的影响

从制粉生产线上取82种系统粉,并根据灰分含量和流量配制出粉率为55％、60％、65％、70％、75％、80％、88％、95％、100％等9种不同小麦粉.对不同出粉率小麦粉理化特性及面条品质进行研究,结果表明:出粉率为55％～70％时,小麦粉来源于胚乳,小麦粉理化特性及面条品质较好,且各类指标在较小范围内浮动;出粉率为7...     

Effect of extrusion conditions on physical and chemical properties of high protein glutinous rice-based snack

Two glutinous rice-based snack formulations were designed using a linear-programming model to minimize total cost to meet the FAO/WHO/UNU. (1985). Energy and protein requirements. Report of a joint FAO/WHO/UNU expert consultation. Technical report series 724. Geneva: WHO requirements for lysine and sulphur amino acids. Effects of protein concentration, feed moisture content and barrel temperature on the chemical and physical properties of the extruded product were investigated. Response surfaces for the parameters were generated using a second-degree polynomial. The high protein nutritious snack was obtained using glutinous rice flour, vital wheat gluten and toasted soy grits. A factorial design was employed to investigate the influence of feed protein content (20 and 30 g/100 g wb), feed moisture (20, 25, and 30 g/100 g wb) and barrel temperature (150 and 180 °C) on the physical and chemical properties of extrudates. Results showed that increasing feed moisture and reducing barrel temperature reduced non-protein nitrogen (NPN) and enhanced lysine retention. The protein and moisture content of raw material and barrel temperature had no significant influence on cysteine and methionine content. The conditions providing high expansion, low bulk density, and low shear strength of extruded snack were feed moisture of 20 g/100 g wb and 180 °C.     

不同糊化度留胚米粉理化性质和体外消化性研究

目的 以挤压膨化法制备不同糊化度留胚米粉并对其理化性质与体外消化性进行研究。方法 在螺杆转速100 r/min、水分含量30%、挤压温度为70、90、110、130、150℃的条件下制备不同糊化度的留胚米粉,考察不同糊化度对留胚米粉的的营养成分、色度、粒径、水合特性、糊化特性、流变特性和体外消化特性的影响。结果 随着挤压温度的增加,其蛋白质、脂肪、总淀粉和直链淀粉含量显著下降,可溶性膳食纤维含量显著上升(P<0.05);色度、粒径、水溶性指数及膨胀度呈上升趋势,且差异显著(P<0.05),吸水性指数下降;与原留胚米粉相比,高糊化度留胚米粉的峰值黏度、谷值黏度、最终黏度及回生值均显著降低(P<0.05),消化性显著提高(P<0.05)。结论 挤压膨化处理对留胚米粉的影响较大,高糊化度的留胚米粉有较好的加工性能和更高的消化率。     

Consumer-based optimization of a third-generation product made from peanut and rice flour

ABSTRACT:  Indirectly puffed snacks were produced by an extrusion process with partially defatted (12% fat) peanut flour (30%, 40%, 50%) at different levels of screw speed (200, 300, 400 rpm) and feed rate (4, 5, 6 kg/h). Extrudates were dried to obtain half-products (11% to 12% MC) followed by puffing with deep-fat frying. The puffed snack prototypes were subjected to consumer acceptance test. Consumers rated higher than 6.0 (= like slightly) for all products produced within the experimental factor ranges on the attributes of crispness and texture, whereas consumer scores for appearance, color, flavor, and overall liking were lower than 6.0 for the product containing 50% peanut flour regardless of screw speed and feed rate. The product extruded with 50% peanut flour at screw speed of 400 rpm and feed rate of 6 kg/h received the lowest score of 5.5 on overall liking in a 9-point hedonic score. Predicted regression models indicated that feed rate had the largest effect on consumer attributes followed by peanut flour and screw speed. From the superimposed contour plot of individual contour plot of consumer attributes, the optimum region was identified as the area beginning at the 42.0% to 43.0% peanut flour and 4.0 kg/h feed rates, rising to a maximum at 45% peanut flour and 4.6 kg/h feed rates and decreasing to the 33.0% to 34.0% peanut flour and 6.0 kg/h feed rates. Verification confirmed the ability of predictive regression models to identify peanut-based snacks, which would be scored higher than 6.0 by consumer evaluation.     

Effects of extrusion conditions on secondary extrusion variables and physical properties of fish, rice-based snacks

A formulation containing rice flour, fish powder, menhaden oil and vitamin E was extruded at a feed rate of 10 kg/h using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder. Primary extrusion (independent) variables were temperature (125-145 °C), screw speed (150-300 rpm) and feed moisture (19-23 g/100 g db). Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to study the effects of extrusion conditions on secondary extrusion variables (product temperature, pressure at the die, motor torque, specific mechanical energy input and mean residence time) and physical properties of the extrudates. Second-order polynomial models were computed and used to generate contour plots. Increasing feed moisture and screw speed decreased pressure at the die. Increased screw speed increased product temperature at the die but increased feed moisture lowered it. Increased barrel temperature, feed moisture and screw speed decreased motor torque. Increased screw speed increased specific mechanical energy, while increased feed moisture reduced it. Longer mean residence times were observed at lower screw speeds. Product density increased as feed moisture increased, but decreased with screw speed. Increased feed moisture decreased radial expansion.     

谷朊粉对糙米粉面团性质影响研究

研究了谷朊粉添加量对糙米粉面团性质的影响,主要包括粉质特性、热机械性质、流变学性质、微观结构等。结果表明:随着谷朊粉添加量增大,面团的吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、淀粉衰减值和回生程度均在逐渐增长,蛋白弱化度在逐渐降低。糙米粉面团的弹性模量和粘性模量均在增大,且弹性模量大于粘性模量。扫描电镜结果显示:随着谷朊粉添加量增大,面团的网络结构越来越明显,淀粉颗粒镶嵌在蛋白形成的网络结构中,增加了面团的弹性及变形的阻力。     

发芽对糙米理化特性的影响

采用富集γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)的优化糙米发芽工艺条件,研究糙米发芽前后内部结构和理化特性的变化,主要包括膨胀度、透明度、冻融稳定性、凝沉特性、糊化特性及质构特性等。结果表明:糙米发芽后,膨胀度增大,且随温度的升高而提高;透光率比发芽前升高了20%;冻融稳定性提高,凝沉特性得到改善,这说明发芽使糙米不易老化,有助于食品货架期的延长;峰值黏度降低,糊化温度基本不变;糙米发芽后凝胶黏性有所提高,硬度和胶凝性均降低;电镜分析结果显示,发芽后整个米粒结构变得较疏松。通过对糙米淀粉酶活力的测定,表明发芽后糙米淀粉酶活力上升。综上得出,发芽对糙米的理化特性有一定的改善作用。     

Impact of brown foxtail millet (Setaria italica) flour on thermo-mechanical properties of flours from different rice varieties

The physical, functional and thermo-mechanical properties of rice flours prepared from long, round and medium rice grain and of foxtail millet (Setaria italica) flour were investigated. The impact of foxtail millet flour addition on the thermo-mechanical properties to the rice flours was also explored. Rice flour from long grain had higher amylose content (26.37%), while the rice flour from round grain had better hydration properties compared to the other rice flours. The dough from long grain rice flour exhibited higher starch gelatinisation temperature and cooking stability and lower starch retrogradation compared to the other investigated rice flours. Foxtail millet flour addition to the rice flours exerted a lower impact on the thermo-mechanical properties of the dough based on rice flour from long grain compared to the other investigated rice flours. These differences might be due to the differences in terms of starch properties and proximate composition of the flour samples.     

Protein contents, physical and sensory properties of Nigerian snack foods (cake, chin-chin and puff-puff) prepared from cowpea – wheat flour blends

Some Nigerian snack foods, particularly cake, chin‐chin and puff‐puff, were prepared from blends of cowpea and wheat flours. The snack foods were evaluated for their protein content, physical and sensory characteristics. The latter included colour, flavor, texture and overall acceptability. All the snack foods showed higher protein content when compared with the 100% wheat flour based snack foods. The protein content increased with the increasing levels of cowpea flour in the blend. The physical properties of the supplemented snack foods were not adversely affected by supplementation with cowpea. Similarly, at all levels of cowpea supplementation, the sensory characteristics of the snack foods did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) from those of the 100% wheat flour based snack foods.     

Effect of extrusion conditions on resistant starch formation from pastry wheat flour

Pastry wheat flour was extruded under various conditions of feed moisture (20%, 40%, and 60%) and screw speed (150, 200, and 250 rpm), at constant barrel temperature profile (40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 °C, feed port to exit die). The extruded samples were stored at 4 °C for 0, 7, or 14 days, at which times resistant starch (RS) formation was analyzed. Thermal and pasting properties of extruded samples stored for 14 days were analyzed using a differential scanning calorimeter and rapid visco analyzer (RVA), respectively. The RS content increased after extrusion compared to non-extruded pastry wheat flour. High significant positive correlations of feed moisture (P < 0.01) and storage period (P < 0.05) with RS formation were observed. The RS derived from extrusion and storage showed higher thermal stability with decreasing feed moisture and screw speed. Statistically significant differences in pasting properties were observed with feed moisture or screw speed. In particular, the setback value from RVA of the sample was significantly increased with increasing feed moisture. These results indicate that feed moisture and storage time were both important factors for the formation of RS from pastry wheat flour during extrusion.     

大豆分离蛋白对小米粉性质的影响

以普通小米和糯小米为原料,探讨大豆分离蛋白含量对米粉性质的影响。结果表明:大豆分离蛋白含量与糯小米粉黏滞曲线成正相关,而与普通小米粉黏滞曲线呈负相关。含大豆分离蛋白9%的糯小米粉衰减值为746 cP,含大豆分离蛋白3%的普通小米粉衰减值为487.5 cP;二者的糊化温度约为75℃;糯小米粉的峰值黏度比普通小米粉出现的早,但谷值黏度、回生值均低于普通小米粉;糯小米粉和普通小米粉在85℃时的可溶指数最大;大豆分离蛋白添加量与2种小米粉的凝沉性无明显关系,普通小米粉的凝沉性是糯小米粉的2倍。     

大豆蒸煮时间对黄豆酱发酵过程中理化特性的影响

研究了不同蒸煮时间(5、8、10、15 min)对黄豆酱发酵过程理化指标和感官特性的影响,分析不同黄豆酱的总氮(酱醪除外)、氨基酸态氮、可溶性氮含量的动态变化,豆粒硬度变化以及产品感官品质。结果表明,黄豆酱发酵前期(1~30 d),总氮、氨基酸态氮、水溶性氮含量均随培养时间的延长呈上升趋势,之后基本保持动态平衡或稍有变化。蒸煮时间对黄豆酱各指标的影响有显著性差异(p<0.05),其中对酱醪的影响尤为显著。蒸煮时间对豆粒的硬度影响比较大,蒸煮时间越长,豆粒硬度越小,发酵至30 d时,蒸煮15 min黄豆酱中豆粒破坏严重。对四种不同产品进行感官评价,发现蒸煮8 min黄豆酱产品无论在色泽、香气、滋味和体态各方面较好,总体得分最高。      

Effect of ripening on some physicochemical properties of cooking banana (Musa ABB Cardaba) pulp and flour

Cardaba banana (Musa ABB) pulp and flours were evaluated for changes in some physicochemical properties during ripening. Compositional changes in the pulp showed that ripening significantly (P < 0.05) increased the crude protein (2.48–9.88%), fat (1.33–4.67%), crude fibre (0.80–0.93%), ash (1.66–2.32%) and Vitamin C (12.60–24.28%), while carbohydrate and tannin reduced. Mineral composition varied, following this trend: K > Mg > P > Na > Zn. pH and ‘whiteness’ reduced, while yield, softness index and pulp/peel ratio increased significantly (P < 0.05). Pasting and functional properties of the flours were lowered, however, ripening enhanced better pasting properties. Flours from stages 1–7 could be used as binders, emulsifiers and thickeners, while flours from stages 5–7 may be useful as aerating agents and in preparation of baby formulas and flours from stages 1–2 may be used in bakery products. This investigation proposes the utilisation of the Cardaba banana flour as an industrial raw material and a good substitute to potato, corn or tapioca starches.     

Physicochemical,antioxidant properties and in vitro digestibility of wheat–purple rice flour mixtures

The physicochemical characteristics, antioxidant properties and in vitro digestibility of high‐antioxidant content flours made from different combinations of Thai purple rice flour and refined wheat flour from 25%, 50% to 75% (w/w) were investigated and these were compared with whole flour from purple rice and refined wheat flour. The increase in substitution levels of purple rice flour affected all the functional properties of flours, at the same time the levels of dietary fibre, protein digestibility and antioxidant compositions were also changed. The purple rice flour exerted a particularly strong effect on starch digestibility as the purple rice increased to 50% in the mixture. Moreover, purple rice flour showed lower amounts of rapidly digested starch (RDS), whereas slowly digested starch (SDS) of whole flour from purple rice and 75% substitution purple rice flour was found to be the highest for all samples. The in vitro starch digestibility of all samples also showed a positive correlation between dietary fibre and antioxidant compounds. Overall, the addition of purple rice flour improved the final nutritional properties, notably a lower predicted glycaemic index, and a higher antioxidant potential, which are two important nutritional properties for human health.