不同香菇干燥方式的干燥特性和干品品质对比研究

干制香菇是延长香菇保质期的有效方式之一,采取三种单一干燥方法和两种组合干燥方法对香菇进行干燥处理,研究了香菇干燥过程中的干燥动力学特性和干制品品质的变化。实验结果表明:从干燥效率和失水速率来看,三种干燥方法从优到次依次为热风干燥、普通烘箱干燥、真空干燥;从干制品外形品质来评价,从优到次依次为真空干燥、热风干燥、普通烘箱干燥。而真空与热风联合干燥香菇是有应用价值的,联合干燥后的干香菇产品品质远优于热风干燥,且比单一的真空干燥缩短干燥时间。      

稻谷热风与真空干燥特性及其加工品质的对比研究

比较稻谷热风与真空干燥特性及对其加工品质的影响,为有效改善稻谷加工品质提供依据。通过对初始水分为26.5%的稻谷进行热风和真空干燥试验,研究热风干燥和真空干燥对稻谷的干燥特性和其加工品质的影响。结果表明:干燥温度越高,稻谷的平均降水速率越大,且真空干燥平均最大降水速率大于热风干燥平均最大降水速率;热风干燥在干燥开始后的5～10min降水速率出现最大值,真空干燥在干燥开始后的5～15min降水速率出现最大值。随着干燥温度的升高,稻谷的爆腰率上升,出糙率和整精米率下降;相同的干燥温度下,真空干燥稻谷的加工品质优于热风干燥稻谷的,其中爆腰率最为明显。对于高水分稻谷采用真空干燥可以提高稻谷的加工品质。     

Effect of combined microwave‐hot air drying and superheated steam drying on physical and chemical properties of rice

Jasmine rice (Oryza sativa L.) was subjected to two drying operations: combined microwave‐hot air drying (MHA) at initial power intensity of 3, 4 and 6 W g^?1 and superheated steam drying (SHS) at 300 °C and 400 °C. During drying, kinetic rate constants of SHS were significantly higher than those of MHA. Both drying operations could decrease enthalpy of starch gelatinisation from 9.28 J g^?1 to 1.64–6.17 J g^?1, increase gelatinisation extent to 33.51–82.33%, decrease crystallinity from 28.87% to 18.15–21.33%, improve scavenging ability of 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl, increase ferric reducing antioxidant power and increase hardness of cooked rice from 5.66 N to 5.83–6.55 N, depending on microwave power and drying medium temperature. However, taste profiles and liking scores were comparable to the regular brown rice. Therefore, MHA and SHS operations could be potentially used for reducing drying process and promoting antioxidant activity.     

预处理方式对热风干燥玫瑰花瓣品质特性的影响

采用5%柠檬酸溶液、20%糖溶液、20%NaCl和柠檬酸混合溶液浸渍、烫漂4种处理方式处理玫瑰花瓣,以未预处理的花瓣作为对照,进行热风干燥对比试验和分析,对花瓣品质特性(色泽、总黄酮含量、总酚含量)以及微观结构等进行比较,并结合模糊数学综合评判法进行感官评定。结果表明:预处理方式对玫瑰花瓣的干燥速率有显著影响,且在含水率较高时尤其明显;微观结构有一定的差异性。其中,5%柠檬酸溶液组耗时最长,ΔE最小;20%糖溶液组复水比最低;混合溶液组色泽变化ΔE最大,总酚含量最高;烫漂组耗时最短,总黄酮含量和复水比最高。经烫漂预处理后的花瓣干燥后得到的感官评分值最高,对应的干燥时间、ΔE、复水比、总黄酮含量及总酚含量分别为120min、18.17±0.54、3.01、0.27mg/g、1.43mg/g。因此,采用烫漂预作为预处理方式可以提高食用玫瑰花瓣干制品的品质。     

Development of a spray freeze‐drying method for preparation of volatile shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes) powder

In this study, a method to produce a fine volatile powder extracted from shiitake mushrooms using spray freeze‐drying (SFD) was investigated. The analysis of the water‐soluble aromatic compounds was carried out by headspace solid‐phase micro‐extraction coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Scanning electron microscopy and laser particle size analysis were applied to characterise the physical structure and size distribution of the SFD‐derived particles. Eleven key volatile compounds were identified in the extracts of shiitake mushrooms pre‐ and post‐SFD. Recoveries of aromatic volatiles ranging from 30.9% to 82.9% were observed in the overall flavour profile results from the powder obtained with SFD. Scanning electron microscopy analysis demonstrated that the particles of the aromatic powder were spherical in nature, having highly porous surfaces and mean diameters of 19.3 μm.     

Effect of hot air,vacuum and infrared drying methods on quality of rose hip (Rosa rubiginosa) leathers

For the development of fruit leathers, a formulation containing rose hip pulp, sucrose and citric acid was used as initial material for the drying process. Three dehydration techniques were tested: forced hot air, infrared and vacuum, all carried out at 60 and 70 °C. All methods led to flexible, translucent fruit leathers at both temperatures. Colour and water activity were not affected by the dehydration method nor by the temperatures tested. Nutritional parameters such as antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and content of phenolic substances were measured. The best retention was achieved with vacuum drying at 60 °C being of 57.5% and 25.1%, respectively. ESEM observations were conducted to assess the effect of drying methods and conditions on microstructure of leathers. Various extents of sucrose crystallisation were inferred from surface images. Cross‐sectional micrographs showed that the size of pores was affected by the drying technique but not by temperature in the range studied.     

金银花红外鼓风干燥特性、失水动力学及干制品品质研究

目的:研究金银花的红外鼓风干燥特性及其动力学模型。方法:金银花在不同温度（35、45、55℃）条件下进行红外鼓风干燥,计算水分比、干燥速率等参数,拟合建立干燥动力学数学模型,并测定干制品的色泽、主要成分等干燥特性。结果:金银花在红外鼓风干燥过程中,干燥温度越高,用时越短,降速阶段为其干燥的主要阶段。干燥的动力学模型拟合结果表明Page模型的预测值与实验值吻合性好,可以用来预测和描述金银花红外鼓风干燥的失水过程。费克第二定律求得干燥过程中的水分有效扩散系数（Deff）在5.06606×10-9⁷.59909×10-8m2/s内,且随温度的升高而增大;阿伦尼乌斯方程计算得出金银花红外鼓风干燥平均活化能为113.569 k J/mol。35℃时金银花的色差值ΔE最小,有效成分含量最高,与阴干相比可提高效率并保证产品质量。结论:金银花红外鼓风干燥的主要阶段为降速阶段,Page模型适于预测和描述其失水过程,35℃红外干燥与阴干相比可提高效率,且产品品质更优。      

Impact of post-harvest processing or thermal dehydration on physiochemical,nutritional and sensory quality of shiitake mushrooms

Shiitake mushrooms are one of the most popular and highly consumed mushrooms worldwide both in fresh and dry forms. However, it rapidly starts losing its quality immediately after harvest which necessitates processing and/or proper storage before being distributed. However, the processes used for preserving other mushrooms (e.g., Agaricus) become unviable for shiitake due to its uniqueness (higher respiration rate, varied biochemicals, growth, etc.) which demands individual studies on shiitake. This review starts by listing the factors and their interdependence leading to a quality decline in shiitake after harvest. Understanding well about these factors, numerous post-harvest operations preserve shiitake as fresh form for a shorter period and as dried forms for a longer shelf-life. These processes also affect the intrinsic quality and nutrients of shiitake. This review comprehensively summarizes and discusses the effects of chemical processing (washing, fumigation, coating, and ozone), modified atmosphere packaging (including irradiation) on the quality of fresh shiitake while discussing their efficiency in extending their shelf-life by inhibiting microbial spoilage and deterioration in quality including texture, appearance, nutrients, and favor. It also reviews the impact of thermal dehydration on the quality of dried shiitake mushrooms, especially the acquired unique textural, nutritional, and aromatic properties along with their merits and limitations. Since shiitake are preferred to be low-cost consumer products, the applicability of freeze-drying and sophisticated novel methodologies, which prove to be expensive and/or complex, are discussed. The review also outlines the challenges and proposes the subsequent future directives, which either retains/enhances the desirable quality in shiitake mushrooms.     

热风温度对湿腌肉鸡翅根干燥动力学及成品品质的影响

对比分析了不同热风温度（60¹00℃）对肉鸡翅根干燥动力学及成品品质的影响。实验结果表明,湿腌肉鸡翅根热风过程为内部水分扩散的降速干燥过程,含水率及干燥速率的变化均受温度显著影响（p<0.05）;肉鸡翅根的水分有效扩散系数D eff随着热风温度的升高而增大,在60¹00℃内为3.09×10-9¹1.13×10-9m2/s,扩散活化能E a为33.08kJ/mol。对比分析了8种干燥经验模型的回归统计结果,确定Page方程为最佳干燥模型（平均R2=0.9994,平均χ2=0.000041）,可精确预测肉鸡翅根热风过程（60¹00℃）的含水率。成品品质分析表明,热风温度对烤翅成品硬度、咀嚼性及剪切力有显著影响（p<0.05）,而弹性、内聚性及回复性无明显差异（p>0.05）,90℃热风干燥得到的成品硬度、咀嚼性及剪切力均最大;干燥时间对硫代巴比妥酸（TBA）值及酸价的影响要大于热风温度。相关性分析表明,D eff与Page方程的参数k、n值均具有显著正相关性（p<0.05）,咀嚼性与硬度、剪切力均有显著的正相关性（p<0.05）。      

Effects of microwave and hot‐air drying methods on colour, β‐carotene and radical scavenging activity of apricots

The effects of drying by microwave and convective heating at 60 and 70 °C on colour change, degradation of β‐carotene and the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) scavenging activity of apricots were evaluated. Microwave heating reduced significantly the drying time (up to 25%), if compared with convective one, also owing to the higher temperature reached during the last phase of the process, as monitored by infrared thermography. Colour changes of apricot surface, described with lightness and hue angle, in both drying methods followed a first‐order reaction (0.927 ≤ R² ≤ 0.996). The apricots dried by microwave were less affected by the darkening phenomena. The evolution of β‐carotene in fresh apricots (61.2 ± 5.6 mg kg^?1 d.w.) during the drying highlighted a wider decrease (about 50%) when microwave heating was employed for both the temperatures used. Radical scavenging activity increased (P < 0.05) in all dried samples except for hot‐air dried apricots at 60 °C.     

The effect of osmosis pretreatment on hot‐air drying and microwave drying characteristics of chili (Capsicum annuum L.) flesh

Chili flesh pretreated with or without osmotic dehydration (OD) was dried in the hot‐air drying (AD) oven at 50–80 °C or in the microwave drying (MD) oven at 60–180 W. Results showed that the samples osmotically treated in mixed solution (10% salt + 50% sucrose) had the best dehydration effect as compared with single salt or sugar solutions. During the drying process, osmotically treated samples had one falling‐rate period and their effective moisture diffusivities (D_eff) showed a rapidly linear increase with the decrease in moisture content, while directly drying samples showed a three‐phase falling‐rate period and their D_eff increased gradually at the initial period and then rapidly at the final period. When the moisture content decreased, the activation energy increased gradually; however, for AD after OD, it decreased. Among all the processes, MD at 60 W after OD presented the largest vitamin C retention rate and the best colour difference, needing less drying time.     

Comparison of the effect of microwave freeze drying and microwave vacuum drying upon the process and quality characteristics of potato/banana re‐structured chips

This study investigated the drying characteristics of microwave freeze‐drying (MFD)/microwave vacuum drying (MVD) of banana/potato restructured chips of varying proportion and microwave power. The results showed the MFD drying time had a maximum one‐hour time difference between the samples treated with 2 W g^?1 and 3 W g^?1 microwave power; and the higher potato content samples have about 30 min predominance than low potato content samples in drying time and the total drying time of MVD samples was less than 60 min. For the rehydration ratio, MFD samples were far superior to the MVD samples. The MFD samples had more than 4.5 rehydration ratio. The data of the colour difference metre showed that 3 W g^?1 microwave power would make samples slightly charred. The biggest differences between the MFD and MVD chips lie in their texture and shape; the hardness of MVD samples was 30.86 N, thrice higher than MFD samples.     

Effect of pretreatments and drying methods on physico‐chemical,sensory characteristics and nutritional value of oyster mushroom

This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of pretreatments and drying methods on the chemical, physico‐chemical, sensory characteristics and nutritional value of oyster mushroom. Chemical analysis of oyster mushroom (OM) showed that the values content were increased by many times when calculated on dry weight basis. Nine treatments of dried mushroom powders (DMP) were prepared using three drying methods (hot air drying, vacuum drying, and sun drying). Also, three pretreatments of each method of drying were used (untreated, blanching by steaming without or with steeped in 0.5% citric acid solution for 30 min).The results and statistical analysis revealed that, sun dried oyster mushroom samples (without pretreatments) were found to be the best. The DMP samples resulting of the sun drying had a highest physico‐chemical properties, sensory evaluation scores, and contents of the mineral elements and amino acids as compared to other pretreatments and drying methods.

Practical applications

Fresh mushrooms have high water content, high enzymatic activity and hence are highly perishable. Thus, in this study nine treatments of dried mushroom powders (DMP) were prepared using three drying methods (hot air drying, vacuum drying and sun drying).Also, three pretreatments of each method of drying were used (untreated, blanching by steaming without or with steeped in citric acid).The DMP samples (untreated) resulting of the sun drying were better than other pretreatments and drying methods regarding quality attributes.     

番薯片热风与微波联合干燥特性及品质评价

对番薯片热风与微波联合干燥特性进行研究,并对脱水后番薯片的色泽、复水比、干燥时间及能耗进行了分析。结果表明:番薯片热风-微波联合干燥的热风段和微波段都分为升速和降速阶段。微波-热风联合干燥的微波段分为升速、恒速和降速阶段,热风段只有降速阶段;联合干燥的热风段都可采用Verma模型进行描述。热风-微波联合干燥的微波段采用Logarithmic模型描述,微波-热风联合干燥的微波段采用Page模型描述;热风-微波联合干燥方式所得番薯片L*值为72.86±2.29,a*值和b*值分别为11.02±2.73、38.65±4.45,褐变不明显,β-胡萝卜素保留效果较好。复水比为2.17±0.03,干燥时间为（104±4.93）min,能耗为（18.71±1.05）k W·h/kg,与热风干燥相比,干燥时间缩短55%,能耗降低64%。先热风后微波的联合干燥方式具有干燥产品品质好,能耗较低的特点,更适合于番薯片的干燥。      

干燥方式对牛肝菌干燥特性、品质及抗氧化能力的影响

以武陵山区新鲜牛肝菌为原料,采用真空冷冻干燥、热风干燥(60,70,80℃)、微波+60℃热风干燥以及超声波+60℃热风干燥6种不同方式对牛肝菌进行干燥处理,考察干燥方式对牛肝菌色泽、干燥速率、多酚、黄酮及多糖含量的影响,并进一步分析了6种干燥产品的抗氧化活性。研究结果表明,真空冷冻干燥产品颜色变化较小,微波预处理及超声波预处理加深了牛肝菌的颜色;微波+热风干燥法的干燥速率最快,干燥时间为5.5h,干燥用时最短,而真空冷冻干燥能最大程度地保留牛肝菌的活性物质,其多糖、黄酮、多酚的含量分别为147.24,3.70,6.69mg/g,且显示出最强的抗氧化活性,其次是60℃热风干燥。考虑到生产成本,60℃热风干燥是牛肝菌干燥最为合理的方式。