Glucosinolate profiles of international rapeseed lines (Brassica napus and Brassica campestris)

Seed samples from a range of international rapeseed lines (Brassica napus L and B campestris L) were analysed for glucosinolate content using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). This analytical method provided a total profile consisting of eight different glucosinolates, including those used to define the Canola standard. The data indicated that broad categories of distinct glucosinolate profiles existed among the seed lines analysed. Indole glucosinolate content, expressed as a percentage of total glucosinolate content, was higher in the low glucosinolate lines of B napus. The actual contents of all eight glucosinolates in the seed were variable, particularly gluconapin, glucobrassicanapin and progoitrin. The importance of this HPLC procedure in facilitating selection for high or low contents of individual glucosinolates is discussed.     

Application of response surface methodology to optimise supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of oil from rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)

Supercritical CO₂ fluid extraction technology was used to extract oil from rapeseed. Extraction temperature, pressure, time and the sample particle size were selected and optimised by response surface methodology. Conventional solvent extraction was applied as a comparative method. The maximum extraction yield of 32.65 ± 1.01% was achieved at a temperature of 40 °C and a pressure of 345 bar, using an extraction time of 3 h and a 60‐mesh particle size. The chemical compositions of rapeseed oil using esterification method were investigated by GC–MS. The result indicates that the main fatty acids are palmitic acid (2.60%), oleic acid (16.54%), linoleic acid (9.62%), linolenic acid (4.77%), eicosenoic acid (11.20%) and erucic acid (47.09%), respectively. Supercritical fluid extraction has been proved to be an effective technique for extracting oil from Brassica napus L.     

Macromineral and trace element concentrations in milk from Finnish Ayrshire cows fed microalgae (Spirulina platensis) and rapeseed (Brassica napus)

Given the lack of research regarding the effect of microalgal supplementation in dairy cows on milk mineral concentrations, this study investigated the effect of feeding different protein supplements in dairy cow diets on milk, feces, and blood plasma mineral concentrations, associated milk and blood plasma transfer efficiencies, and apparent digestibility. Lactating Finnish Ayrshire cows (n = 8) were allocated at the start of the trial to 4 diets used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment: (1) control diet (CON), (2) a pelleted rapeseed supplement (RSS; 2,550 g/d), (3) a mixture of rapeseed and Spirulina platensis (RSAL; 1,280 g of RSS + 570 g of S. platensis per day), and (4) S. platensis (ALG; 1,130 g of S. platensis per day). In each of the 4 experimental periods, a 2-wk adaptation to the experimental diets was followed by a 7-d sampling and measurement period. Feed samples were composited per measurement period, milk, and feed samples (4 consecutive days; d 17–20), and blood plasma samples (d 21) were composited for each cow period (n = 32). Data were statistically analyzed using a linear mixed effects model with diet, period within square, square and their interaction as fixed factors, and cow within square as a random factor. Cows fed ALG were not significantly different in their milk or blood plasma mineral concentrations compared with CON, although feeding ALG increased fecal concentrations of macrominerals (Ca and Mg) and trace elements (Co, Cu, Fe, I, Mn, and Zn), and reduced their apparent digestibility, compared with CON. When compared with CON and ALG, milk from cows fed RSAL and RSS had lower milk I concentrations (?69.6 and ?102.7 μg/kg of milk, respectively), but total plasma I concentrations were not affected significantly. Feeding S. platensis to dairy cows did not affect mineral concentrations in cows' blood or milk, but care should be taken when rapeseed is fed to avoid reducing milk I concentrations which may in turn reduce consumers' I intake from milk and dairy products.     

Relationships of rapeseed strength properties to seed size,colour and coat fibre composition

BACKGROUND: The size and strength of rapeseeds are factors likely to determine their suitability for storage and processing. The mechanical properties of whole seeds depend mainly on their coat composition. This study investigates variations in seed strength and colour between different‐sized rapeseeds. The paper also presents an explanation of the differences in seed mechanical properties through analyses of coat fibre composition. RESULTS: The strength properties of seeds were dependent on seed size and correlated with seed equivalent diameter. All measured strength indices showed that seeds of diameter above 2 mm were the most resistant. The mechanical properties of seeds were also correlated with the colour of seed surface, indicating that the most resistant seeds were those with values of H > 60°, S < 15% and I < 19% in the HSI colour space. The resistance of individual seeds was attributed to the surface density of soluble and insoluble dietary fibre, especially cellulose and lignin. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the highest mechanical resistance shown by the largest and blackest rapeseeds can be associated with the high surface density of fibre components in the seed coat. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

甘蓝型油菜籽的吸湿特性及其数学模型

油菜籽的吸湿特性影响油菜籽的收储工艺和储藏品质,为了给甘蓝型油菜籽收储工艺和管理提供基础依据,本文实验研究了甘蓝型油菜籽在温度为0~30℃,相对湿度为32%~88%的条件下的吸湿特性,比较了7种数学模型在甘蓝型油菜籽吸湿过程的适用性。结果表明:甘蓝型油菜籽的吸湿性受温度和相对湿度的影响很大,温度越高,达到吸湿平衡所需要的时间越短,相对湿度越大,平衡含水率值越大,达到吸湿平衡的时间越长;Peleg模型的相关系数为0.999,卡方为0.154和均方根误差为0.160,是描述油菜籽吸湿特性的最佳数学模型;随着温度的升高,甘蓝型油菜籽的临界相对湿度增大,降低储藏温度,可以有效降低油菜籽的的临界相对湿度;随着平衡含水率的增加,甘蓝型油菜籽的净等量吸湿热指数递减。     

Effect of harvest date and pod position on glucosinolates in oilseed rape (Brassica napus)

Pod samples from four varieties of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L) were taken twice weekly from 26 to 3 days before harvest from upper, middle and lower third portions of the main raceme. Seeds were analysed for individual glucosinolate concentration by HPLC. Total glucosinolate content increased suddenly during the sampling period. The timing of the increase depended on variety but occurred before harvest would have been practical. Proportions of individual glucosinolates in Rafal, the only “high” glucosinolate variety examined, did not change over the sampling period. In the other varieties, the proportion of 2-hydroxy-but-3-enyl (progoitrin) increased and the proportion of 2-hydroxy-pent-4-enyl decreased as sampling progressed, so that the concentration of individual glucosinolates could not be predicted from total glucosinolate content. The ‘low’ glucosinolate varieties contained a significantly smaller concentration of progoitrin and summed aromatic glucosinolates than Rafal. Variations in glucosinolate content with pod position were smaller than those due to sampling date, but there was a greater concentration of glucosinolates in seeds from pods lower on the terminal raceme. The results would indicate that care should be taken if seed samples from the plant are taken.     

响应面分析法优化菜籽多糖酸法提取工艺的研究

利用响应面分析法对菜籽多糖的酸法提取工艺进行了优化。在单因素试验的基础上,选取酸浓度、料液比、提取时间、提取温度进行了4因素3水平的Box-Behnken中心组合研究,并运用Design Expert 7.0软件对试验数据进行分析。建立了以上4个主要因素对酸提菜籽多糖得率影响的数学模型,并通过响应面分析法对提取条件进行了优化,确定了酸法提取菜籽多糖的最佳工艺。试验结果表明,各提取因素对酸提菜籽多糖得率的影响顺序为:提取温度>酸浓度>提取时间>料液比。所得最佳提取条件为:酸浓度0.28 mol/L、料液比43.05 mL/g、提取时间5 h和提取温度71.9℃,在此条件下预期的多糖得率是4.07%,实际得率为4.01%。     

A micromethod for the screening of individual seeds and cotyledons of Brassica napus and brassica campestris (rapeseed) for low sinapine content

The association of sinapine with the fishy or crabby odour present in eggs laid by certain brown egg laying hens when fed diets containing rapeseed meal indicates the desirability of removing sinapine from the original rapeseed. A method is presented whereby seeds and cotyledons of Brassica napus and B. campestris may be selected for low levels of sinapine. The method, based on microextraction, rapid chromatographic separation of sinapine and visual estimation of its fluorescence allows detection of 0.025 μg sinapine and enables 300-400 seed samples to be screened daily.     

响应面分析法优化热风微波耦合干燥油茶籽工艺

为了优化油茶籽干燥,分别研究了油茶籽的热风和热风微波耦合干燥工艺。热风微波耦合干燥利用Box-Benhnken中心组合实验设计和响应面分析法,以过氧化值(POV)和干燥时间为响应值,优化了不同热风温度、热风速度和微波功率密度时油茶籽的热风微波耦合干燥工艺。经响应面分析得油茶籽的干燥工艺为:在热风温度为58.9℃、热风速度为1.262m/s、微波功率密度为1.972W/g、干燥时间为306min时,油脂的过氧化值为1.0472nmol/kg。热风微波耦合干燥时间比热风干燥节约近3倍,过氧化值减小了7.46%。     

Solubility of a cruciferin‐rich protein product purified from rapeseed pressed cake (Brassica napus L.) by an aqueous processing method

Pressed cake from rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is a promising plant protein source not yet utilised for human consumption due to the presence of antinutrients such as glucosinolates. Protein solubility is a crucial parameter influencing the functionality and thereby the applicability of proteins as food ingredients. A novel cruciferin‐rich rapeseed protein product was produced by an aqueous processing method in pilot plant scale. Intact glucosinolates were conserved by this procedure and largely removed from the protein products. Protein solubility in this product was examined when dispersed in 50 mm phosphate buffer, pH 8.0 with varying NaCl concentration (0–500 mm ). Unexpectedly, a salting‐out effect was observed of the globulin proteins, as 15.9 ± 0.6% protein was in solution at 500 mm added NaCl, whereas 21.5 ± 1.1% was solubilised without added NaCl; whether the observed effects originates from lipid and fibre constituents in the product remains to be resolved.     

响应面分析法优化石榴籽油超临界萃取工艺研究

采用响应面法对超临界CO2萃取石榴籽油的工艺进行优化,在单因素实验的基础上,选择萃取压力、萃取温度、萃取时间为自变量,利用中心组合实验设计和响应面分析法,研究了各自变量及其交互作用对得率的影响,得到二次多项式回归方程预测模型,获得提取石榴籽油的最佳工艺条件为萃取压力45MPa、萃取温度50℃、萃取时间90min,在此条件下,石榴籽油得率达到20.3%。      

Glucosinolate content and amino acid composition of rapeseed (Brassica napus) meal as affected by sulphur and nitrogen nutrition

Rapeseed plants have been grown in soil-free culture with varying amounts of nitrogen fertiliser applied as nitrate, and with 50% of the nitrate-N exchanged for ammonium. The experiment was performed at two levels of sulphate fertiliser. Yield, protein content, glucosinolate content and amino acid composition were studied. The glucosinolate content was lower and the protein content was higher at a high level of nitrogen fertiliser. Exchange of 50% of the nitrate-N for ammonium caused no significant change in glucosinolate or protein content. The amount of glucosinolate was higher at the high sulphate level. There were no sulphur-nitrogen interactions. Content of total aspartic acid increased with nitrogen fertilisation, while total content of other amino acids did not change significantly with fertilisation. The effect of a wide variety of applications of sulphate fertiliser on glucosinolate and total amino acid content have been studied in a separate experiment. Although both protein content and methionine content were reduced at a low sulphate level, glucosinolate content was reduced considerably more. Experiments in the field revealed that although a reduction in glucosinolate content of rapeseed may be obtained from using fertilisers low in sulphur on sandy soils this does not seem possible on heavy soils.     

GC-MS分析黄褐籽甘蓝型油菜种子发育过程中脂肪酸含量变化

利用气相色谱质谱(GC-MS)联用分析技术,对细胞工程创建的甘蓝型油菜黄籽株系W82和其褐籽亲本‘扬油6号'种子发育过程中脂肪酸的含量进行了分析。发现在黄/褐籽油菜种子发育早期,随着种子的发育脂肪酸逐渐积累,在授粉后第5周(WAF5,week after fertilization)时含量开始下降,在WAF6含量又逐渐上升。黄/褐籽甘蓝型油菜种子在发育早期主要积累碳链较短的脂肪酸,在后期主要积累碳链较长的不饱和脂肪酸。黄籽株系W82种子中的脂肪酸含量要高于褐籽亲本‘扬油6号'。     

Alteration on phenolic acids and the appearance of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn) seeds dealt with antistaling agents during storage

This study evaluated the preservation effectiveness of selected antistaling agents on lotus seeds (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn) status and the alteration of phenolic acids during their storage. Ascorbic acid (AA), benzoic acid (BA), sodium hydrogen sulfite (SHS), BA+ AA and SHS+ AA were identified as effective to keep lotus seeds fresh with the order of SHS+ AA > BA+ AA > AA > SHS > BA in terms of general performance on not-browning degree, microorganism contamination status, sensory evaluation, and the protection of polyphenols against being oxidized. The polyphenols determined by HPLC and HPLC-MS in lotus seeds were mainly gallic, chlorogenic, gentisic, caffeic, cinnamic, p-coumaric, ferulic, rosmarinic, and salicylic acids. Chlorogenic, gentisic, and caffeic acids were the main phenolic acids correlated with oxidative browning. SHS+ AA was found on inhibiting chlorogenic acid oxidized (p < 0.05) as well as SHS or AA did. BA+ AA also had protective effect on all these three phenolics. The increment of gallic, caffeic, chlorogenic, and p-coumaric acids at the beginning of storage, which was from the hydrolyzation of glycosides promoted by BA, had accordance with the deteriorate sensory of lotus seeds and led to worse anti-browning effect. Gallic acid was found to be relevant to the degree of microorganism contamination. The stronger antibacterial capacity antistaling agents had, the later regeneration of gallic acid appeared. In conclusion, the selected antistaling agents had different preservation effectiveness, which would synchronously indicate alteration of relevant phenolic acids profiles of lotus seed during storage.     

Identification of Seeds by Colour Imaging: Comparison of Discriminant Analysis and Artificial Neural Network

This study describes the use of colour image analysis to identify four seed varieties. A wide range of kernel measurements was obtained from digitised colour images of whole seed samples of rumex, wild oat, lucerne and vetch. The combination size, shape (including kernel seven invariant moments) and texture parameters is the major element in this investigation. Two pattern recognition approaches were attempted in the classification: stepwise discriminant analysis, which is part of statistical pattern recognition techniques, and artificial neural network. The artificial neural network was found to outperform discriminant analysis. With only three inputs, a simple three-layer perception network exhibited performances exceeding 99% both in learning and test sets. It is shown that a mixture of features improved classification from 92% for size and shape parameters to 99% for size, shape and texture parameters. Two species, totally overlapped in the morphometrical space, were well separated by texture. The best characteristics are extracted from the red channel images. Limitations of neural computing concepts are discussed with respect to seed classification.     

A Comparative Analysis of Colour Measurements of the Seed Coat and Endosperm of Wheat Kernels Performed by Various Techniques

The results of this present studies show that the colour of the seed coat of wheat kernels can be determined by digital image analysis (DIA) instead of spectrophotometry. High linear correlations (p < 0.05) were found between colour measurements of the seed coat performed by these techniques. The colour on the cross-sections of wheat kernels was related to the colour of their seed coat. A high correlation was also observed between the colour of the seed coat and the colour of the endosperm of wheat kernels. In all measurements colour was described by the RGB, XYZ, and L*a*b* models. Colour indices, i.e. hue (h⁰) and saturation (S*) were also calculated.     

Characteristics of winged bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus) seeds during soaking and boiling

The effects of soaking small, medium and large seeds of Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L) DC for up to 24h and then boiling the seeds for up to 30 min, or boiling the raw seeds for up to 120 min, were examined. Trends for hardness and water absorption of the beans were similar for all bean sizes. Soaking and/or boiling reduced the hardness of beans and increased the water absorption leached solids, water holding capacity and swelling power. Small beans were the hardest and showed the lowest level of the other characteristics. Medium sized beans were softer and had higher values of the above four parameters. Soaking for 24 h and then boiling for 30 min was more efficient in reducing the hardness of the beans than boiling for 2h. Linear regression showed high correlations among almost all the parameters measured.