Determination of biochemical properties of foam‐mat dried mango powder

Investigations were carried out to see the impact of drying air temperature (65, 75 and 85 °C) and milk as foaming agent in different concentration levels (0%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%) on the chemical properties of foam‐mat dried mango juice powder. Chemical properties such as total sugars, ascorbic acid, total carotenes, minerals, total acid, pH, total soluble solids (TSS) and microbial load (fungal and bacterial) of foam‐mat dried mango powder were determined. Data were analysed as per two‐way anova , Duncan’s multiple range test and l.s.d. of Ag Res Software statistical package. Almost all chemical properties show decreasing trend with increase in drying air temperature. Microbial load was not detected in foam‐mat dried mango powder. It was found that addition of 10% milk as foaming agent and drying at 65 °C temperature gave better results.     

Physicochemical and microbial quality evaluation of foam‐mat‐dried pineapple powder

Present experiments were carried to study the physicochemical and microbial quality of foam‐mat‐dried pineapple powder. Pineapple pulp was foamed using two foaming agents, tricalcium phosphate (TCP) (0%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, and 1.0%) and egg white (EW) (0%, 0.50%, 1.0%, 1.50%, and 2.0%). Carboxy methyl cellulose (0.25%) was used as foam stabiliser, and drying was carried out at 65, 75, and 85 °C in tray drier followed by pulverising the dried foam mats in to fine powder. Powdered samples were analysed for various physicochemical quality parameters viz. total sugars, reducing sugars, ascorbic acid, total acid, pH, iron, phosphorus and calcium content, and bacterial and fungal load. Statistical analysis using LSD revealed that sample dried using 1% TCP at 65 °C was the best with 4.60% total sugars, 2.71% reducing sugars, 4.05 mg per 100 g ascorbic acid, 0.35% total acid, 0.29 mg per 100 g Iron, 2.24 mg per 100 g phosphorous, and 6.58 g per 100 g calcium and zero bacterial and fungal growth.     

啤酒泡沫中发泡蛋白的研究进展

大量研究表明，啤酒泡沫产生的关键因素是啤酒中所含的发泡蛋白，发泡蛋白的性质和数量很大程度上决定着啤酒泡沫的质量。通过对发泡蛋白定义、特性和与泡沫质量的关系，以及泡沫质量测定方法、改进措施等方面的介绍，说明了发泡蛋白对啤酒泡沫质量的决定性作用及研究发泡蛋白的现实意义。     

Modelling of moisture diffusion in pores of banana foam mat using a 2-D stochastic pore network: Determination of moisture diffusion coefficient during adsorption process

The purpose of this research was to determine the diffusion coefficient of moisture in the pores of banana foam mat using stochastic pore network. A 2-D pore network was used to represent the pore voids inside the banana foam sample and the moisture movement inside the individual pore segments was described by Fick’s law. To determine the moisture diffusion coefficient, the adsorption experiments were carried out with standard static method using saturated salt solutions. Two banana foam densities of 0.21 and 0.26 g/cm³ were used to adsorb the water vapour. The interactions between moisture and pore structure were illustrated using a 3-D pictorial representation of network concentration gradients in spaces with colour representing the moisture content. The network model described the experimental results relatively well. The diffusion coefficient of moisture in pores was in order of 10^-9${10}^{-9}$ m²/s which was nine times higher than the effective diffusion coefficient calculated from the continuum model. The value of moisture diffusion coefficient was dependent on the temperature and independent of the foam densities and the relative humidity, except for the diffusivity determined from the condition at higher relative humidity of 70%.     

活性染料泡沫染色液的起泡性及稳定性

泡沫染色是染整行业中一种新兴节能环保的染色方法。本论文为了系统地讨论活性染料泡沫染色发泡体系的性能,采用机械搅拌法发泡,用发泡比和泡沫半衰期来表征泡沫性能,深入研究了发泡剂、稳定剂等对发泡性能的影响,并研究了活性染料,无机盐、碱剂和尿素等添加剂对发泡的影响。实验结果表明用十二烷基硫酸钠做发泡剂,十二醇和瓜尔胶作稳定剂,且复配比例为3:4时泡沫体系较稳定;而染料和各种添加剂均对泡沫体系的发泡性能有一定影响。     

Drying kinetics,physico‐chemical properties,antioxidant activity and phenolic composition of foam‐mat dried germinated rice bean (Vigna umbellata) hydrolysate

This research was aimed to study physico‐chemical properties and antioxidant activities of foam‐mat dried germinated rice bean (Vigna umbellata) hydrolysate. Germination led to an increase in released phenolic content and antioxidant activity (DPPH radical scavenging activity and FRAP) of rice bean hydrolysate. The hydrolysate obtained from germinated rice bean (GRB) and non‐germinated rice beans (NGRBs) was foam‐mat dried at 60 and 70 °C. Semi‐theoretical and empirical model could suitably describe the drying characteristic of foamed bean hydrolysate. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activities of foam‐mat dried samples decreased with increasing air‐drying temperature (P ≤ 0.05). Gallic acid, catechol and epicatechin were major phenolic compounds in foam‐mat dried samples prepared from both GRB and NGRB. The higher phenolic content and antioxidant activities were found in foam‐mat dried hydrolysate of GRB. Electron spin resonance spectrometry revealed that foam‐mat dried rice bean hydrolysate showed a strong ability to scavenge free radicals, especially carbon‐centred radicals.     

陕西生鲜羊奶及其加工羊奶粉品质调研分析及相关性研究

为调查陕西省生鲜羊奶及羊奶粉品质随月份的变化规律,明确生鲜羊奶和羊奶粉品质之间的相关关系,该研究以2020年4月至11月某乳品企业在陕西不同地区的奶站收购的生鲜羊奶及其加工羊奶粉为试验样品,对其感官、理化和安全指标进行分析.结果表明,生鲜羊奶和羊奶粉在感官指标方面均符合国家标准要求;在理化指标方面,生鲜羊奶脂肪含量为3...     

脱墨剂的起泡性能及其泡沫稳定性

对表面活性剂的起泡性能和泡沫稳定性进行了研究,研究结果表明,单一表面活性剂中起泡效果最好的是LCS;而2种表面活性剂复配后起泡效果最好的是m(LWE-7)∶m(LCS)=1∶2以及m(WNL-9)∶m(LCS)=1∶2。     

Study of cooking quality of spaghetti dried through microwaves and comparison with hot air dried pasta

The aim of this work is to evaluate and compare the effects of microwave and conventional drying (hot air) on the quality characteristics of cooked pasta. Experiments were carried out on pasta type spaghetti.A huge difference was noticed between times necessary to dry samples by hot air and by microwaves, in fact in the first case, the drying time was on the average 204.5 min vs. 61.7 s of microwave treatment (average). The gelatinization degree of samples dried by hot air was faster than that of those dried by microwaves: the medium values of kinetic constant of gelatinization of samples dried by hot air and microwaves were 7.5 and 5.2, respectively. Similar total organic matter values suggest that the cooking quality of samples differently dried was comparable. Moreover, samples dried by microwaves were thicker than pasta dried by hot air (37.8 vs. 27.4).     

Drying and quality characteristics of fresh and sugar-infused blueberries dried with infrared radiation heating

We evaluated the finished product quality and infrared (IR) drying characteristics of fresh and sugar-infused blueberries dried with a catalytic infrared (CIR) dryer. IR drying tests were conducted at four product temperatures (60, 70, 80, and 90 °C) to evaluate the drying rate and the color and texture of the finished product. Fresh blueberries dried with convective hot air drying at 60 °C were used as control for comparison. The experimental data of moisture changes during IR drying were modeled with eight different models, including Page, modified Page, Thompson, Newton, Wang and Singh, and Henderson and Pabis, and two models developed in this study. The Thompson model showed the best fit to all experimental data. The CIR drying produced firmer-texture products with much reduced drying time compared with hot air drying. For fresh blueberries, CIR drying conserved drying time by 44% at 60 °C. The effective moisture diffusivity ranged from 2.24 × 10⁻¹⁰ to 16.4 × 10⁻¹⁰ m²/s and from 0.61 × 10⁻¹⁰ to 3.84 × 10⁻¹⁰ m²/s for fresh and sugar-infused blueberries, respectively.     

Moisture sorption characteristics and glass transition temperature of apple puree powder

The aim of this study was to characterise the influence of different foam‐mat‐drying methods on the moisture sorption characteristics and glass transition temperatures of apple puree powder. Apple puree was foamed with the addition of 2.5% egg albumin and 0.5% methylcellulose. Convective air‐drying and microwave‐drying techniques were used. Also foamed puree with and without maltodextrin (6% or 15% w/w) was freeze‐dried. Moisture equilibrium data of powders were determined by using a static desiccator method in a water activity range of 0.0–0.903. Modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) was used to obtain the glass transition temperature. No effect of drying method on sorption properties and glass transition temperatures of apple puree powders was observed. The addition of maltodextrin to the apple puree caused an increase in T_g by 10–30 °C depending on the amount of incorporated additive. Addition of maltodextrin significantly reduced the hygroscopicity of apple puree powders.     

灭菌豆干货架期内品质变化及微生物群落多样性分析

取车间生产的灭菌前的预包装香辣味豆干为材料,在实验室进行105 ℃、40 min的热处理,研究其常温保存条件下货架期30 d后的品质变化及微生物状况。结果表明,实验样品在贮藏30 d后生长了大量细菌和真菌,其菌落总数达到了6×105 CFU/g,微生物含量严重超标,且产生的代谢物导致样品酸味突出,口感变糙。高通量测序及分析显示,实验样本中芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）微生物占比细菌含量为80.69%,为绝对优势细菌,酵母菌（Saccharomycetes）为主要优势真菌,占比真菌含量为32.99%。而进一步的研究发现,热噬淀粉芽孢杆菌（Bacillus thermoamylovorans）和德式乳杆菌（Lactobacillus delbrueckii）是本实验中主要的腐败细菌。     

Taste and aroma of fresh and stored mandarins

During the last decade there has been a continuous rise in consumption of fresh easy‐to‐peel mandarins. However, mandarins are much more perishable than other citrus fruit, mainly due to rapid deterioration in sensory acceptability after harvest. In the current review we discuss the biochemical components involved in forming the unique flavor of mandarins, and how postharvest storage operations influence taste and aroma and consequently consumer sensory acceptability. What we perceive as mandarin flavor is actually the combination of basic taste, aroma and mouth‐feel. The taste of mandarins is principally governed by the levels of sugars and acids in the juice sacs and the relative ratios among them, whereas the aroma of mandarins is derived from a mixture of different aroma volatiles, including alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, terpenes/hydrocarbons and esters. During postharvest storage and marketing there is a gradual decrease in mandarin sensory acceptability, which has been attributed to decreases in acidity and typical mandarin flavor, paralleling an accumulation of off‐flavor. Biochemical analysis of volatile and non‐volatile constituents in mandarin juice demonstrated that these changes in sensory acceptability were concomitant with decreases in acidity and content of terpenes and aldehydes, which provide green, piney and citrus aroma on the one hand, and increases in ethanol fermentation metabolism products and esters on the other, which are likely to cause ‘overripe’ and off‐flavors. Overall, we demonstrate the vast importance of the genetic background, maturity stage at harvest, commercial postharvest operation treatments, including curing, degreening and waxing, and storage duration on mandarin sensory quality. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

烷基胍开关控制循环涂料泡沫染色机制及性能

为实现泡沫染色中残余泡沫的回收和循环再使用,以四甲基胍和溴代十二烷为原料,合成并表征了开关表面活性剂十二烷基四甲基胍(DTMG)。DTMG在CO2的作用下,通过离子化形成泡沫性良好的十二烷基四甲基胍碳酸氢盐(DTMG·CO2),其发泡比为11.23,半衰期为126 s,可作为发泡剂应用于涂料泡沫染色体系中。经过涂料泡沫染色,残余泡沫中DTMG·CO2在80℃加热作用下,释放出CO2重新回复到泡沫性差的DTMG结构,实现了残余泡沫的快速破灭和回收。此开关过程循环可逆,涂料泡沫染色中涂料、黏合剂、稳泡剂对泡沫开关性及开关循环性影响不大,且染色效果良好,利用烷基胍开关控制泡沫性的作用,可应用于循环涂料泡沫染色。     

Quality of dried coriander leaves as affected by pretreatments and method of drying

Coriander (coriandrum sativum), an annual herb/spice crop is widely used for culinary purpose In India, fresh coriander is abundantly available during winters from December to March but has very short shelf life even under refrigerated conditions. This leads to a marked scarcity in availability and a sharp rise in price in the lean period. During peak period, most of the crop is lost/wasted due to lack of proper post harvest processing techniques. The fresh green coriander (soft stems and leaves) if properly dried, packaged and stored may help in increasing its availability during lean periods at a lower price. Different pretreatments and methods were studied and evaluated on the basis of quality and rehydration characteristics. The best pretreatment was found to be dipping for 15 min in solution of 0.1% Magnesium chloride, 0.1% Sodium bicarbonate and 2.0% KMS in water at room temperature and the best method was drying in mini multi rack solar dryer.