Grape seed extract inhibits lipid oxidation in muscle from different species during refrigerated and frozen storage and oxidation catalyzed by peroxynitrite and iron/ascorbate in a pyrogallol red model system

The antioxidant effect of grape seed extract (GSE) was determined by assessing the bleaching of pyrogallol red (PGR) by peroxynitrite or iron/ascorbate, and the formation of lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH) and thiobarbituric acid substances (TBARS) in raw or cooked ground muscle during refrigerated or frozen storage. In PGR models, GSE was more effective than gallic acid in inhibiting oxidation. The formation of LOOH and TBARS was inhibited by GSE (0.1% and 1.0%) compared to untreated controls and samples treated with sodium tripolyphosphate. Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), alone or in combination with GSE, had no effect on LOOH or TBARS, which provides clues about the possible mechanism of action of GSE. These results show that GSE at concentrations as low as 0.1% is a very effective inhibitor of primary and secondary oxidation products in various muscle systems and has potential as a natural antioxidant in raw and cooked meat systems.     

Evaluation of the antioxidant potential of grape seed and bearberry extracts in raw and cooked pork

The effect of grape seed extract (GSE) and bearberry (BB), on lipid oxidation (TBARS, mg malondialdehyde (MDA)/kg muscle), colour (CIE ‘a’ redness value), pH, microbial status (log₁₀CFU colony forming units/g pork) and sensorial properties of cooked pork patties was investigated. GSE (0–1000 μg/g muscle) and BB (0–1000 μg/g muscle) were added to raw pork (M. longissimus dorsi) patties which were stored in modified atmosphere packs (MAP) (75% O₂:25% CO₂) for up to 12 days at 4 °C. Cooked pork patties were stored in MAP (70% N₂:30% CO₂) for up to 4 days at 4 °C. Mesophilic plate counts and pork pH were unaffected by GSE and BB. GSE and BB addition decreased (P < 0.05) lipid oxidation (TBARS) in raw pork patties on days 9 and 12 of storage, relative to controls. Antioxidant activity of GSE and BB was observed in cooked pork patties demonstrating the thermal stability of GSE and BB. The ‘a’ redness values of raw and cooked pork patties marginally increased with increasing GSE concentration. The sensory properties of cooked pork patties were unaffected by GSE and BB addition. Results obtained demonstrate the potential for using health promoting nutraceuticals in meat and meat products.     

Effect of frozen storage duration and cooking on physical and oxidative changes in M. Gastrocnemius pars interna and M. Iliofiburalis of Rhea americana

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of frozen storage time (30, 60, 90 or 180 days) and cooking (100 °C, 30 min) on the physical characteristics and oxidative stability of M. Gastrocnemius pars interna (GN) and M. Iliofiburalis (IF) of rhea americana. Physical parameters measured included thawing and cooking loss, colour parameters (L*a*b*), while oxidation was assessed by determining the TBA-RS, carbonyl and aromatic amino acid content. Prolonged frozen storage of rhea meat decreased lightness (L*), yellowness (b*), and increased the discoloration parameter hue angle and redness a*. During storage, muscle IF was more prone to lipid and myoglobin oxidation than muscle GN. Cooking loss declined with the increase of storage time and was higher in GN than in IF muscle. With cooking, TBA-RS, carbonyl content, and aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan) were highly affected, but the extent of oxidation ranged according to muscle and duration of frozen storage.     

Addition of grape seed extract and bearberry to porcine diets: Influence on quality attributes of raw and cooked pork

The effect of supplementation of pig diets with grape seed extract (GSE) (100, 300, 700 mg/kg feed) and bearberry (BB) (100, 300, 700 mg/kg feed) for 56 days pre-slaughter, on the oxidative stability and quality of raw and cooked M. longissimus dorsi (LD) was examined. Susceptibility of porcine liver, kidney and heart tissue homogenates to iron-induced (1 mM FeSO₄) lipid oxidation was also investigated. In raw LD steaks, stored in modified atmosphere packs (75% O₂:25% CO₂) (MAP) for up to 16 days at 4 °C, surface lightness (CIE ‘L’ value), redness (CIE ‘a’ value), lipid stability (TBARS, mg MDA (malondialdehyde)/kg muscle) and pH were not significantly affected by supplemental GSE or BB. Similarly, the oxidative stability and sensory properties of cooked LD steaks, stored in MAP (70% N₂:30% CO₂), for up to 28 days at 4 °C, were not enhanced by dietary GSE or BB. Iron-induced lipid oxidation increased in liver, kidney and heart tissue homogenates over the 24 h storage period and susceptibility to oxidation followed the order: liver > heart > kidney. Dietary GSE or BB did not significantly reduce lipid oxidation in tissue homogenates. Potential reasons for the lack of efficacy of supplemental GSE and BB on pork quality were explored.     

Effect of grape seed extract on oxidative, color and sensory stability of a pre-cooked, frozen, re-heated beef sausage model system

To compare grape seed extract (GSE) to common antioxidants in a pre-cooked, frozen, stored meat model system sausage was manufactured from lean beef (70%), pork fat (28%), and salt (2%). Antioxidants added for comparison with control included grapeseed extract (100, 300, and 500 ppm), ascorbic acid (AA, 100 ppm of fat) and propyl gallate (PG, 100 ppm of fat). Product was formed into rolls, frozen, sliced into patties, cooked on a flat griddle to 70 °C, overwrapped in PVC, then frozen at - 18 °C for 4 months. GSE- and PG-containing samples retained their fresh cooked beef odor and flavor longer (p < 0.05) than controls during storage. Rancid odor and flavor scores of GSE-containing samples were lower (p < 0.05) than those of controls after 4months of storage. The L* value of all samples increased (p<0.05) during storage. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) of the control and AA-containing samples increased (p < 0.05); those of GSE-containing samples did not change significantly (p > 0.05) over the storage period.     

Grape seed extract as antioxidant in cooked, cold stored turkey meat

Efficiency of four concentrations of grape seed extract (0.0, 0.4, 0.8, and 1.6 g/kg) in retarding oxidative rancidity was tested with cooked turkey breast meat. Development in lipid oxidation during 13 days of refrigerated storage was evaluated by means of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and volatile compound formation. Hexanal, pentanal, octanal, 2-octenal, 1-octen-3-ol, 2-octen-1-ol, and 1-penten-3-ol showed high correlations (r>0.95) with TBARS values and could, therefore, serve as markers for the oxidation process in the cooked turkey breast meat. Supplementation of grape seed extract prior to cooking significantly improved oxidative stability of minced turkey meat during heat treatment and storage. The ability of grape seed extract to prevent lipid oxidation was concentration-dependent. Vacuum-packaging considerably improved oxidative stability of meat regardless of the low concentration of grape seed extract used. It appears that grape seed extract could be very effective in inhibiting lipid oxidation of cooked turkey meat during chill-storage.     

Effect of oregano and rosemary essential oils on lipid oxidation of stored frozen minced gilthead sea bream muscle

The study aimed to determine the effect of oregano and rosemary essential oils addition to minced gilthead sea bream muscle on lipid oxidation during frozen storage. Each essential oil was added to minced fish muscle at 500 mg/kg concentration which then was stored at ?22 °C for 12 months. Oregano essential oils inhibited the formation of conjugated diene and triene hydroperoxides and thiobarbituric reactive substances when compared with untreated samples after the first month and rosemary essential oils after the first and third month of frozen storage. Oregano and rosemary essential oils could be used as ingredients to prevent oxidation in stored frozen minced gilthead sea bream muscle, when long term preservation is not needed. The rate of lipid oxidation depends on antioxidant source. The rosemary essential oil proved to be more efficient in preventing lipid oxidation of minced gilthead sea bream muscle than oregano essential oil.     

Effects of lotus rhizome root powder made by different levels and drying methods on the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of regular-fat model sausages

The effects on physicochemical properties and shelf-life of regular-fat model sausages (RFMSs) added with oven-dried or freeze-dried lotus rhizome root powder (LRRP, ≤150 µm) at two different concentrations (0.5% or 1%) were investigated in this study. RFMSs added with LRRP showed decreased lightness (L*), reduced microbial counts, and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), but increased redness (a*), yellowness (b*), hardness, and cohesiveness. The changes in L*, a*, and b* of RFMSs treated with 1% oven-dried LRRP were the largest. Furthermore, addition of 1% oven-dried LRRP to the RFMSs minimised the TBARS value and the microbial count. RFMSs treated with LRRP had a denser and more compact microstructure than RFMSs without LRRP based on low-vacuum scanning electron microscopy analysis. Therefore, LRRP improved the shelf-life of RFMSs, especially 1% oven-dried LRRP inhibited the maximum lipid oxidation and microbial growth.     

Effect of grape seed extract on physicochemical properties of ground, salted, chicken thigh meat during refrigerated storage at different relative humidity levels

ABSTRACT:  The effect of grape seed extract (GSE, 0.1%) ± NaCl (1%) in ground chicken thigh meat during refrigerated storage at 59%, 76%, 88%, and 99% relative humidity (RH) was examined. Compared to the untreated control, GSE (0.1%) delayed the reduction of water activity (a_w) that occurred during refrigerated storage at different relative humidity levels but had no effect on moisture content or pH compared to the untreated control. GSE inhibited the formation of a secondary marker of lipid oxidation (TBARS) compared to the untreated control and altered the effect of NaCl on TBARS formation. The formation of TBARS was affected by RH level across all treatment groups in the order of 99% > 88% > 76% > 59%. Further analysis revealed that this effect likely is due to the presence of NaCl, which suggests that RH storage does not affect the formation of TBARS except in salted patties, the effect of which is mitigated by the addition of GSE. NaCl, but not GSE, increased both sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar protein solubility after 12 d of refrigerated storage, suggesting increased protein denaturation. This study shows that GSE is an effective antioxidant in ground chicken thigh meat that does not affect moisture content or pH during storage, inhibits TBARS formation, helps to mitigate the prooxidative effects of NaCl, and may alter the effect of NaCl on protein solubility in salted chicken patties. Future work is needed to determine how the physicochemical interactions of GSE affect important cooked meat quality attributes.     

Lipid Oxidation in Microsomal Fraction of Squid Muscle (Loligo peali)

Frozen squid is susceptible to both lipid oxidation and yellow/brown discoloration during frozen storage. The involvement of lipid oxidation in the microsomal fraction of squid muscle on oxidative rancidity and discoloration was investigated using iron and either enzymatic or non‐enzymatic redox cycling pathways. Lipid oxidation was measured by thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS), and color changes were measured spectrophotometrically using an integrating sphere. The lipid oxidation was not observed in the squid microsomes in the presence of Fe³⁺ and β‐nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide disodium salt (NADH) or β‐nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced (NADPH), suggesting that the enzymatic redox cycling pathway was not active. Iron‐promoted TBARS formation was observed in the non‐enzymatic pathway when ascorbic acid was used as a reducing compound. Non‐enzymatic lipid oxidation increased with increasing temperature (4 °C to 37 °C), iron (0 to 100 μM), and ascorbic acid (0 to 200 μM) concentrations. As lipid oxidation in the microsomes or isolated microsomal lipids increased, color changes were observed as could be seen by an increase in b* values (yellowness) and a decrease in a* (redness) values. The ability of iron and ascorbate to promote both lipid oxidation and pigment formation in the microsomal fraction suggests that this pathway could be responsible for quality deterioration of squid muscle during storage.     

刺梨水提物对牦牛肉糜贮藏过程蛋白质和脂质氧化影响的研究

本研究旨在探讨刺梨水提物（Rosa roxburghii Tratt Aqueous Extract,RRTAE）对牦牛肉糜在贮藏过程蛋白质和脂质氧化的影响规律。与空白对照、0.02%二丁基羟基甲苯（Butylated Hydroxy Toluene,BHT）进行比较,添加0.02%、0.10%、0.20% RRTAE到牦牛肉糜中,测定贮藏1、3、6、9 d各组牦牛肉糜的色泽、pH、硫代巴比妥酸（Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances,TBARS）值、荧光化合物（有机相δ For、水相δ Faq）、共轭二烯（Conjugated Diolefins,CD）值、羰基含量、表面疏水性、色氨酸含量、二聚酪氨酸含量、感官品质。结果表明,与空白对照、阳性对照（0.02%BHT）相比,0.10%、0.20%RRTAE可显著降低牦牛肉糜的pH（P<0.05）,0.02%RRTAE与阳性对照组效果接近,且RRTAE可改善其感官品质,显著抑制a*、b*值的降低（P<0.05）,但对L*值有一定的负面作用;0.02% RRTAE可显著降低其TBARS值、二聚酪氨酸含量（P<0.05）,且抑制效果随RRTAE添加量的增加而提高;添加0.20% RRTAE可显著降低其δ Faq、羰基含量、表面疏水性、色氨酸荧光值（P<0.05）。本研究认为,RRTAE具有改善牦牛肉糜贮藏过程理化特性的作用,可以作为肉糜保鲜中有潜力的抗氧化剂。     

香辛料提取物对速冻牛肉丸脂肪氧化控制的研究

研究添加迷迭香、丁香、肉桂提取物对－18℃冻藏牛肉丸脂肪氧化、颜色稳定性和感官评定的影响。测定结果以肉丸在储存期间的硫代巴比妥酸值(TBARS值)、过氧化物值(PV值)、颜色(L*、a*值)和感官评定指标。结果表明：与对照组相比,随着贮藏时间的增加,添加香辛料提取物的各处理组能够显著延缓脂肪氧化(P＜0.05);亮度L*值呈现出先下降后上升的趋势,而红度a*值逐渐降低;贮藏120d后,添加香辛料提取物的各处理组具有较好的滋气味与颜色。表明添加香辛料提取物在一定程度上可以减缓脂肪氧化速度,同时还可以改善风味,掩盖脂肪氧化酸败味。     

不同速冻处理方式对大口黑鲈鱼肉冻藏期间品质变化影响

为比较液氮速冻、冷冻液浸渍速冻和平板速冻3 种速冻方式对大口黑鲈鱼肉冻藏期间品质变化的影响,将鲜活样品宰杀切块后冻藏,期间分别测定总挥发性盐基氮（total volatile base nitrogen,TVB-N）含量、硫代巴比妥酸反应物（thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARs）值、pH值、剪切力、色差、解冻损失率和加压失水率等指标,综合分析冻藏期间鱼肉的品质变化。结果表明,冻藏0～12 周期间液氮速冻组鲈鱼块TVB-N含量显著低于平板速冻组与冷冻液速冻组（P＜0.05）,冻藏24 周时平板速冻组鲈鱼块TVB-N含量最低。冻藏期间TVB-N含量、TBARs值与解冻损失率呈上升趋势,加压失水率、剪切力均呈下降趋势,pH值呈先下降后上升趋势。冻藏结束时,平板速冻组鲈鱼块亮度值最低,液氮速冻组鲈鱼块红度值最大,冷冻液速冻组鲈鱼块黄度值最大。相关性分析结果表明,鱼肉脂肪氧化程度与持水性、新鲜度、色泽均呈极显著相关性（P＜0.01）。综上所述,液氮速冻可在一定程度上延缓鲈鱼肉冻藏品质的劣变,且较适用于短期贮藏。     

Characteristics of restructured beef steak with different proportions of walnut during frozen storage

Physicochemical (thawing loss, cooking loss, surface shrinkage, texture, colour and lipid oxidation) and sensory properties of restructured beef steak with different levels of added walnut (0%, 10% and 20%) were determined at various times during frozen storage up to 128 days. Cooking loss (CL), Kramer shear force (KSF) and binding strength (BS) of restructured beef decreased (P<0.05) as the proportion of walnut increased. Walnut enhanced (P<0.05) lightness and yellowness and reduced (P<0.05) redness. Frozen storage did not affect (P>0.05) CL, KSF and BS of restructured beef steak. Redness decreased (P<0.05) over storage for all samples. Lipid oxidation of restructured beef steak containing walnut was not a limiting factor for frozen stability of meat products. Frozen storage had no effect (P>0.05) on the sensory quality of restructured beef steak.     

Effects of Green Tea and Grape Seed and TBHQ on Physicochemical Properties of Baladi Goat Meats

The effect of natural extracts of green tea or commercial grape seed in combination with synthetic tert methyl-butylhydroquinone at different concentrations on lipid oxidation and the redness of goat meats stored at 5°C for 9 days was evaluated. Fresh boneless Baladi goat meats were ground and mixed at varying concentrations of green tea or grape seed extract alone or combined with tert methyl-butylhydroquinone. The color values of raw goat meat and the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance values of raw and cooked goat meats were determined following 0, 3, 6, and 9 days of storage at 5°C. The antioxidant activity of the plant extracts and the tert methyl-butylhydroquinone ranged from 4.6–10.2 h induction time using an oxidative stability instrument. Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance values ranged from 0.21 to 1.21 and 0.31 to 4.57 mg malondialdehyde/kg (goat meat) for the raw and cooked goat meats, respectively. Tert methyl-butylhydroquinone and plant extracts significantly decreased lipid oxidation of the goat meats, with a higher level of addition being more effective in minimizing lipid oxidation. Grape seed extract significantly increased the redness, while green tea extract decreased it; no effect of tert methyl-butylhydroquinone on the redness of goat meats was observed. This study has shown that inclusion of natural extracts of green tea and grape seed in goat meat could reduce lipid oxidation during its storage.     

Effect of grape antioxidant dietary fibre on the prevention of lipid oxidation in minced fish: Evaluation by different methodologies

The effect of grape antioxidant dietary fibre (GADF) addition to minced fish muscle (MFM) on lipid stability during frozen storage (6 months) was studied. Concentrations of 0%, 2%, and 4% GADF were added to MFM samples. Analyses were carried out immediately after preparation of samples and during and after storage at −20 °C. GADF was characterized in terms of dietary fibre, total polyphenols and antioxidant capacity, and multifunctional antioxidant assays were carried out on all the MFM samples. The addition of red grape fibre considerably delayed lipid oxidation in minced horse mackerel muscle during the first 3 months of frozen storage.     

Role of deoxyhemoglobin in lipid oxidation of washed cod muscle mediated by trout, poultry and beef hemoglobins

Deoxyhemoglobin content was measured in hemoglobins from trout, chicken and bovine sources between pH 5.5 and 7.5. With decreasing pH, deoxyhemoglobin content of trout was highest, low to intermediate in chicken, and lowest in beef hemoglobin. Each type of hemoglobin was added to washed cod muscle and lipid oxidation assessed during 2?°C storage. The lipid oxidation rate was trout > chicken > beef based on thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS) and lipid hydroperoxide formation. There was no significant difference in pro-oxidative activity of chicken compared to turkey hemoglobin. Hemoglobins from trout appeared to oxidize more rapidly compared to chicken hemoglobin in the washed cod muscle model system, as measured by a decrease in redness (a-value) during storage. Loss of red color was slowest in beef samples. These studies suggest that deoxyhemoglobin may be a major catalyst of lipid oxidation at post mortem pH values found in muscle foods, especially in fish and poultry compared to beef.     

The effect of α-tocopherol and butylated hydroxyanisole on the colour properties and lipid oxidation of kavurma, a cooked meat product

Kavurma is a cooked meat product and is consumed sliced. The amount of animal fat in kavurma (30-40%) is higher than in other meat products; therefore, lipid oxidation and colour defects are a major problem during storage and in the market place. To preserve the quality characteristics of kavurma in markets antioxidants must be added and the product must be packaged and stored at low temperature. In this study, the effects of α-tocopherol and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) levels on lipid oxidation and colour deterioration of sliced and vacuum-packaged kavurma were investigated. Kavurma was made from beef meat and melted beef fat in 5 groups: No-added antioxidant, 50mg/kg BHA, 100mg/kg BHA, 50mg/kg α-tocopherol and 100mg/kg α-tocopherol. The kavurma produced was sliced (3-4-cm thick) and vacuum packed and stored at 4°C for 300 days, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance, pH, moisture, lightness, redness and yellowness values of sliced product were determined during storage. The use of antioxidants in kavurma production caused a significant (P<0.01) decrease in the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values. The lipid oxidative stability effect of the antioxidants was in following order: 100mg/kg BHA>100mg/kg α-tocopherol>50mg/kg BHA=50mg/kg α-tocopherol>no-added antioxidant group. Also, TBARS values did not differ significantly (P>0.05) between 0 and 300 days in the 100mg/kg BHA and 100mg/kg α-tocopherol groups. In addition, the no-added antioxidant group had lower lightness and yellowness values than all the antioxidant groups. Sliced and vacuum-packaged kavurma with added antioxidant showed greater colour and lipid oxidative stability during storage than kavurma to which no antioxidant was added.     

Ascorbate, green tea and grape seed extracts increase the shelf life of low sulphite beef patties

Green tea (GTE) and grape seed (GSE) extracts are proposed as preservatives for increasing the shelf life of low sulphite raw beef patties. The antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of both extracts were compared with ascorbate. Five groups were established for the patties: Control (with no additives), S (100 SO₂), SA (100 SO₂ + 400 sodium ascorbate), ST (100 SO₂ + 300 GTE) and SG (100 SO₂ + 300 GSE) (mg per kg of meat). Patties were stored at 4 °C in aerobic packaging for 0, 3, 6 or 9 days under retail display conditions. Meat spoilage (total viable and coliform counts, pH, lightness, chroma, hue angle, metmyoglobin and TBARS) was determined. The sensory contribution of the extracts to cooked patties was evaluated (colour, odour, flavour and texture). The results pointed to the possibility of using low SO₂-vegetable extract combinations to preserve raw meat products. ST, SG and SA delayed microbial spoilage, redness loss and lipid oxidation, thus increasing the shelf life of the raw sulphite beef patties by 3 days. ST, SG and SA also delayed the onset of rancid flavours in cooked patties. No anomalous sensory traits were caused by either extract. Ascorbate, GTE and GSE improved the preservative effects of SO₂ on beef patties, especially against meat oxidation. This suggested that the quantity of SO₂ added can be reduced to obtain healthier raw meat products.     

响应面法优化天然抗氧化剂抑制调理鸡排褪色和脂质氧化工艺

目的：为延缓调理鸡排贮藏期间的褪色和脂质氧化,研究迷迭香提取物和抗坏血酸对其红度（a*）值和脂肪氧化的影响。方法：采用单因素试验结合中心组合试验设计,对腌制液中迷迭香提取物和抗坏血酸的添加量进行优化,以a*值和脂肪氧化值作为响应值筛选最佳配比。结果：单因素和响应面试验结果表明,迷迭香提取物和抗坏血酸添加量对鸡排a*值和脂肪氧化值具有显著影响。以a*值和脂肪氧化值为响应值,得到2 个二次多项式回归方程,决定系数R2分别为0.932 0、0.886 3,失拟项的P值均大于0.05,说明2 个模型均建立有效。迷迭香提取物的一次项（P＜0.05）、抗坏血酸的一次项和二次项（P＜0.01）对鸡排a*值影响显著;迷迭香提取物的一次项（P＜0.01）和抗坏血酸的二次项（P＜0.05）对脂肪氧化影响显著。结论：当设定a*值最高、脂肪氧化值最低时,获得最佳复配参数为迷迭香添加量0.198 g/kg、抗坏血酸添加量0.255 g/kg,经验证实验测得50 d后调理鸡排的a*值为21.88,脂肪氧化值为0.59 mg/kg,与拟合结果一致。