Effect of high hydrostatic pressure on antimicrobial activity and quality of Manuka honey

The antimicrobial activity of Manuka honey is of major interest to beekeepers and the honey industry. In this study, the effect of high hydrostatic pressure and thermal treatments on antimicrobial activity and quality parameters (principally, diastase number and hydroxymethylfurfural levels (HMF)) of Manuka honey were investigated. The honey was subjected to different pressures (100-800MPa) at 25°C for a range of holding times (15-120min). The antimicrobial activity was found to increase with applied pressure for a given holding time, while the diastase number and HMF levels remained, more or less, unaffected. The percentage inhibition in microbial growth correlated linearly (R(2)=0.94) with methyglyoxal concentration in the honey after treatment over the entire range of pressure, temperature and holding times studied. Maximum percentage inhibition (78.83%) was achieved when honey was subjected to 800MPa compared to the control (57.93%). Thermal treatments at higher temperatures were found to have a detrimental effect on antimicrobial activity based on percentage inhibition as well as methylglyoxal content. Thus, it can be concluded that the levels of methylglyoxal, and therefore the antimicrobial effect of Manuka honey, can be enhanced by using high pressure processing without adversely affecting honey quality.     

Descriptive analysis of Rubus honey from the north‐west of Spain

A study of Rubus honey was conducted to determine their sugar composition, physicochemical properties, phenol and flavonoid contents, and sensorial and pollen characteristics. The principal pollen types present in the studied samples were Rubus, Castanea and Cytisus. Other pollen types such as Trifolium, some Erica sp., Eucalyptus or Echium were present in more than 50% of the pollen spectra. The sensorial characteristics of Rubus honey were amber‐to‐amber dark in colour, floral and/or vegetal olfactory perceptions with medium‐to‐low intensity and persistence, medium floral aftertaste and a fruity aroma. Physicochemical analysis showed that the honey had good quality and freshness. Phenol and flavonoid contents varied greatly and were related to the mineral content and colour of the honey. A stepwise regression analysis was performed using colour as the dependent variable, and flavonoid, electrical conductivity, and Rubus pollen as the independent variables.     

Non-pollen particulates in honey and sugar

A total of 19 honey samples, mostly from Germany but also from France, Italy, Spain and Mexico, were analysed for non-pollen particulates. Only coloured fibres and fragments were quantified. Transparent fibres, considered to be cellulosic because they could be stained with fuchsin, were not quantified. Coloured material was found in all the samples investigated. Fibre counts ranged from 40/kg to 660/kg of honey, with a mean value of 166 ± 147/kg of honey, whereas fragments were considerably less abundant (0–38/kg of honey; mean 9 ± 9/kg of honey). Sources are tentatively identified as environmental, that is particles having been transported by the bees into the hive, or having been introduced during honey processing or both. In addition, five commercial sugars were analysed. In all the refined samples, transparent and coloured fibres (mean 217 ± 123/kg of sugar) and fragments (32 ± 7/kg of sugar) were found. Unrefined cane sugar had 560 fibres and 540 fragments per kilogram of honey. In addition, in both honey and sugar samples, granular non-pollen material was observed.     

Authentication of honey sample via test sample and principal component analysis

The use of principal component analysis (PCA) of large data sets for the authentication of honey samples is illustrated. The procedure uses a predetermined training set of the most characteristic honeys selected by PCA from a large collection of various honeys. The PCA solution of the training set and sample in question, results in a plot indicating honey position and membership to rape, heather, or honeydew honey. The procedure is general and can be applied and extended for authentication of other foodstuffs.     

凝固型蜂蜜酸奶高还原糖转化率菌株的诱变育种

通过对两种乳酸菌(德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种和唾液链球菌嗜热亚种)进行紫外线(UV)和硫酸二乙酯(DES)单因素诱变,确定了适宜紫外线照射时间、DES诱变的振荡时间;以UV和DES对两种菌进行复合诱变,筛选得到性能优良的两种乳酸菌各一株。复合诱变所得菌株的遗传性能稳定,还原糖转化率较出发菌株分别提高了24.65%和21.73%;发酵所得蜂蜜酸奶品质优良,满足了凝固型蜂蜜酸奶发酵对菌种的要求。     

高效液相色谱法鉴别蜂蜜中掺入蜂王浆来源的蛋白质

目的建立高效液相色谱法鉴别蜂蜜中掺入蜂王浆来源的蛋白质。方法样品经前处理后,经Diamonsil Plus C_(18)色谱柱(150 mm×4.6 mm, 5μm)分离,以乙腈和0.1%磷酸水溶液为流动相进行等度洗脱,外标法定量检测蜂蜜中10-羟基-2-癸烯酸(10-hydroxy-2-decanoicacid,10-HDA)的含量,确定是否掺入蜂王浆。结果基于161个各产区的纯正蜂蜜数据,提出纯正蜂蜜中10-羟基-2-癸烯酸含量应小于0.50 mg/kg。5种蜂蜜样本的回收率为96.9%～101.6%,相对标准偏差为1.6%～5.9%。对121个日常检测样品进行鉴定,其中16个有10-HAD超过判定值,被认为掺有蜂王浆来源的蛋白质。结论该方法准确可靠,适用于蜂蜜中10-羟基-2-癸烯酸含量的测定以及蜂蜜中掺入蜂王浆来源蛋白质的鉴别。     

市售洋槐蜜、紫云英蜜质量分析

通过对市售瓶装洋槐蜜、紫云英蜜质量指标的测定,了解它们的质量状况。结果:达到GB18796-2005要求的,洋槐蜜中有2、4、5、10号样本,合格率为40%;紫云英蜜中有3、4、6号样本,合格率为30%。结论:市售洋槐蜜和紫云英蜜的质量有待提高,应当加强监管。      

Functional properties of biscuits with whey protein concentrate and honey

The effects of honey, lemon juice, and two different whey protein concentrates (WPC) on the structural and functional properties of biscuits, were analysed. Firmness, elasticity, relaxation time, adhesiveness, consistency and cohesiveness of dough and colour, fracture stress and fracture strain of biscuits were also determined. The presence of WPC with a high protein content produced a decrease in the firmness and consistency and an increase in the cohesiveness of dough. Honey increased the adhesiveness of dough, mainly in samples with the WPC of lower protein content and lemon juice, and tended to decrease dough relaxation time. The fracture stress of biscuits decreased with the incorporation of WPC. Also, honey increased the red undertone and yellowness of biscuits and decreased their lightness; however, the addition of lemon juice reduced these effects.     

Characterisation of natural honey proteins: implications for the floral and geographical origin of honey

Characterisation of honey proteins has been considered advantageous for differentiating floral and geographical origin of honey. We analysed protein profiles of multi‐ and mono‐floral honey samples from different regions and harvest dates. The molecular masses of chromatographic peaks were in the range of 10–>200 kDa. Owing to comparable molecular masses, interesting correlation between profiles of honey proteins reported earlier and observed in this study could be established. Chromatograms of honey proteins revealed three novel peaks of molecular masses ～220, 129 and 26 kDa. Statistical analysis of peak areas showed that the 84‐kDa peak was different among all honey samples and the 220‐kDa peak was important for differentiation between multi‐ and mono‐floral honey samples. Chromatograms of several‐year‐old honey samples were different from fresh samples because of depletion of high molecular mass peaks that indicated in situ proteolysis. The results supported the notion of applying gel filtration as cost‐effective and robust technique for honey protein characterisation.     

Determination of some individual phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of mead produced from different types of honey

The aim of this study was to promote mead (honey wine) production by testing the appropriateness of different honey varieties which were obtained from the flora of Turkey for the production of mead. Cotton‐Mezda (Gossypium spp.), pine (Pinus spp.) and flower honeys were used in the fermentation studies. Pure culture Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeasts were used in the mead studies. While determining the phenolic contents of meads via HPLC method, five phenolic acids and two flavonoids were used as standards with known antioxidant properties. In addition, total antioxidant activity was analysed in meads using trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC). Among the phenolic acids, the most abundant one was protocatechuic acid (75.12–179.03 μg/L) and among flavonoids it was catechin (10.38–125.55 μg/L). It was found out that total phenolic content ranged from 103.56 GAE to 167.89 GAE mg/L. Copyright © 2017 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

Mineral analysis of mono-floral New Zealand honey

The levels of 18 different minerals in ten locally produced mono-floral honeys (clover, honeydew, kāmahi, mānuka, nodding thistle, rātā, rewarewa, tāwari, thyme and viper’s bugloss honey) were determined, as well as moisture content, pH, conductivity and colour. The most abundant minerals were potassium, phosphorus and calcium, ranging between 34.8–3640, 29.5–255 and 7.21–94.3 mg/kg, respectively. Potassium made up 73% of the total mineral content. There was a large range of mean total mineral contents, with honeydew honey having the highest level (4060 mg/kg) and viper’s bugloss honey the lowest (126 mg/kg). Honeydew had more than twice the mean total mineral contents than kāmahi, the next highest. The heavy metal contents (Cd, Pb and Zn) of the mono-floral honey types investigated were very low. A strong positive relationship between mean conductivity and total mineral content (r² = 0.973), and pH and total mineral content (r² = 0.776) was observed in this study.     

琯溪蜜柚皮乙醇提取物的抑菌及防腐效果

以乙醇作提取剂,制备琯溪蜜柚皮提取物,探讨其对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、啤酒酵母和黑曲霉的抑菌效果。滤纸片扩散法测定蜜柚皮醇提物的抑菌活性,固体稀释法测定蜜柚皮醇提物的最小抑菌浓度,研究了温度、pH对蜜柚皮醇提物抑菌效果的影响,并进行了果蔬的防腐保鲜初步实验。结果表明,蜜柚皮醇提物对金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、啤酒酵母具有较强的抑菌效果,其最低抑菌浓度分别为6.25%、12.5%和12.5%;对大肠杆菌和黑曲霉没有明显的抑菌效果。蜜柚皮醇提物的抑菌效果受温度影响较小,受pH影响较大,酸性环境下抑制作用较强。蜜柚皮醇提物具有良好抑菌和防腐保鲜效果,可作为天然食品防腐剂进行开发和利用。     

Effects of honey types and heating treatment on the textural,thermal, microstructural,and chemical properties of glutinous rice flour gels

Hardening issue in starch-based products that arises during storage, is ascribed to the long-term starch retrogradation which involves the recrystallisation of amylopectin. Present study aimed to delay storage hardening with the addition of high diastase honey bee honey (HBH) and low diastase kelulut bee honey (KBH) into glutinous rice flour (GRF) gels. As compared to KBH, retardation of texture deterioration by HBH was more prominent as evidenced by the significantly (p < .05) lowest hardness and rate of hardening of GRF gel added with HBH (honeygel) throughout the 7-day storage. Heated honey and sugar solution did not reduce gel hardness that gel weakening was associated to the naturally occurring diastase in raw honey. Hence, only conventional GRF gel (congel), GRF gel added with KBH (kelugel) and honeygel were assessed for intrinsic viscosity, thermal, microstructural and chemical properties. The results were substantiated by the significantly (p < .05) lowest intrinsic viscosity (62.93 mL/g) and thermal enthalpy (333.7 J/g) of honeygel. A weak gel network structure was illustrated in honeygel with the significantly (p < .05) highest pore diameter (125.27 μm). In conclusion, the GRF gel has successfully demonstrated the potential of honey diastase in inhibiting the long-term retrogradation which could solve the industrial real problem.     

蜂蜜酸奶的研制

以新鲜优质的蜂蜜和牛奶为原料,以保加利亚乳杆菌为发酵菌种,对蜂蜜酸奶的工艺进行了研究。通过正交实验确定出发酵工艺的参数和产品的最佳配方,研制出了一种具有独特风味的保健酸奶。试验结果表明:蜂蜜量12%,接种量3%,蔗糖量1%,最佳复合稳定剂为琼脂∶CMC=0.1∶0.1,发酵温度42℃,发酵时间5h。     

荞麦蜜抗氧化成分的挖掘和活性评价

目的确定荞麦蜜中具有抗氧化活性的主要成分。方法分别采用细胞抗氧化方法 (cellular antioxidant activity,CAA)、清除DPPH·自由基和氧自由基吸收能力法(oxygen radical absorbance capacity,ORAC法)测定荞麦蜜多酚粗提物及通过凝胶色谱柱分离的8个级份的抗氧化活性,并采用液相色谱-质谱法(liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry,LC-MS)对活性较高的级份进行鉴定。结果荞麦蜜多酚粗提物和级份8对DPPH·自由基清除能力明显强于其他级份强(P0.05),IC_(50)值分别为139.3μg/mL和180.1μg/mL;而ORAC评价发现级份5、8的ORAC值比其他组份高(P0.05),抗氧化活性高,且级份5、8的ORAC值差异不显著(P0.05),IC_(50)值分别为84.54、84.24 mmol/mg,细胞抗氧化方法评价结果显示级份3、4、8的抗氧化活性好于其他级份和多酚粗提物(P0.05),其EC_(50)值分别为0.369、0.305、0.126 mg/mL,且3者之间没有显著性差异(P0.05)。由此可见级份8可能含有荞麦蜜中特征性抗氧化成分。结论实验表明4-羟基苯甲酸、香草酸、对香豆酸和柠檬酸是荞麦蜜多酚具有抗氧化活性的主要成分,为提高荞麦蜜产品的商品价值提供理论依据。     

Detection of inverted beet sugar adulteration of honey by FTIR spectroscopy

A combination of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and multivariate statistics as a screening tool for the determination of beet medium invert sugar adulteration in three different varieties of honey is discussed. Honey samples with different concentrations of beet invert sugar were scanned using the attenuated total reflectance (ATR) accessory of the Bio‐Rad FTS‐6000 Fourier transform spectrometer. The spectral wavenumber region between 950 and 1500 cm^?1 was selected for partial least squares (PLS) regression to develop calibration models for beet invert sugar determination in honey samples. Results from the PLS (first derivative) models were slightly better than those obtained with other calibration models. Predictive models were also developed to classify beet sugar invert in three different varieties of honey samples using discriminant analysis. Spectral data were compressed using the principal component method, and linear discriminant and canonical variate analyses were used to detect the level of beet invert sugar in honey samples. The best predictive model for adulterated honey samples was achieved with canonical variate analysis, which successfully classified 88–94 per cent of the validation set. The present study demonstrated that Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy could be used for rapid detection of beet invert sugar adulteration in different varieties of honey. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

蜂蜜添加方式对羊酸乳品质及抗氧化活性的影响

在羊乳中添加蜂蜜,研制一款功能性乳制品。分别于羊乳发酵前和发酵后添加枣花蜜,比较不同工艺蜂蜜羊酸乳的发酵速度、感官品质、菌数、持水力、质构特性以及抗氧化活性差异。发酵前加入枣花蜜,有助于缩短羊酸乳凝乳时间,但整体口感稍差,乳酸菌增殖抑制程度较大,持水力下降,硬度、稠度、内聚性和黏性指数有所降低,抗氧化活性则显著提高;而发酵结束后添加枣花蜜,羊酸乳凝乳时间无显著变化,但整体风味和口感、持水力及抗氧化活性均得到有效提高,且乳酸菌增殖抑制程度较小,硬度、稠度、内聚性和黏性指数则明显降低。蜂蜜添加方式对羊酸乳发酵速度、品质及抗氧化活性有显著影响,可根据产品目标选择合适工艺。     

我国与俄罗斯蜂蜜标准技术指标差异分析

目的 研究中俄蜂蜜标准的差异,为开展进口蜂蜜风险分析、防范食品安全风险提供依据,并为我国蜂蜜标准修订和完善提供参考。方法 搜集整理中俄两国现行蜂蜜标准,对其中涉及蜂蜜品质、真假及安全卫生的指标和限量进行比较和分析。结果 中俄两国蜂蜜标准在检测指标的设立和限量要求上各有侧重。总体上俄罗斯蜂蜜标准中理化指标较我国严格,农兽药残留指标设立较我国广泛但不具体,俄罗斯标准中规定了放射性核素指标,我国标准中规定了微生物指标。结论 中俄蜂蜜标准差异是导致俄罗斯进口蜂蜜不合格的原因之一,对此,相关部门应重点关注,加强安全准入和质量监管,强化风险意识,并进一步完善我国蜂蜜标准体系。     

蜂蜜蛋白复合固体饮料制备工艺研究

对喷雾干燥法制备蜂蜜蛋白复合固体饮料工艺进行了研究。通过正交试验得出最佳喷雾干燥工艺参数为进风温度210℃、进料速率20mL/min、离心转速24000r/min,最佳配方为蜂蜜40.0%、低DE值麦芽糊精38.0%、脱脂乳粉16.4%、大豆分离蛋白1.5%、β-环状糊精4.1%,在该工艺条件下原料营养损失很小。