大型空调系统生命周期评价与能源利用评价模型

基于西安咸阳国际机场货运中心空调系统,利用生命周期理论和层次分析法针对能源高效利用途径进行了研究。针对生命周期方法和层次分析法应用于建筑能源进行了深入分析,结合实际案例数据进行了生命周期清单分析,数据来源与所提模型紧密结合,基于层次分析法框架性模型,以空调工程各种资源的消耗值和各种环境影响潜值分析为例,量化剖析了如何利用全生命周期影响评价对耗能项目进行评价。结合案例数据的生命周期评价提出了能源利用评价层次模型,并针对模型给出了从全生命周期角度调整建立能源利用过程监控与评价等建议。     

基于数字孪生的长城文化遗产保护与传承 研究

长城文化遗产长期面临风、水、冰雹等自然环境 风险。现有研究偏向理论,缺乏基于数字孪生的实证研究, 尤其缺乏长城文化遗产环境灾害仿真模拟预测的研究。将数 字孪生理论模型与实际案例结合,通过流固耦合分析模拟探 索风环境对北京蟠龙山长城的影响,评估风对建筑结构的影 响,探讨植被、建筑体量等变量对风环境的影响。结果显 示,数字孪生模型能够有效预测文化遗产在风环境下的风险 分布,同时,植被和建筑体量的变化明显影响了风蚀程度。 对于局部坍塌拱券的模拟分析揭示了文化遗产在强风和冰雹 灾害下受损的机理。     

Sustainability assessment for recreational buildings

A large amount of natural resources and energy is wasted during and after the building construction process which might cause environmental problems such as climate changes. In order to achieve higher standards of environmental protection a range of building assessment systems has been established. However, they are mostly connected with the efficiency of an environmental protection and consumption of resources. Only few of them have limited possibilities to assess social and economic sustainability. A sustainable building includes aspects of environment, economy and society and therefore requirements to its assessment systems should be complex. We suggest that sustainability principles, that is, environmental, social and economic sustainability, should be estimated in the same equal weightings. The authors of this article created a model for assessing the sustainability for recreational buildings. Our model was created, in collaboration with experts, using breakdown, compensation and the analytic hierarchy process methods. The sustainability of Druskininkai Snow Arena (Lithuania) was assessed using a sustainability assessment system based on the proposed model.     

环境工程专业生产实习面临的问题与改革措施

生产实习环节是工科专业本科生培养的一个非常重要的实践性教学环节。以重庆大学环境工程专业生产实习的集中实习环节为例,分析了环境工程专业实习所面临的主要问题,提出了优化实习与教学的结合、充分开发自身资源、结合多媒体影音库建设和开发计算机模拟系统等实习改革措施,建议为适应教育发展新形式,应重新耦合生产实习集中阶段与理论教学过程,使学生能够真正做到理论联系实际。     

装配式建筑信息化管理的探索与实践

随着建筑行业劳动力成本的增加及人们环境意识的提高,对劳动力依赖小、环境影响小的装配式建筑开始受到关注。然而,装配式建筑对信息管理的要求高,传统信息管理手段难以满足装配式建筑的需求。因此,基于智慧工地理论,集成BIM、物联网、移动互联网和大数据等先进信息技术,提出装配式建筑信息管理模型,并结合实际案例说明模型在装配式建筑设计、生产、施工和运维环节的具体应用。装配式建筑信息管理模型为智慧工地理论提供了实际的应用框架,为以后的相关研究提供了参考,同时为装配式建筑的设计、生产、施工和运维 4 个阶段提供了高效的信息管理手段。     

A comprehensive model for streamlining low-energy building design

Building designers are often limited in their ability to reduce the environmental impact of buildings, due to a lack of information on the environmental performance of building components as well as inconsistencies in the way in which this information is derived. Whilst numerous tools exist to help facilitate the low-energy building design process, these typically require large investments of time and money that are often beyond those available within any particular project. This paper describes an approach for streamlining the design process to reduce building life cycle energy consumption. Building assemblies are ranked based on an assessment of the life cycle energy requirements associated with their use within a building. This facilitates early stage assessment, negating the need for a resolved design before the relative energy requirements of alternate design solutions are known. Previous work assessed the initial and recurring embodied energy as well as the operational energy requirements for heating and cooling associated with the use of a range of building assemblies, using a simplified house model. This paper presents a sensitivity analysis of variations to the floor area, shape and orientation of this model, to test the reliability and applicability of the ranking approach across a broad range of circumstances. It was found that these variations did not influence the ranked order of the assemblies in terms of their life cycle energy requirements. Thus, the ranking of assemblies appears to provide an appropriate approach for streamlining the selection of construction elements during the building design process.     

天窗架承重式锯齿形厂房模型动力试验分析

本文总结了三个三跨一间的锯齿形厂房模型的模拟地震振动台试验结果,并与弹塑性地震反应计算结果进行了对比,在此基础上对天窗架承重式锯齿形厂房的抗震性能作出了评价。     

工程供应链中物流管理的关键问题与对策研究

工程供应链物流管理对于工程系统绩效具有十分重要的意义。根据工程物流的实际运作情况,构建出工程供应链物流管理的概念模型并对其进行系统分析。在此基础上,提出了工程供应链物流管理的特点及其面临的关键问题;并遵循工程供应链物流管理的协调优化思想给出几点策略建议:构建"集成"、"协调"与"共享"的物流运作原则;统一规划物流运作系统,构建可靠的物流运作网络;与供应商构建战略伙伴关系,整合物流运营商的运输能力;构建施工承包商与物资供应商的信息共享机制等,旨在为提高工程供应链中物流管理的绩效提供理论依据。     

结合BIM 的工程项目全生命周期环境影响评价与决策分析方法研究

工程建设项目的能源消耗和污染物排放给环境带来巨大的影响。从建设项目全生命周期角度出发,运用BIM 技术及工具构建建设项目的多维信息模型,并进一步定义BIM 模型元素和建筑材料的关系,量化建筑物建筑材料的环境影响,运用层次分析法建立建设项目环境影响评价指标库。以南京市某大学在建的科研用楼设计方案为例,建模并进行计算,分析建筑物对环境影响重要因素,为建设项目全生命周期环境影响评价提供新思路,为建筑物设计阶段的方案优化提供理论支持。     

An analysis to understand how the shape of a concrete residential building influences its embodied energy and embodied carbon

The built environment is recognized as a major hotspot of resource use and environmental impacts. Life Cycle Assessment( LCA) has been increasingly used to assess the environmental impacts of construction products and buildings and a new trend is characterized by the application of LCA to larger systems such as neighborhoods during early design phases. Assessing urban development projects at the master-planning stage raises the issue of inventory data collection,especially for building materials which are reported to account for about 20%of primary energy consumption in buildings,and up to 45% of associated greenhouse gas emissions. Urban planners focus on the urban morphology and little information is know n about the buildings characteristics apart from their general shape. This paper proposes a simplified model for the assessment of buildings embodied energy and embodied carbon in relation w ith urban planners' design levers. The model relies on the decomposition of buildings into functional elements in order to be sensitive to the shape of the buildings. A detailed sensitivity analysis and contribution analysis of the model is conducted on two types of generic building forms,in order to investigate the influence of parameters relating to shape on the embodied energy and embodied carbon of a building. The sensitivity analysis show s that the parameters relating to shape( such as the dimension of the buildings) are more influential on the embodied energy and embodied carbon per square meter of building than the ones relating to the elements themselves( such as the wall thickness). The contribution analysis also brings evidence of the relation betw een the compactness factor and the embodied energy and embodied carbon of a building.     

城市建筑碳汇研究进展

对城市建筑碳汇的理论背景及最新成果进行梳理研究,以城市建筑面积、建筑容量提取与建筑碳汇的计算方法为体系建立完整的城市建筑碳汇计算模型,并对其创新性和可操作性进行评价,指出不足之处。最后提出基于全生命周期的建筑碳汇计算优化方法,其多尺度、多目标的影响机制对于低碳城市空间布局能够起到指导作用。     

Optimization model for the selection of materials using a LEED-based green building rating system in Colombia

Buildings have a significant and continuously increasing impact on the environment because they are responsible for a large portion of carbon emissions and use a considerable number of resources and energy. The green building movement emerged to mitigate these effects and to improve the building construction process. This paradigm shift should bring significant environmental, economic, financial, and social benefits. However, to realize such benefits, efforts are required not only in the selection of appropriate technologies but also in the choice of proper materials. Selecting inappropriate materials can be expensive, but more importantly, it may preclude the achievement of the desired environmental goals. In order to help decision-makers with the selection of the right materials, this study proposes a mixed integer optimization model that incorporates design and budget constraints while maximizing the number of credits reached under the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating system. To illustrate this model, this paper presents a case study of a building in Colombia in which a modified version of LEED is proposed.     

Rehabilitation of existing building stock: A system dynamics model to support policy development

The development of policies to support an agenda of urban rehabilitation as a part of a city's approach to engender sustainability is a difficult process owing to the need to consider a large number of stakeholder needs and demands. For example, Hong Kong has accumulated a considerable amount of building stock due to its rapid economic development over the last 50 years. However, despite Hong Kong's economic growth, it has overlooked the need to rehabilitate its existing building stock (i.e. to restore the condition, operation and capacity of buildings). As such, a significant proportion of Hong Kong's ageing building stock is in need of rehabilitation. Further, the absence of a systemic maintenance policy, has stymied the Hong Kong's government's ability to ensure that its private building stock are resilient and adaptable for the future. Responding to the resulting need to develop urban rehabilitation policies for Hong Kong, this paper develops a system dynamics (SD) model to: (1) understand the future trend of the aged private buildings, particularly their sizes and age distribution; and (2) examine the complex relationships between allocated resources such as building professionals, number of aged private buildings and the strength of rehabilitation policies. The SD model developed can be used as a planning tool to simulate the effects of regulatory changes on aged private building stock management in consideration of available resources. The model development relies on a real-life database that can be applied to any city that faces the need to rehabilitate its ageing building stock as a part of an urban rehabilitation strategy.     

Broadening project participation through a modified building sustainability assessment

Building assessment tools are used as a means to assess and encourage the adoption of sustainability-led thinking and practice in the delivery of buildings. However, the established tools focus primarily on the aspects of green or sustainable building (i.e. building as an end-product), rarely exploring the contributions towards sustainable product delivery (i.e. the building process). However, some principles of sustainable development are best implemented within the process rather than by being embedded in the product. By addressing the issues of equity via participation through stakeholder-oriented sustainability assessment, building assessment tools could be used to enhance significantly the overall sustainability of project delivery in the construction sector. A theoretical justification is advocated for implementing a participatory approach that is underpinning the development of a specification for a building sustainability assessment model currently under development. The barriers to participation in the construction process are considered as well as the need to develop innovative mechanisms to broaden membership of the construction project team. The philosophical approaches and resultant practices drawn from Environmental Assessment and the Process Protocol are presented as examples of potential solutions for incorporating stakeholder participation in a modified building assessment process.     

密实砂层中桩端阻力特征值的确定

某炼钢工程主车间采用预应力管桩,持力层为密实砂层。如何通过对土层分析、理论计算、并结合现场试验,合理确定单桩竖向承载力特征值,通过介绍该车间厂房柱基桩和在线设备基础桩的设计过程,为类似项目中桩基设计提供了一种设计思路。     

A generic model of Exergy Assessment for the Environmental Impact of Building Lifecycle

A generic model of Exergy Assessment is proposed for the Environmental Impact of the Building Lifecycle, with a special focus on the natural environment. Three environmental impacts: energy consumption, resource consumption and pollutant discharge have been analyzed with reference to energy-embodied exergy, resource chemical exergy and abatement exergy, respectively. The generic model of Exergy Assessment of the Environmental Impact of the Building Lifecycle thus formulated contains two sub-models, one from the aspect of building energy utilization and the other from building materials use. Combined with theories by ecologists such as Odum, the paper evaluates a building's environmental sustainability through its exergy footprint and environmental impacts. A case study from Chongqing, China illustrates the application of this method. From the case study, it was found that energy consumption constitutes 70-80% of the total environmental impact during a 50-year building lifecycle, in which the operation phase accounts for 80% of the total environmental impact, the building material production phase 15% and 5% for the other phases.     

Environmental impact analysis for typical office facades

The design of a building facade influences internal thermal and lighting conditions and energy use associated with the provision of these conditions. Key decisions about the building facade are usually taken during the concept design stage of a building, while decisions about the method of providing the environmental conditions are often made later in the design process. This dilemma is addressed by the development of a concept design tool that allows the design team to investigate the effect of facade design on the resulting internal environmental conditions, energy use and environmental impact. The concept design tool was developed by performing detailed thermal, lighting and environmental modelling for a number of generic office building facade designs and a range of parameters that affect directly the environmental performance of an office building. The results are presented in a user-friendly interface requiring a minimum number of inputs. Key parameter outputs (such as temperature, lighting levels, heating/cooling energy demand, embodied energy and eco-points) can then be viewed, while a more detailed analysis can also be created for specified facade designs. A parametric analysis of the summary result outputs for selected facade parameters indicates that natural ventilation and cooling can reduce the environmental impact of offices by up to 16%, although heating energy demand could increase significantly. Improving the construction standard of the facade and reducing the internal heat loads can reduce the environmental impact by up to 22%. Use of this tool at early design stages will benefit the design team through an improved understanding of the dynamics between facade design and building services and assist with a more integrated approach.     

小型混凝土空心砌块六层模型房屋抗震性能试验研究

为研究建造在８度地震区小型混凝土空心砌块六层房屋的抗震性能,对一幢按 １／４缩尺比例建造的六层房屋模型进行了水平反复加载静力试验及振动台激振试验,获得了模型房屋在水平荷载作用下整体受力的试验参数,以及模型房屋的动力特性和在基础激振作用下的动力反应与倒塌机制。并将静力试验结果与抗震规范的有关计算进行了对比。在以试验结果建立的房屋模型非线性恢复力模型的基础上,进行了房屋模型的非线性地震反应计算,其计算结果与试验数据接近。并通过相似关系的换算估计了原型房屋的水平承载能力、以及非线性恢复力模型的有关参数,经非线性地震反应的计算对该体系房屋的抗震性能进行了估算。     

融入地域文化的广州乡村既有建筑绿色改造适宜性关键技术研究——以广州从化南平村民居改造为例

针对乡村建筑能耗不断攀升,乡村生态环境问题日益凸显,乡村风貌地域特色面临消弭的现状,结合广州 从化南平村民居改造的具体案例,运用文化地域性格理论工具,阐释地域文化的内涵与表征,从地域特色营造、室 外环境整治、围护结构性能优化、室内环境品质提升、可再生能源利用等五个方面,提出乡村既有建筑绿色改造适 宜性关键技术,探讨地域文化与现代绿建技术的融合路径,为乡村建筑保护改造研究提供理论借鉴和实践参考。