北方人工老窖窖泥衰退的原因及预防措施

发酵窖池和窖泥质量直接影响着浓香型白酒的质量,窖泥老化衰退会影响酒的质量和发酵糟醅的出酒率.引起窖泥老化的原因有:自然环境的影响、生产条件的影响、微生物代谢的影响、生物化学反应造成的影响、己酸菌种选育造成的影响等.可采取选用合适的菌种培养窖泥、养护好窖池、合理的工艺条件等预防措施,延缓窖泥的衰退、老化.     

窖泥老化的原因及其处理与预防

窖泥老化常在窖壁出现白色颗粒状或针状结晶体，出现绿色或红色物质等现象。其原因有：水分过低、酒醅酸度过大、窖泥配料不合理、管理养窖不当、生产工艺调节失控、窖泥发酵不平衡等。处理与预防的方法有：强化工艺，增养补水；加强管理，培养补窖；采用科技方法，培养窖皮泥；窖泥培养，合理配料；培育优选菌种；更换窖泥。更换“人工老窖泥”可促进和提高发酵酒的优质品率。（孙悟）     

预防窖泥脱落与退化的研究

窖泥容易脱落的原因有:窖泥损伤、窖泥原料配比、窖池改造过程中未严格标准等;退化原因有:管理养窖不当、土壤原因、水质原因、酒醅酸度过大等。首先通过选择最佳周期的窖皮泥、优化窖皮泥和黄淤泥的比例、优选窖皮泥来源、加强黄淤泥质量控制,提高成品窖泥稳定性,其次通过量化窖池保养参数、创新保养模式、严格窖池改造标准,实现窖池的精细化养护。     

提高浓香型大曲酒质量和出酒率的技术措施

浓香型大曲酒主要是以高粱等淀粉物质为原料,采用大曲作为糖化、发酵剂,经固态发酵和蒸馏而成的一种饮料酒。提高浓香型大曲酒质量和出酒率的技术措施主要有：设计合理科学的窖池、窖形、窖容;配造、培养和应用成分及营养丰富的人工老窖泥;加强窖池的退化预防与养护,规范工艺操作、强化窖池管理、制备己酸茵液和营养液、做好窖池的日常养护,促进窖泥中有益微生物的生长繁殖,提高发酵质量、酒醅出酒率和酒质。（孙悟）     

浅谈窖泥的养护方法

窖泥对浓香型白酒的质量有着直接影响,窖泥老化衰退会影响酒的质量和发酵糟醅的出酒率。主要对七种窖泥养护方法进行了总结,对今后的窖泥养护工作有一定的指导作用。     

人工老窖退化预防及复壮措施

窖泥退化的主要原因有：窖泥配料不当，碳氮比失调；窖池防渗效果差，营养流失；工艺控制不合理，窖池管理不善等。规范工艺操作，强化窖池后期管理，用己酸菌液、窖泥营养液进行窖池养护及按期进行窖池窖泥大培养，可有效防止窖泥退化和提高复壮效果。复壮后的窖池发酵酒醅出酒率提高8．1％，己酸乙酯提高158mg／100mL，总酯提高275mg／100mL。     

窖池对浓香型白酒生产的重要性

窖池是生产浓香型大曲白酒的重要前提条件,窖池、窖泥中生长着种类繁多、功能各异、有益于酿酒的微生物茵群落,只有具备优质的窖池、窖泥,才能生产出优质的好酒。只有严格按要求选择建窖环境、材料,窖池形状和大小合理,窖泥培养配方、方法合理,养护好窖池、窖泥,控制好窖泥感官、理化标准,控制好入窖糟醅的入窖发酵工艺,操作规范,就能生产出高产优质酒。     

提高泰山特曲质量的技术措施

利用“北斗”窖泥工艺提高窖泥质量；建立7m^3窖容的小发酵窖池，使发酵透彻，升温平稳，产酯稳定；低温入池缓慢发酵；原辅料清蒸排杂；量质摘酒，分级入库；使用热浆水；回酒发酵；重视品评勾兑调味工作等一系列技术措施。有力地保证了浓香型大曲酒泰山特曲质量的稳定提高。(丹妮)     

人工窖泥在北方浓香型曲酒生产中的应用

通过对北方酒厂应用人工窖泥的现状分析，揭示出窖泥应用的效果。导致人工窖泥活性降低的因素有水分、泥质、营养成分、发酵产物、pH值和环境；老化的原因有窖泥选材不当、配料不合理，窖泥pH值偏高，原料中钙、铁离子过高，功能菌液细胞数过少等及气候变化引起窖泥水分流失，生产工艺调节不合理等。防治措施主要有合理和制窖泥，调节酿酒工艺和加强窖池管理等。     

老化窖池与常规窖池的窖泥特性与发酵性能比较

选择湖南湘窖酒业有限公司的窖池为对象,主要研究老化窖池与常规窖池在窖泥特性、发酵酒醅理化特征、发酵新酒质量和原料出酒率方面的差异,旨在揭示两者差异的原因。结果表明:1老化窖池与常规窖池在感观上有差异,其窖壁泥板结、退化,老化窖池的水分和pH值均显著低于常规窖池(P0.05);2老化窖池与常规窖池的发酵酒醅相比,酒精度显著降低(P0.05),残余淀粉显著增加(P0.05),水分稍有偏低(P0.05),而酸度略高(P0.05);3老化窖池与常规窖池的所产新酒相比,总酸和总酯均显著降低(P0.05),己酸、β-苯乙醇、己酸乙酯和丁酸乙酯均极显著降低(P0.01),而乙酸乙酯和乳酸乙酯均极显著增加(P0.01);4老化窖池与常规窖池原料出酒率之间无显著性差异(P0.05),但老化窖池出酒率低于常规窖池。因此,老化窖池的产酒质量和原料出酒率均低于常规窖池,研究结果为窖池的养护与合理使用提供了理论依据。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the