Communications, the police, and the Crime Commission

One important phase of a comprehensive study by the Science and Technology Task Force to determine ways in which science and technology can be applied more effectively to the criminal justice system in the United States has involved the investigation of police communications. Attention has been focused on the problems existing in the major population centers, where message traffic density is high, frequency spectrum crowding is severe, and large numbers of independent networks exist within relatively small geographical areas. This article describes the findings of the investigations and offers some recommendations for solving a number of these problems.     

Maxwell, Hertz, the Maxwellians, and the early history of electromagnetic waves

In 1864, Maxwell conjectured from his famous equations that light is a transverse electromagnetic wave. Maxwell's conjecture does not imply that he believed that light could be generated electromagnetically. In fact, he was silent about electromagnetic waves, and their generation and detection. It took almost a quarter of a century before Hertz discovered electromagnetic waves and his brilliant experiments confirmed Maxwell's theory. Maxwell's ideas and equations were expanded, modified, and made understandable by the efforts of Hertz, FitzGerald, Lodge, and Heaviside, the last three being referred to as the "Maxwellians." The early history of electromagnetic waves, up to the death of Hertz in 1894, is briefly discussed. The work of Hertz and the Maxwellians is briefly reviewed in the context of electromagnetic waves. It is found that historical facts do not support the views proposed by some, in the past, that Hertz's epoch-making findings and contributions were "significantly influenced by the Maxwellians.".     

Abuse,Torture, Frames,and the Washington Post

W. Bennett, R. Lawrence, and S. Livingston (2006, 2007) argue that the press—and the Washington Post in particular—acquiesced to Bush administration framing of the mistreatment of prisoners at Abu Ghraib. The administration, they say, framed the events as the isolated abuse of prisoners by “a few bad apples” unreflective of higher responsibility or administration policy. Absent—or near absent, Bennett et al. maintain, was a Post counterframe of the mistreatment as a systematic effect of high level policy, better captured by the word torture. Such pattern of framing, Bennett et al. conclude, supports the Indexing model of U.S. press behavior. This article shows that Bennett et al. understate the strength and consistency of Post counterframing. When articles in the Post are searched not for individual words but for more extended frames, it becomes clear that the Post did in fact engage in considerable counterframing even in the absence of elite political opposition. This case, it is therefore concluded, does not in fact support the Indexing model as Bennett et al. maintain but is rather the kind of case described by R. M. Entman (2004) in which the press exercises greater independence of elite political opinion than the Indexing model admits.     

Lorenz, Lorentz, and the gauge

Briefly discusses work by L. Lorentz and H.A. Lorentz together with the concept of the Coulomb gauge     

FPGA将会在汽车和消费电子市场中获得广泛应用

市场分析家预测2002～2008年整个可编程逻辑市场的规模将翻三番。尽管可编程逻辑市场的成长一直都是由通信和网络行业对高价值和大容量元件的需求所推动,但下一轮扩张动力将来源自不同的领域,即以价值为基础（value-based）的汽车和消费电子市场。     

为高频传输选择合适的电阻性传输线终端器

伴随高速数字应用的爆炸发展，设计工程师渐渐遇到一个如何保持信号完整性的难题。上升时间，有损耗导体、介电常数和接地平面都是在设计快速数字电路时需要重点考虑的，但最重要的是数字信号形态，如果数字信号形态劣化，别的因素就没有实际意义了。     

Safety assessment, reliability, and the probability-operationdiagram

The probability-operation (P-O) diagram is introduced. New reliability and safety definitions are given in relation to this diagram. Specific problems in safety assessment are shown and new practices are proposed. Safety-assessment must be dealt with independently of the reliability-assessment, except for one specific case. The safety specification described in the P-O diagram covers the final results and, as such, it includes failures caused by the operational environment or even by operator error. This means that a top-down (functional, anti-causal, deductive, backward) method is more effective for safety assessment. An independent safety-assessment (especially when a top-down method has been used) shows the proper information which must be: collected by an accident investigation as well as during usual system-use, and stored in a data-bank, so that an acceptable system-safety monitoring function can be carried out. This is proposed as a deterministic method of selecting the statistical information to be kept in a data bank. An existing successful P-O diagram (which is in accordance with the safety-monitoring results) represents a good system-safety model for the trend study and for describing future safety requirements     

Securing the global,remote, mobile user

Electronic commerce is inevitable and will reshape our lives, but before true electronic commerce environments can be realized, it will be necessary to secure your enterprise against outside attacks on its electronic information and provide controls for authorized access to that information. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Press, the Market, and Democracy

The post-Stalinist states in Eastern Europe will almost certainly develop a newspaper press that is based on the market. These developments pose some problems for the future of the developing democratic systems. This paper examines the detailed workings of the press market in a situation where advertising revenue is an important element in newspaper finances, using examples from Britain. It is demonstrated that left to itself this market will stratify information provision and fail to provide all citizens with the same quality of information and opinion. In particular, low-income groups who want access to detailed public information, will not be catered to. To alleviate these problems and to assist in the development of democracy, it is argued that the reconstruction of public communication in Eastern Europe must make use of subsidies.