欠平衡钻井井涌井漏监测系统

欠平衡钻井是一种新型的钻井技术,因其在钻井过程中能够减少对油气层的伤害,有效保护油气层,提高油气井的产量,现广泛应用于各种石油天然气开采活动。但是在欠平衡钻井过程中如果对回压控制不当,则可能发生井涌或井漏事故,轻者会影响钻井效率和效益,重者会导致严重的恶性钻井事故。欠平衡钻井井涌井漏监测系统以力控组态软件为开发平台,并集成各类优选的传感器及仪器仪表为一体,能够对欠平衡钻井过程中是否出现了井涌及井漏情况进行快速判断,并且能够对钻井过程中出现的异常情况进行实时报警,防止各类严重的事故发生。进一步,以欠平衡钻井井涌井漏监测系统为基础,可以构建一套欠平衡钻井的安全评价管理体系。     

井筒压力自动监测工具设计及测试

控压钻井主要以井筒压力值为基础对钻井进行指导.井筒压力自动监测是控压钻井的关键技术,对钻井安全也具有重要作用.在深井复杂井、等施工过程中,井筒压力的随钻自动监测能够精确、实时掌握井筒压力变化情况,提高钻井效率,降低钻井成本,预防井下复杂情况与事故的发生.开展井筒压力自动监测系统研究,完成井筒压力自动监测工具的设计,对其进行室内和试验井测试.测试结果表明,研发的井筒压力自动监测系统能够准确监测井筒压力,系统运行稳定,测量精度高,可以满足工程需要.     

基于dsPIC30F6014A的控压钻井专用控制器设计

以美国Microchip公司高性能的dsPIC30F6014A微控制器芯片为核心,设计了一款控压钻井专用控制器,介绍了控压钻井控制器的硬件结构,给出相应的软件流程图.该专用控制器可以实时采集井场仪表的数据和各开关阀状态信息,具备与PC机的串口和以太网通信功能,可输出DO信号控制平板阀和输出AO信号控制节流管汇上节流阀的开度,保持井底压力的恒定,保证钻井过程中的安全要求.     

煤层气充气欠平衡安全钻井监控系统

在钻井时,如果充气欠平衡,底层就会有很多的不能确定的因素,其之后将会发生什么情况,也是无法预料的。特别是在对煤层气进行开开发的过程中,如果工作人员不能够及时监控并控制各种突发状况以及其他影响安全钻进的工况,就会发生井眼不清洁、井塌等安全事故,进而对正常钻进造成严重地影响。所以,对于煤层气充气欠平衡的钻井施工工艺以及钻井的相关配套设备,就需要建立一个控制模型,将组态软件作为软件的开发平台,优化控制监控参数的组合,建立一套煤层气充气欠平衡钻井实时监控系统。     

深水表层钻井随钻压力温度测量仪的研制

开展了深水表层钻井随钻压力及温度监测装置研究,研制出了一种适用于深水表层钻井过程中实时测量井底环空压力、钻柱内压和井底温度的井下测量仪器,为深水表层钻井、动态压井及表层固井水泥浆设计提供指导。测量仪器已经在我国南海第一口深水井LW6-1-1井的领眼井中成功进行了应用试验,验证了其在深水无隔水管钻井条件下(高振动、低温环境、风浪流等)的机械强度、稳定性、可靠性,测量数据能真实反映钻井工况。     

泥浆泵人字齿点蚀原因分析

钻井泥浆泵是石油钻采机械的重要组成部分,其作用是通过循环系统中的高压管汇向井底输送钻井液,用以冷却钻头、清洁井底、破碎岩石、携带岩屑和平衡地层压力等。随着石油钻探技术的不断发展和进步,对于钻井泥浆泵的要求也越来越高,但是目前使用的钻井泥浆泵经常会出现人字齿点蚀的情况,严重影响到石油钻探工作的质量和效率。本文中将介绍泥浆泵的结构以及受力情况,重点分析人字齿点蚀的原因,最后提出解决的方案。     

高承压泥水平衡盾构机主驱动压力补偿系统研究

基于高承压泥水平衡盾构机的市场需求,研究了一种主驱动压力补偿系统。首先对组合密封形式的承压能力进行了仿真分析;其次对两种不同控制方式的压力补偿系统设计方案进行了对比研究;最终确定了一种性能稳定、可靠性高的全气动控制的主驱动压力补偿系统,从而提高了泥水平衡盾构机的整机承压能力。通过模拟盾构机掘进过程中各密封腔体压力变化,搭载自适应密封压力补偿系统试验台进行实验分析,并成功应用于国内多个超大直径泥水平衡盾构机。     

近钻头平衡钻井井底流场的计算机模拟

以PDC钻头为模拟对象，充分考虑钻头三维、旋转和喷嘴对称性等因素的影响，借助于CFD软件CFX5.6对近钻头平衡钻井井底的流场进行了模拟分析，并利用软件的后处理方式对井底的速度场分布作了精细的描述。对钻头的设计以及井底流场的真实情况的分析有着重要的指导意义。     

变压器油中溶解气体在线监测校验用压力平衡系统设计

变压器油中溶解气体在线监测装置是实现变压器内部绝缘油状态实时监测的核心设备,随着电力系统的发展,该类型设备在系统中得到了广泛应用,同时对于该类型设备的入网以及日常维护校验工作也提出了更高的要求。针对变压器油中溶解气体在线监测装置校验过程中使用的活塞式油泵与装置连接后的压力平衡问题,设计研制了一套应用于这一校验过程的压力平衡系统,实现了设备比对校验过程中标准油样的压力自动平衡与调节,通过应用验证,该系统可以提高比对校验工作的自动化程度,从而有效减轻比对校验试验人员的工作强度,提升了该类设备的比对校验的工作效率。     

深水自升式钻井平台升降控制系统设计

对海上自升式钻井平台升降装置和升降原理进行了研究,设计了一种自升式钻井平台升降系统。针对平台在升降过程中出现的倾斜问题,提出了一种平台平衡控制方法,并通过组态软件WINCC与Step7软件的集成,开发了监控系统。结果表明,平台升降控制系统能够正常地实现对平台升降控制和自动平衡控制,而监控系统也能实现报警提示等功能。     

Nonlinear model predictive control of managed pressure drilling

A new design of nonlinear model predictive controller (NMPC) is proposed for managed pressure drilling (MPD) system. The NMPC is based on output feedback control architecture and employs offset-free formulation proposed in [1]. NMPC uses active set method for computing control inputs. The controller implements an automatic switching from constant bottom hole pressure (CBHP) regulation to flow control mode in the event of a reservoir kick. In the flow control mode the controller automatically raises the bottom hole pressure setpoint, and thereby keeps the reservoir fluid flow to the surface within a tunable threshold. This is achieved by exploiting constraint handling capability of NMPC. In addition to kick mitigation the controller demonstrated good performance in containing the bottom hole pressure (BHP) during the pipe connection sequence. The controller also delivered satisfactory performance in the presence of measurement noise and uncertainty in the system.     

振荡冲击器工作特性研究

振荡冲击器在石油钻井中的应用越来越广泛,逐渐成为钻井提速的关键技术之一。对振荡冲击器的结构、工作原理以及水击力的产生和振动机理进行分析与探讨,对水击力和振幅进行了计算,得到水击力大小与阀孔开度成反比关系且随阀孔开度变化而变化,水击频率与螺杆转速成正比关系,阀片组上下产生双水击作用。分析认为双水击作用有助于破岩,产生的轴向振动是连续温和的振动,能够有效解决水平井、大位移井托压、黏卡和有效钻压传递问题,有助于工具面控制,对大部分随钻测井仪器无影响,延长了钻头寿命。     

孔加工中负压排屑、断屑的分析

通过对孔加工中负压排屑、断屑的理论分析,确定了有关结构、参数之间的关系,同时提出了负压断屑及强力负压孔加工等新概念,为设计的合理化提供了理论基础。     

围压下自振喷嘴空化起始能力试验及应用研究

开展喷嘴空化起始能力研究,对增大射流破岩效果,提高深井钻井的速度具有非常重要意义。利用瞬态流和水声学原理设计研制了自振空化喷嘴,通过试验研究了该喷嘴的空化起始能力,并与锥形喷嘴进行了比较,结果表明在更深的井底或更高的围压条件下,自振空化喷嘴比普通锥形喷嘴具有更大的起始空化数和更强的空化起始能力,最大起始空化数达1.67,而锥形喷嘴最大值仅为0.54。现场试验也证实了自振空化喷嘴钻头在增加进尺、提高机械钻速方面有更显著作用。     

Imaging of gas–liquid annular flows for underbalanced drilling using electrical resistance tomography

The underbalanced drilling technique, which is also known as managed-pressure drilling, is playing an important role in oil and gas sector, as it reduces common conventional drilling problems such as minimal drilling rates and formation damage, differential sticking and lost circulation. Flow regime monitoring is one of the key topics in annular multiphase flow research, particularly for underbalanced drilling technique. Prediction of the prevailing flow regime in an annulus is of particular importance in the design and installation of underbalanced drilling facilities. Especially, for establishing a suitable pressure-drop model based on the characteristics of the active flow regime. The methods of flow regime prediction (or visualisation) in an annulus that are currently in use are very limited, this is evidently due to poor accuracy or they are simply not applicable to underbalanced drilling operation in practice. Therefore, this paper presents a monitoring method, in which Electrical Resistance Tomography (ERT) is used to rapidly image the prevailing flow regime in an annulus with a metallic inner pipe. Experiments were carried out using an air–water flow loop with a test section 50 mm diameter flow pipe. The two-phase air–water flow regimes are visualised in the upward vertical annulus with a radius ratio (r/R) 0.4. This paper highlights the visualisation results of only three flow regimes, namely bubble flow, transitional bubble-slug flow and slug flow. The flow regimes are visualised through axial images stacked from 50 mm diameter-pixels of 2D tomograms reconstructed with the Conjugate Gradient Method (SCG). Gas volume fraction profiles within the annular flow channel are also illustrated. The profiles are extracted using the Modified Sensitivity coefficient Back-Projection (MSBP) method with a sensitivity matrix generated from a realstic phantom in the finite element method software. The results are compared with visual observations (e.g. photographs) of the active flow regime at the time of ERT measurements.     

An investigation of the hole machining processes on woven carbon-fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs) using abrasive waterjets

An investigation of the hole cutting and drilling processes on woven carbon-fiber reinforced polymer sheets using abrasive waterjet (AWJ) is presented. The drilling process uses a stationary AWJ to impinge a target material to make a hole, while the cutting process requires an AWJ to penetrate the workpiece before moving in a circular path to cut a hole. It is found that the holes machined by both the processes exhibit similar geometrical features, where the diameter at the top is greater than at the bottom. It is further found that the holes from the drilling process have a better roundness than those from cutting process primarily due to the jet instability during cutting movement. Plausible trends of the hole characteristics (e.g., diameter and wall inclination) and defects (e.g., delamination) with respect to the process parameters are discussed. It is shown that water pressure is the major parameter affecting hole defects. The hole drilling process yields more severe defects than the cutting process because of the initial impact of the jet. Predictive models for machined hole diameter in both processes are developed. The model predictions are in good agreement with the experimental data under the corresponding conditions.     

基于虚拟仪器的微孔钻削在线监测自动控制系统

为防止微孔钻削过程中钻头折断,开发了基于虚拟仪器的微孔钻削在线监测系统.该系统能够完成主轴电动机电流信号的采集、数据处理、存储显示以及报警退刀等操作.具有硬件结构简单、监测精度高、抗干扰能力强等优点.实验结果表明,应用该系统进行微孔钻削在线监测,可以有效避免微钻头的折断,提高钻头的利用率.     

加工中心数控钻孔编程系统

设计了一个钻孔编程系统,将钻孔循环指令分解为多个直线插补指令,通过孔顶坐标和孔底坐标计算出数控程序所需的所有参数,直接输出机床所需的NC代码.结果表明:该系统输出的钻孔程序与钻孔循环指令具有相同的功能,使用简单、方便.