孔挤压强化对Inconel 718高温合金疲劳性能的影响

为了提高Inconel 718高温合金螺栓连接孔的疲劳抗力,研究了孔挤压强化对Inconel 718高温合金中心孔试样疲劳寿命的影响,并采用扫描电镜、粗糙度仪、X射线应力测量仪及金相显微镜等仪器对孔壁表面完整性进行分析,探讨了孔挤压强化机制。结果表明:1.90%挤压过盈量的中心孔试样的中值疲劳寿命是未强化试样中值疲劳寿命的1.16~4.79倍。与2.85%挤压过盈量的试样相比,1.90%挤压过盈量试样取得了更优的疲劳寿命增益效果。分析发现:经1.90%挤压过盈量的孔挤压强化后,孔壁表面完整性得到了显著改善,孔壁表面粗糙度下降了64.2%,孔边形成了较深的残余压应力场,孔边晶粒组织发生了明显的塑性变形,形成了组织强化层。表面完整性的改善对疲劳寿命的增益具有重要作用。     

Inconel718合金的超塑性

Ｉｎｃｏｎｅｌ７１８合金在超塑拉伸变形过程中,随着初始应变速率ε的降低或变形温度Ｔ的升高,其流动应力σ降低、延伸率δ增加。同时,初始应变速率和变形温度影响奥氏体晶粒尺寸和析出相的分布。合金在超塑变形中,位错滑移起重要协调作用,使晶界滑动易于进行。     

Hybrid machining of Inconel 718

A new approach for machining of Inconel 718 is presented in this paper. It combines traditional turning with cryogenically enhanced machining and plasma enhanced machining. Cryogenically enhanced machining is used to reduce the temperatures in the cutting tool, and thus reduces temperature-dependent tool wear to prolong tool life, whereas plasma enhanced machining is used to increase the temperatures in the workpiece to soften it. By joining these two non-traditional techniques with opposite effects on the cutting tool and the workpiece, it has been found that the surface roughness was reduced by 250%; the cutting forces was decreased by approximately 30–50%; and the tool life was extended up to 170% over conventional machining.     

Inconel 718合金激光处理的研究

采用Nd：YAG固体激光器在连续激光能量输入方式下对Inconel 718镍基超耐热合金进行表面激光处理，研究了激光处理工艺参数对该合金的微观组织、表面残余应力状态及疲劳性能的影响。结果表明：合金经激光处理后，原基体内弥散分布的γ″强化相及晶间片状δ相会溶解于基体γ相内，使得合金表面硬度下降，下降幅度约为50％；经低角度XRD检测，x、y方向表面残余应力均为拉应力；经激光处理的带缺口试样疲劳强度低于母材。     

Microstructures,Forming Limit and Failure Analyses of Inconel 718 Sheets for Fabrication of Aerospace Components

Recently, aerospace industries have shown increasing interest in forming limits of Inconel 718 sheet metals, which can be utilised in designing tools and selection of process parameters for successful fabrication of components. In the present work, stress-strain response with failure strains was evaluated by uniaxial tensile tests in different orientations, and two-stage work-hardening behavior was observed. In spite of highly preferred texture, tensile properties showed minor variations in different orientations due to the random distribution of nanoprecipitates. The forming limit strains were evaluated by deforming specimens in seven different strain paths using limiting dome height (LDH) test facility. Mostly, the specimens failed without prior indication of localized necking. Thus, fracture forming limit diagram (FFLD) was evaluated, and bending correction was imposed due to the use of sub-size hemispherical punch. The failure strains of FFLD were converted into major-minor stress space (σ-FFLD) and effective plastic strain-stress triaxiality space (ηEPS-FFLD) as failure criteria to avoid the strain path dependence. Moreover, FE model was developed, and the LDH, strain distribution and failure location were predicted successfully using above-mentioned failure criteria with two stages of work hardening. Fractographs were correlated with the fracture behavior and formability of sheet metal.     

Broaching of Inconel 718 with cemented carbide

Broaching is the standard process for machining complex-shaped slots in turbine discs. More flexible processes such as milling, wire EDM machining and water-jet cutting are under investigation and show promising results. In order to further use existing resources and process knowledge, the broaching process has to be improved towards higher material removal rates. Taking into account that the state-of-the-art broaching process is working with high-speed-steel tools, the higher thermal resistant cemented carbide cutting materials offer the potential to significantly increase cutting speeds, which lead to increased process productivity. The following article presents a broad study on broaching with cemented carbide tools. Different cutting edge geometries are discussed on the basis of process forces, chip formation and tool wear mechanisms. Furthermore, a detailed comparison to the standard process is drawn.     

Fatigue Behavior of Inconel 718 TIG Welds

Mechanical behavior of reference and TIG-welded Inconel 718 specimens was examined in the present work. Tensile, constant amplitude fatigue, and fracture toughness tests were performed in ambient temperature for both, reference and welded specimens. Microstructure revealed the presence of coarse and fine-grained heat-affected zones. It has been shown that without any post-weld heat treatment, welded specimens maintained their tensile strength properties while their ductility decreased by more than 40%. It was found that the welded specimens had lower fatigue life and this decrease was a function of the applied fatigue maximum stress. A 30% fatigue life decrease was noticed in the high cycle fatigue regime for the welded specimens while this decrease exceeded 50% in the low cycle fatigue regime. Cyclic stress-strain curves showed that Inconel 718 experiences a short period of hardening followed by softening for all fatigue lives. Cyclic fatigue response of welded specimens’ exhibited cyclically stable behavior. Finally, a marginal decrease was noticed in the Mode I fracture toughness of the welded specimens.     

高温合金Inconel718、Inconel706和Inconel706M电渣重熔组织均匀性

对比研究了高温合金Inconel 718、Inconel 706和Inconel 706M电渣重熔铸锭的枝晶组织和析出相差异。结果表明,在3种高温合金中,718铸锭中心区域的枝晶间距与边缘区域的差值最小,并且主要偏析元素Nb和Ti在铸锭中心的偏析率与边缘的差异也最小,718铸锭的宏观组织均匀性最好;706M铸锭中心与边缘的枝晶间距差值最大,且铸锭中心的Nb元素偏析率与边缘的差异达到0.91%,铸锭宏观组织均匀性最差。718铸锭枝晶间易富集正偏析元素Nb和Mo,最高含量分别达到6.82%和3.01%;706、706M铸锭枝晶间最高Nb含量均低于4%,Ti元素含量最高均达到2%以上,同时706及706M铸锭组织中Nb的偏析率依然很大。706铸锭组织中Laves相最多,中心位置Laves相含量达到3.9%,边缘含量降低超过2%,分布不均匀;706M铸锭组织中Laves相最少,中心及边缘含量均低于2%,含量分布比较均匀。与718和706相比,706M铸锭中心区域的碳氮化物平均长度与边缘的差异最大,且组织中存在更少的针状相。     

Cold Spray Deposition of Freestanding Inconel Samples and Comparative Analysis with Selective Laser Melting

Cold spray offers the possibility of obtaining almost zero-porosity buildups with no theoretical limit to the thickness. Moreover, cold spray can eliminate particle melting, evaporation, crystallization, grain growth, unwanted oxidation, undesirable phases and thermally induced tensile residual stresses. Such characteristics can boost its potential to be used as an additive manufacturing technique. Indeed, deposition via cold spray is recently finding its path toward fabrication of freeform components since it can address the common challenges of powder-bed additive manufacturing techniques including major size constraints, deposition rate limitations and high process temperature. Herein, we prepared nickel-based superalloy Inconel 718 samples with cold spray technique and compared them with similar samples fabricated by selective laser melting method. The samples fabricated using both methods were characterized in terms of mechanical strength, microstructural and porosity characteristics, Vickers microhardness and residual stresses distribution. Different heat treatment cycles were applied to the cold-sprayed samples in order to enhance their mechanical characteristics. The obtained data confirm that cold spray technique can be used as a complementary additive manufacturing method for fabrication of high-quality freestanding components where higher deposition rate, larger final size and lower fabrication temperatures are desired.     

In718合金反挤压成形数值模拟

本文基于粘塑性材料模型,应用有限元模拟技术对In718合金高温下的反挤压成形过程进行了数值模拟。分析了不同挤压工艺的金属流变行为和应力应变分布,得出:在高温条件下,In718合金进行等温反挤压,成形质量较好;摩擦不仅降低反挤压成形范围,并且加剧金属表面裂纹的产生;坯料的等效应力分布较均匀,最大等效应力值出现在凸模工作带端点处;无摩擦、凸模球心夹角=60°、反挤压成形温度T=1000℃时得到的等效应变值比较均匀,产品成形质量相对较好。     

Surface Integrity of Inconel 718 by Ball Burnishing

Inconel 718 has wide applications in manufacturing mechanical components such as turbine blades, turbocharger rotors, and nuclear reactors. Since these components are subject to harsh environments such as high temperature, pressure, and corrosion, it is critical to improve the functionality to prevent catastrophic failure due to fatigue or corrosion. Ball burnishing as a low plastic deformation process is a promising technique to enhance surface integrity for increasing component fatigue and corrosion resistance in service. This study focuses on the experimental study on surface integrity of burnished Inconel 718. The effects of burnishing ball size and pressure on surface integrity factors such as surface topography, roughness, and hardness are investigated. The burnished surfaces are smoother than the as-machined ones. Surface hardness after burnishing is higher than the as-machined surfaces, but become stable over a certain burnishing pressure. There exists an optimal process space of ball sized and burnishing pressure for surface finish. In addition, surface hardness after burnishing is higher than the as-machined surfaces, which is confirmed by statistical analysis.     

Inconel718合金的蠕变孪晶机制

通过TEM研究了固溶态及直接时效态Inconel718合金的蠕变变形组织。结果表明：固溶态Inconel718合金，在550℃／220MPa条件下达到1％变形量时，蠕变组织的特征为位错交滑移；而直接时效态Inconel718合金，在680℃／650MPa条件下达到1％变形量时，蠕变组织中既有位错滑移后形成的变形带，又存在位错攀移，并且存在少量的孪晶变形。讨论了Inconel718合金中发生蠕变孪晶的机制，着重从γ＂强化相的晶体学特征来解释该现象。研究结果认为：具有特殊结构的γ＂强化相是影响合金蠕变变形机制的根源。     

Oxide films in laser additive manufactured Inconel 718

A continuous-wave 5 kW fiber laser welding system was used in conduction mode to deposit Inconel® alloy 718 (IN718) by employing filler wire on as-serviced IN718 parent material (PM) substrates. The direct laser deposited (DLD) coupons and as-serviced IN718 PM were then evaluated through tensile testing. To understand the failure mechanisms, the tensile fracture surfaces of the as-serviced IN718 PM, DLD and DLD-PM samples were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. The fracture surfaces revealed the presence of both Al₂O₃ and Cr₂O₃ films, although the latter was reasoned to be the main oxide in IN718. Both the experimental observations and thermodynamic analysis indicated that oxidation of some alloying elements in IN718 cannot be completely avoided during manufacturing, whether in the liquid state under vacuum (for casting, the electron beam melting, welding and/or deposition) or with inert gas protection (for welding or laser deposition). The exposed surface of the oxide film on the fracture surface has poor wetting with the metal and thus can constitute a lack of bonding or a crack with either the metal and/or another non-wetted side of the oxide film. On the other hand, the wetted face of the oxide film has good atom-to-atom contact with the metal and may nucleate some intermetallic compounds, such as Laves, Ni₃Nb-δ, Nb-rich MC and γ′ compounds. The potential of their nucleation on Cr₂O₃ was assessed using planar disregistry. Coherent planes were found between these intermetallics and Cr₂O₃.     

Inconel718合金件裂纹产生原因分析

对Inconel718合金件在使用过程中裂纹产生的原因进行分析。结果表明：合金件在服役过程中主要受冷热应力与O、S元素的影响,过渡区域的棱边为应力集中区域,在热应力作用下为最容易破坏的位置。合金在服役过程中O和S扩散进基体,产生了氧化及硫化作用,使基体产生了氧化物和硫化物产物的的U型凹坑,加剧了应力集中区域的缺口敏感性,从而在冷热应力的作用下产生裂纹。裂纹的产生更易于O、S等有害元素向基体扩散,在应力作用下促使裂纹进一步扩展。在腐蚀、动态应力开裂、再腐蚀、冷热应力的作用下裂纹进一步扩展,是导致合金件失效的原因。     

Study of Inconel 718 weldability using MIG CMT process

Abstract

This work investigates the weldability of Inconel 718 using the metal inert gas (MIG) welding process called ‘cold metal transfer’. This arc welding process is reported for working with a lower heat input compared to other arc processes. The consequences are less base metal impaired, low deformation and low residual stress level in assembly. In order to check these abilities, metallographic, texture, chemical and residual stress analyses have been carried out. Results show that MIG cold metal transfer has good properties for the welding of Inconel 718 inasmuch as no defect has been detected and a lower level of residual stresses has been introduced in metal compared to classic MIG.     

Dry machining of Inconel 718, workpiece surface integrity

In the machining of Inconel 718, nickel based heat resistant superalloy and classified difficult-to-cut material, the consumption of cooling lubricant is very important. To reduce the costs of production and to make the processes environmentally safe, the goal is to move toward dry cutting by eliminating cutting fluids. This goal can be achieved by using coated carbide tool and by increasing cutting speed.The present paper firstly reviews the main works on surface integrity and especially residual stresses when machining Inconel 718 superalloy. It focuses then on the effect of dry machining on surface integrity. Wet and dry turning tests were performed at various cutting speeds, with semi-finishing conditions (0.5 mm depth of cut and 0.1 mm/rev feed rate) and using a coated carbide tool. For each cutting test, cutting force was measured, machined surface was observed, and residual stress profiles were determined. An optimal cutting speed of 60 m/min was determined, and additional measurements and observations were performed. Microhardness increment and the microstructure alteration beneath the machined surface were analysed. It is demonstrated that dry machining with a coated carbide tool leads to potentially acceptable surface quality with residual stresses and microhardness values in the machining affected zone of the same order than those obtained in wet conditions when using the optimised cutting speed value; in addition, no severe microstructure alteration was depicted.     

Processing map for hot working of Inconel 718 alloy

Cylindrical specimens of Inconel 718 alloy with grain size of 90 μm were used in the compression tests and processing maps at the strains of 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.7 were developed at 950-1150 °C in the strain rate range 0.001-100 s⁻¹. Only one unstable region for adiabatic shear bands and one small dynamic recrystallization zone in the stable region are exhibited in the processing map at 0.1 strain. As the strain is beyond 0.3, there exist three unstable regions in the processing maps where one is for adiabatic shear bands and the other two are for intergranular cracking. At the same time, the zone of dynamic recrystallization with a peak efficiency of 0.39 at about 950 °C and 0.001 s⁻¹ in the stable region is enlarged and the distribution of which is from lower temperature and lower strain rate to higher ones. Optical micrographs of the specimens compressed to 0.7 strain show good agreement with the processing maps and main hot working schedules have been designed. Influence of initial grain size from 10 μm to 90 μm on the occurrence temperature of adiabatic shear bands and intergranular cracking has been analyzed at a strain rate of 100 s⁻¹ and in the temperature range 900-1200 °C.     

Inconel 718合金δ相的溶解动力学

采用X射线衍射技术测定了Inconel 718合金中δ相在980、1000和1020℃时的溶解动力学，并采用扫描电镜进行了组织观察。结果表明：Inconel 718合金在980、1000和1020℃保温过程中，δ相含量逐渐降低，经1020℃保温2h后，δ相可完全溶入基体；当温度为980和1000℃时，δ相的平衡含量分别约为3％及0．6％。δ相的溶解过程可分为两个阶段，溶解初期主要表现为长针状δ相长度方向的断裂，且很快溶解断裂为短棒状及颗粒状，同时在厚度方向上尺寸逐渐减小；随着溶解过程的进行，后续的溶解过程主要为短棒状及颗粒状δ相尺寸的减小。δ相溶解动力学过程的控制环节并非Nb或Ni原子的长程扩散过程，而为δ相分解的界面反应过程。