桂中双季稻区磷肥用量对水稻生长与产量的影响

为探讨桂中双季稻区磷肥施用效应,2009年在广西进行了不同施磷水平对该地区早稻与晚稻的肥效试验。结果表明,与不施磷（P0）相比,早稻施磷处理产量平均提高9．83％,晚稻产量平均提高16．03％,而且当施P2O5量≤525kg／hm^2时,水稻产量随着施磷水平的增加而提高。可见,在桂中双季稻区适当增施磷肥是保证水稻高产稳产的主要措施之一。     

控释尿素和控释BB肥对夏玉米的增产效果研究

采用控释尿素和普通尿素两种氮素肥料及含控释尿素的BB肥进行夏玉米肥效试验研究。试验结果表明：100％控释尿素处理产量最高,为8714kg／hm^2。和8838kg/hm^2,与同等氮素用量的普通尿素相比,分别增产658kg／hm^2和667kg／hm^2,提高8．2％和8．2％,增产效果显著;控释尿素用量在70％～100％时,产量随氮肥用量的增加而增加,普通尿素也呈同样趋势;70％控释尿素处理与100％普通尿素处理相比,产量差异不大,没有达到显著性差异,说明施用控释尿素可以比普通尿素用量减少约1／3的纯氮用量,夏玉米作物产量并不下降。     

唑嘧磺草胺土壤残留12个月对后茬作物的安全性

2001～2002年进行了80％唑嘧磺草胺WG土壤残留12个月对后茬作物影响的田间小区试验。结果表明,施用推荐量48ga．i．／hm^2和2倍量96g a．i．／hm^2,可以安全种植马铃薯、西瓜、高粱、西红柿和葱;施用3倍量144ga.i．／hm^2可以安全种植马铃薯和西瓜,高梁、西红柿和葱有一定的药害,不能种植。48ga．i．／hm^2对较敏感作物向日葵和亚麻有轻微药害,最好不种植,对敏感作物甜菜、甘蓝和油菜有较重药害,不能种植;96、144ga．i．／hm^2对向日葵、亚麻、甜菜、甘蓝和油菜药害严重,均不能种植。     

控释尿素对小麦增产效果与提高氮肥利用率的研究

采用控释尿素和普通尿素两种氮素肥料进行优质小麦郑麦366肥效试验研究。两地试验结果表明：100％控释尿素处理产量最高,为7980kg／hm^2和8290kg／hm^2,与同等氮素用量的普通尿素相比增产12．0％、14．0％;产量随氮肥用量的增加而增加;用量70％控释尿素处理与用量100％普通尿素处理之间相比,产量差异不大,没有达到显著性差异,说明施用控释尿素可以比普通尿素减少1／3的纯氮用量。     

18％百菌清·霜脲氰悬浮剂防治黄瓜霜霉病田间药效试验

对18％百菌清·霜脲氰悬浮剂防治黄瓜霜霉病（Pseudoperonospora cubensis）田间效果进行了试验,结果表明．18％百菌清·霜脲氰悬浮剂用量为405g a．i．／hm^2、472．5g a．i．／hm^2、540g a．i．／hm^2时,其对黄瓜霜霉病的防效分别为61．00％、68．82％、74．05％,小区折合产量分别为33946．2kg／hm^2、36709．0kg／hm^2、37595．7kg／hm^2,与空白对照相比分别增产7．38％、16．08％、18．88％。     

浅谈芍药地套种秋大豆栽培技术及效益

在浙江省东阳市千祥镇开展“芍药一秋大豆”套种模式试验,试验结果分析显示,栽培周期3a中芍药纯收入177798元/hm^2,大豆纯收入58941元／hm^2,实现周期纯收入236739元／hm^2,年平均纯收入达78913元／hm^2,效益较为可观。同时能保护地力,提高土地资源的合理利用率,实现可持续生产。     

河南省三大土壤类型区的平衡施肥研究

河南省三大土壤类型区氮磷钾平衡施肥对优质小麦郑麦366的增产作用不同。从试验结果看,氮磷钾平衡施肥在三大土壤类型区（褐土、潮土、砂姜黑土）均能提高小麦产量;限制小麦产量的主要因素：第1位是氮素,第2住是磷素,第3位是钾素。在平衡施肥处理时,潮土区小麦产量最高为8749kg／hm^2,其次褐土区产量为8385kg/hm^2,砂姜黑土区产量最低为7616kg／hm^2和8029kg／hm^2。     

四种杀菌剂对枸杞黑果病的防治效果

枸杞黑果病是枸杞产区的主要病害．发病后造成黑花、黑蕾和黑果，使枸杞产量降低，品质变劣。为探明四种杀菌剂对枸杞黑果病的防治效果及最佳剂量，2003年对下述四种杀菌剂进行了田间药效对比试验，调查防效结果如下：20％三苯基醋酸锡WP450～281g／hm^2(以有效成分计，下同)，20％氟硅唑EC21．08g／hm^21．5％噻霉酮EW16、88～21．08g／hm^2、40％氟硅唑EC450g／hm^2和70％甲基托布津WP787．5g/hm^2对枸杞黑果病防效均在88．25％以上。经LSD检验各处理间防效无显著差异。     

创制农药噻唑锌对水稻细菌性病害的田间药效

噻唑锌是噻二唑类有机锌杀菌剂,对水稻细菌性病害有较好的防治效果。两次药后14d调查结果表明,对水稻白叶枯病,20％噻唑锌SC225—375g a．i．／hm^2防治效果均极显著高于20％叶枯唑WP300g a．i．/hm^2的防治效果;对水稻细菌性条斑病,20％噻唑锌SC 300～375g a．i．／hm^2防治效果极显著高于20％叶枯唑WP 300g a．i．／hm^2的防治效果,225g a．i．／hm^2防治效果与20％叶枯唑WP 300g a．i．／hm^2的防治效果相当。生产上使用20％噻唑锌SC,推荐剂量为225-375g a．i．／hm^2,间隔7d左右,连续施药两次,对水稻白叶枯病、水稻细菌性条斑病均有较好的防治效果。     

超级稻肥的研制及对杂交水稻的施用效果

将研制含有中、微量元素和控失剂的超级稻肥(22-8-12),于2008、2009年在湖南省安排了杂交早稻、杂交晚稻的农田试验,比等养分、单一化肥、复合肥均增产达显著水平。晚稻大田试验超级稻肥(水稻品种华优153)比等养分复合肥增产11.9%,产量达8.09 t/hm~2。     

复合肥减量施用对覆膜栽培水稻产量和养分的影响

采用大田试验研究水稻覆膜栽培条件下复合肥配施有机肥(榨菜叶)对水稻产量、养分吸收量和利用率的影响。结果表明:水稻覆膜栽培条件下减少复合肥施用量20%,较CK(淹水栽培)增产6.9%,在此基础上配施有机肥较CK提高水稻产量14.3%~19.0%,水稻氮、磷、钾养分利用率提高4.7~26.1百分点。在紫色土水稻产区覆膜栽培条件下复合肥减量20%及配施有机肥15~30 t/hm2是水稻节肥增产的有效途径。     

河南省小麦、玉米及蔬菜优质高产高效平衡施肥

介绍农作物高产优质施肥技术的田间试验研究情况。田间试验结果表明:小麦在氮磷肥配施时(N270kg/hm2、P2O5120kg/hm2),K2O最佳用量为180kg/hm2,小麦最高产量达6880kg/hm2;玉米在氮磷肥配施时(N225kg/hm2、P2O5120kg/hm2),K2O最佳用量为180kg/hm2,玉米最高产量达7640kg/hm2;萝卜在氮磷肥配施时(N300kg/hm2、P2O5225kg/hm2),K2O最佳用量为300kg/hm2,萝卜最高产量达79860kg/hm2;白菜在氮磷肥配施时(N300kg/hm2、P2O5225kg/hm2),K2O最佳用量为300kg/hm2,白菜最高产量达95050kg/hm2。     

Synchronizing N Supply from Soil and Fertilizer and N Demand of Winter Wheat by an Improved Nmin Method

Excessive nitrogen (N) fertilizer application and poor timing of N fertilizer application to winter wheat are common problems on the North China Plain. To study the possibilities of optimizing the timing and rate of N application, a field experiment was conducted from 1999 to 2001 in a suburb of Beijing. A control (no nitrogen) and two N fertilization strategies (conventional N application and optimized N fertilization) were designed to compare their effects on wheat growth, N nutrient status, grain yield and N balance. The conventional N fertilization strategy was given a fixed N rate of 300 kg N ha⁻¹, which was split, half in autumn and half in spring as a top-dressing. The timing and rate of N and application of the optimized N fertilization strategy were determined by the target value of soil mineral nitrogen demand for three growth periods of wheat, which is related to the target yield, and soil mineral N (N_min) in the effective rooting depth at the beginning of these three periods. Based on the optimized N fertilization strategy, a total of 55 and 65 kg N ha⁻¹ had to be applied to winter wheat in the re-greening and shooting stages of the first and second experimental years, respectively. Compared with the high N rate before sowing in the conventional N fertilization treatment, the optimized N fertilization treatment did not require any N fertilizer before sowing of wheat. Despite a much lower N fertilization rate, no significant difference in N nutrient status, growth during the wheat growing period or grain yield was observed between optimized N and conventional N fertilization treatments. As a consequence of optimizing the rate and timing of the N fertilizer application to match wheat demand, a much lower residual N_min and calculated apparent N loss was found as compared to the conventional N treatment. N recovery for the optimized N fertilization treatment (67% in 1999/2000 and 66% in 2000/2001) was much higher than that of the conventional N fertilization treatment (19% in 1999/2000 and 18% in 2000/2001). In conclusion, the optimized N fertilization strategy can synchronize N demand of wheat and the N supply from soil and fertilizer, and therefore drastically reduce N application rates without any yield losses.     

玉米施用粉煤灰磁化肥的效应方程及肥效

粉煤灰磁化肥施用于玉米作物试验表明 :该肥在玉米上一般用量为 917.90kg/hm2 左右 ,比对照增产 5 .3～ 65 .0 % ,增产 675 0～ 85 87.5kg/hm2 ,比当地农民习惯施肥措施增产 5 .7～ 12 .5 % ;增产 466.5～ 93 0kg/hm2 ;比未磁化粉煤灰复混肥增产 0 .5 9～ 8.2 % ,增产 49.5～ 63 7.5kg/hm2 。最高产量施用粉煤灰磁化肥为 10 5 5kg/hm2 ,玉米产量为8895 .62kg/hm2 ;最佳产量施用粉煤灰磁化肥为 917.90kg/hm2 ,玉米产量为 883 4 .5 3kg/hm2 。     

腐植酸尿素对冬小麦增产效果及氮肥利用率的影响

以冬小麦为试验材料,研究腐植酸尿素对其产量构成因素、产量及氮肥利用率的影响。试验结果表明:腐植酸尿素能显著提高冬小麦产量、千粒重及氮肥利用率。施用腐植酸尿素I型和腐植酸尿素II型与农民习惯施肥相比,冬小麦产量分别增加753.2、756.9 kg/hm~2,千粒重分别提高1.3、1.4 g,氮肥利用率分别提高11.97、11.60个百分点;与普通BB肥相比,冬小麦产量分别增加897.7、894.0 kg/hm~2,千粒重分别提高0.5、0.6 g,氮肥利用率分别提高10.11、9.74个百分点。     

煤炭腐植酸作为土壤改良剂对土壤物理性质和小麦产量的影响

在巴基斯坦旁遮普的波特瓦地区(33°N,74°E),集约化土壤耕作,土壤侵蚀和低量作物残体的投入是导致土壤结构退化的原因。结构不稳定的土壤很容易受到侵蚀,反过来,土壤侵蚀又会造成作物产量的下降。因此,为了改善土壤的物理性状,在巴基斯坦旁遮普的干旱地区进行了田间试验。试验地点位于大学(拉瓦尔品第PMAS干旱农业大学)研究农场的园区内。2种不同等级(实验室级和商品级)的腐植酸(HA)各分8个水平,施用2年,处理分别为HL_0(对照,不施腐植酸),HL_1 10 kg HA/hm~2,HL_2 20 kg HA/hm~2,HL_3 30 kg HA/hm~2,HL_4 60 kg HA/hm~2,HL_5 90 kg HA/hm~2,HL_6 120 kg HA/hm~2和HL_7 150 kg HA/hm~2,各处理同时配合施用N-P-K(120-90-60 kg/hm~2)。试验期间,检测土壤总有机碳、饱和导水率、团聚体稳定性、容重、土壤含水量和作物产量。试验结果表明,腐植酸能通过影响土壤总有机碳、饱和导水率、团聚体稳定性、容重和土壤含水量等指标来改善土壤的物理性状。2年试验结果均表现为,实验室级的腐植酸比商品级的腐植酸能更好地改善土壤物理性状,从而提高小麦产量。2种不同级别的腐植酸各施用水平与对照相比,差异均显著。在120 kg/hm~2和150 kg/hm~2的腐植酸施用水平下,大多数指标均显示出了相似的结果,因此,从经济角度考虑,120 k g/hm~2的腐植酸用量为最佳施用量。     

树脂包膜尿素与普通尿素配施及树脂包膜BB肥在玉米上增产效果研究

在驻马店市农科所进行了树脂包膜尿素与普通尿素配施试验。试验结果表明,树脂包膜尿素与普通尿素配施处理的产量以控释尿素70%+普通尿素30%处理最好,为7 665 kg/hm2,比100%金正大树脂包膜尿素增产465 kg/hm2,提高了6.5%,比普通复合肥处理增产1 125 kg/hm2,提高了19.0%,比对照增产了2 400 kg/hm2,提高45.6%。金正大控释专用BB肥处理比普通复合肥处理增产90 kg/hm2,提高1.5%。     

Environment,seed rate,and N rate influence on yield of winter barley

This study was conducted to determine the effects of rainfall and temperature during the growing season, seed rate, and N rate on grain yield and yield components of winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) on a Typic Haploxeralf soil in Santa Olalla (Toledo), Spain in 1986/7, 1987/8, and 1988/9. Two experiments were conducted each year using the 6-rowed variety Barbarrosa and the 2-rowed variety Reinette. Both experiments used seed rates of 80, 160, and 240 kg ha^–1 as whole plot treatments, and N rates of 0, 40, 80, 120, and 160 kg ha^–1 as subplots. Responses to N depended on both the quantity and distribution of rainfall during the growing season, and temperature during grain fill. In the high rainfall, moderate grain-fill temperature year, increasing the N rate from 0 to 160 kg ha^–1 increased grain yields (by 2.3 t ha^–1), straw yields and the harvest index while maintaining the kernel weight for both varieties. In the low rainfall, high grain-fill temperature year, N rate had little influence on grain yield, but increased the straw yield, which reduced the harvest index, and also decreased kernel weight. Seed rate had no influence on grain yields even though wide variation in N rates, rainfall and temperatures occurred in the three-year study. Results from this study indicated that strategies to reduce (or avoid) water/high temperature stress during grain fill are necessary to assure more uniform yield responses to N application across years. However, decisions about seed rate can be made independently for conditions similar to those in this study.     

Increasing urea-N efficiency for transplanted lowland rice by pneumatic injection: Yield and economics at the farm level

To increase the fertilizer-N efficiency in lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivation, new management practices are needed. Main cause of the present low efficiency is the low N recovery by plants, as a considerable part of the N applied is lost; deep placement techniques improve the recovery. A pneumatic injector, with which urea prills can be point-placed at a depth of 5–10 cm in paddy soils, was tested in 38 on-farm trials in 1989/90, mostly during the wet season. The experiments, located in Africa and Asia, focussed on differences in grain yield between conventional methods of broadcasting urea and injection by the pneumatic injector, at recommended N-rates. The study shows that the pneumatic injector is effective as a tool to improve the N fertilizer efficiency. The average yield increases per region, resulting from the use of the injector, ranged from about 250 to 1300 kg grain ha^–1. The value of the yield increase would allow most farmers to recover the costs of the injector within one season, even if labour was hired to carry out the injections. The average labour requirement of the injector was 40 hours ha^–1. In Indonesia, injection of prilled urea gave yields similar to those obtained with urea briquettes.     

控释尿素在冬小麦上的一次性施肥研究

在驻马店市地力为中、低水平的砂姜黑土上进行冬小麦田间试验,研究控施尿素在小麦上一次性施肥技术。结果表明:两个试验点产量最高的为控释尿素A(一次性基施处理),达到7 500.4 kg/hm~2和8 145.1 kg/hm~2,与等氮量处理相比提高了180.1 kg/hm~2和224.9 kg/hm~2;在最佳施氮量的基础上减施20%的氮肥,与农民习惯施肥相比产量差异不显著,总体表现为不降低冬小麦产量,降低了施肥次数和劳动强度。