Characterization and Oxidation Behavior of Rayon-Derived Carbon Fibers

Rayon-derived fibers are the central constituent of reinforced carbon/carbon (RCC) composites. Optical, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the as-fabricated fibers and the fibers after oxidation. Oxidation rates were measured with weight loss techniques in air and oxygen. The as-received fibers are ~10 μm in diameter and characterized by grooves or crenulations around the edges. Below 800 °C, in the reaction-controlled region, preferential attack began in the crenulations and appeared to occur down fissures in the fibers.     

Effect of Oxidation Behavior on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Plasma Sprayed Tungsten Coatings

Tungsten (W) coatings have been prepared via air (APS) and vacuum plasma spraying (VPS) technologies, respectively. The microstructures and chemical compositions of the coatings were comparatively studied; meanwhile, the mechanical and thermal properties were evaluated. The results obtained showed that oxide content in the VPS-W coating was apparently lower than that of the APS-W coating because of the different surrounding atmosphere, which influenced the mechanical and thermal properties of the coatings directly. Similar microstructures were observed for the VPS-W and the APS-W coating, but the VPS-W coating was much denser. The bonding strength of the VPS-W coating was much higher than that of the APS-W coating. Thermal conductivity of the VPS-W coating was 59.3 W/m · K at room temperature while the APS-W coating was 32.2 W/m  K. Thermal loading experiments of electron beam showed that the VPS-W coating could withstand the heat load of 10.75 MW/m², while the APS-W coating formed serious cracks on its surface at the load of 7.5 MW/m².     

Tensile Properties and Fracture Behavior of Different Carbon Nanotube-Grafted Polyacrylonitrile-Based Carbon Fibers

The tensile properties and fracture behavior of different carbon nanotube (CNT)-grafted polyacrylonitrile-based (T1000GB) single carbon fibers were investigated. Grafting of CNTs was achieved via chemical vapor deposition (CVD). When Fe(C₅H₅)₂ (also applied via CVD) was used as the catalyst, the tensile strength and Weibull modulus of the carbon fibers were improved, possibly due to the growth of dense CNT networks on the carbon fibers, which may have led to a reduction in the number of strength-limiting defects. Separately, at lower concentrations of an Fe(NO₃)₃·9H₂O catalyst in ethanol, which was applied via dipping, the tensile strength of CNT-grafted fibers was nearly identical to that of the as-received fibers, although the Weibull modulus was higher. For higher concentrations of the Fe(NO₃)₃·9H₂O catalyst, however, the tensile strength and the Weibull modulus were lower than those for the as-received material. Although the density of the CNT network increased with the concentration of the Fe(NO₃)₃·9H₂O catalyst in the ethanol solution, heating of the ethanolic Fe(NO₃)₃·9H₂O catalyst solution generated nitric acid (HNO₃) due to decomposition, which damaged the fiber surfaces, resulting in an increase in the number of flaws and consequently a reduction in the tensile strength. Therefore, the tensile strength and Weibull modulus of CNT-grafted carbon fibers vary due to the combination of these effects and as a function of the catalyst concentration.     

Oxidation Mechanisms of Copper and Nickel Coated Carbon Fibers

Differential-Thermal Analysis (DTA) and X-ray diffraction analysis were applied to determine the mechanisms of high-temperature oxidation of copper- and nickel-coated carbon fibers. Both kinds of coatings were deposited by electroless plating onto the fiber surface. The as-deposited copper film was crystalline, whereas the nickel coating consisted of an amorphous Ni–P alloy. Coated fibers were heated from room temperature to 900 °C in air at 10 °C min^?1. For the copper coating, the main oxidation product formed at low temperatures was Cu₂O, while at higher temperatures was CuO. The crystallization of Ni–P took place at 280–360 °C with the formation of Ni and Ni₃P. The final compounds were NiO, Ni₂P and Ni₃(PO₄)₂. After complete oxidation of the carbon fibers, copper and nickel-oxidized microtubes were obtained. Besides, while copper reduced the temperature of the fiber oxidation, nickel coatings increased the minimum temperature needed for this reaction.     

Effect of Carbon on the Long-Term Oxidation Behavior of Fe3Al Iron Aluminides

Electroslag, remelted-iron aluminides having the compositions: (1) Fe–16Al–0.05C, (2) Fe–16Al–0.14C, (3) Fe–16Al–0.5C, and (4) Fe–16Al–1.0C were investigated to understand the effect of carbon on their oxidation behavior in the temperature range 700–1000°C. The oxidation behavior of these aluminides was compared with that of 310 SS, a reference alloy used in the study. Regardless of carbon content, the iron aluminides exhibit marginally higher oxidation tendency than that of 310 SS at 700°C. However, between 800 and 1000°C, they exhibit better oxidation resistance than 310 SS. Although the oxidation resistance of aluminides at 1000°C is better than that of 310 SS, they suffer severe spallation during long-term exposure and C exacerbates this effect. Examination of the early stages of oxidation of the alloys at 800 and 900°C shows that they do not gain a corresponding weight as they do for a temperature rise from 700 to 800°C. A further rise to 1000°C leads to a marginal inversion in the oxidation tendency of the alloys. Based on the literature, this inversion is attributed to the possible dissolution and/or change in compo- sition of Fe₃AlC_0.69 carbide phase with temperature.     

Study of Oxidation of Carbon Fibers Using Resistance Measurement

Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is a useful and frequently used quantitative analysis technique to study the oxidation kinetics and mechanism of carbon fibers (CFs). An alternative method involving the resistance measurement of CFs during oxidation is proposed to study the oxidation behavior of CFs in this study, which might be also applied to other carbon materials. Experimental results from resistance measurements at different oxidation temperatures show qualitative consistency with those obtained using the TGA technique for the same type of fiber. A comparison between these two techniques is discussed.     

Ti对ZrC-W复合材料烧结行为和力学性能的影响

以金属Ti作为烧结助剂,采用热压烧结工艺制各ZrC-W复合材料,研究了添加Ti对复合材料的致密化行为、微观结构和力学性能的影响.结果表明,添加Ti能够有效促进zrC-W复合材料的致密化,在1900℃烧结的复合材料致密度达到89.9%.在复合材料中生成了TiC和W2C新相,随着烧结温度的提高,W2C相逐渐消失,复合材料的维氏硬度和弹性模量增大,但抗弯强度和断裂韧性变化不大.     

多壁碳纳米管对氧化铝陶瓷电学和力学性能的影响

利用放电等离子烧结技术(Spark Plasma Sintering,简称SPS)制备得到了不同配比的氧化铝/多壁碳纳米管(Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes,简称MWNTs)复合材料,研究了其直流电导率和力学性能.结果表明,当MWNTs含量为5%(体积分数)时,复合材料的电导率比单纯Al2O3提高了近12个数量级,而断裂韧性也提高了大约39%,从3.2 MPa提高到4.44 MPa.因此,通过掺杂少量MWNTs的方法可同时提高氧化铝陶瓷的电学和力学性能而基本不改变其其他性能.     

冷轧变形对碳钢微观组织和力学性能的影响

对低碳钢进行冷轧变形,研究退火温度与退火时间对不同冷轧变形量低碳钢微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着冷轧变形量的增加,低碳钢的屈服强度和抗拉强度升高,伸长率降低。在相同退火制度下,随着变形量的增加,低碳钢的伸长率先增加后降低。     

多壁碳纳米管对氧化铝陶瓷电学和力学性能的影响

利用放电等离子烧结技术（Spark Plasma Sintering，简称SPS）制备得到了不同配比的氧化铝／多壁碳纳米管（Multi—Walled Carbon Nanotubes，简称MWNTs）复合材料，研究了其直流电导率和力学性能。结果表明，当MWNTs含量为5％（体积分数）时，复合材料的电导率比单纯Al2O3提高了近12个数量级，而断裂韧性也提高了大约39％，从3．2MPa提高到4．44MPa。因此，通过掺杂少量MWNTs的方法可同时提高氧化铝陶瓷的电学和力学性能而基本不改变其其他性能。     

Nb含量对高碳钢组织和性能的影响

通过在高碳钢中加入不同含量Nb,研究了正火空冷条件下Nb对高碳钢组织和性能的变化。通过对比发现加入Nb后钢中边界铁素体含量明显增加,强度降低,韧性得到提高;Nb的加入改变了珠光体形态,对温度变化敏感;Nb还使高碳钢的CCT曲线向右下方移动,细化了珠光体片层间距;Nb含量的改变对CCT珠光体区宽度影响不明显。     

热处理对超高碳钢组织和性能的影响

采用几种不同的热处理工艺对超高碳钢进行球化处理,并对不同热处理状态下的试样进行了组织观察和力学性能测试分析,探讨了热处理对超高碳钢组织和性能的影响。结果表明,随着碳化物球化率的提高,钢的塑性得到明显改善。经840℃×20min淬火+650℃×3h高温回火处理样品因能获得圆整度高的球状碳化物,而拥有σs=576MPa、σb=835MPa的高强度和δ5=18·4%的良好塑性。经1200℃×4h高温正火+800℃×2h球化退火处理的超高碳钢由于获得的球状碳化物颗粒细小且分布均匀,基体在变形时受到的阻碍作用较弱,故强度较高(σs=622MPa,σb=927MPa),但塑性稍有下降(δ5=16·0%)。经720℃×3·5h退火处理和840℃×20min空冷+720℃×2·5h退火处理的超高碳钢尽管含有一定量的片状碳化物,也能获得高的强度(σs>590MPa,σb>870MPa)和较好的塑性(δ>11%)。     

碳纤维含量对碳纤维增强PE复合材料力学性能的影响

以短切碳纤维为增强体,以聚乙烯树脂为基体,运用螺杆注射成型的方法制备碳纤维增强热塑性复合材料.研究了碳纤维含量对复合材料硬度、拉伸、疲劳等性能的影响.结果表明,随着碳纤维含量的增加,复合材料的维氏硬度呈S形增加,拉伸强度、弹性模量、条件疲劳极限值都有提高;当碳纤维含量为4.021％时,相对纯聚乙烯,硬度、拉伸强度、弹性模量、条件疲劳极限值分别增加了35.489％、18.421％、208.024％、213.240％     

碳含量对冷作强化非调质钢力学性的影响

采用3种不同碳含量的钒微合金化非调质钢MFT8,在5%～50%的减面率范围内进行冷拔,研究了冷拔前后的力学性能变化.结果表明,随着碳含量的减少,铁素体含量增加,强度和加工硬化率降低,塑性升高,因而变形抗力降低,临界压缩比升高.在保证强度的基础上,降低碳含量有利于改善钢的强韧性和冷加工性能.冷拔减面率达到γc之后,由于鲍辛格效应,试验钢的压缩真应力下降.随着碳含量的降低,压缩真应力降低的幅度变大,且开始下降所需的减面率γc降低.超过γc,由于加工硬化率增大,压缩真应力又重新上升.因此,最佳减面率受碳含量的影响,应该在保证强度的条件下选取鲍辛格效应较大,而加工硬化率没有明显上升的阶段.     

碳含量对冷作强化非调质钢力学性能的影响

采用3种不同碳含量的钒微合金化非调质钢MFT8，在5％-50％的减面率范围内进行冷拔，研究了冷拔前后的力学性能变化。结果表明，随着碳含量的减少，铁素体含量增加，强度和加工硬化率降低，塑性升高，因而变形抗力降低，临界压缩比升高。在保证强度的基础上，降低碳含量有利于改善钢的强韧性和冷加工性能。冷拔减面率达到γe之后，由于鲍辛格效应，试验钢的压缩真应力下降。随着碳含量的降低，压缩真应力降低的幅度变大，且开始下降所需的减面率γe降低。超过γe，由于加工硬化率增大，压缩真应力又重新上升。因此，最佳减面率受碳含量的影响，应该在保证强度的条件下选取鲍辛格效应较大，而加工硬化率没有明显上升的阶段。     

微米级铁基纤维的抗氧化性和磁性

微米级铁基纤维由Cu-11Fe-4Cr原位复合线材萃取得到。研究了在大气环境中加热对纤维样品结构和磁性的影响。采用X射线衍射和扫描电镜观察分析了样品的结构和形貌,采用振动样品磁强计测试了样品的磁性,利用热重-差热试验分析了纤维的热稳定性。结果表明,原始态纤维为铁素体结构,饱和磁化强度约为120A.m2.kg-1;在空气中600℃以下加热,纤维保持铁素体结构不变,经800℃以上加热后,由铁磁性的α-(Fe,Cr)固溶体转变为顺磁性的(Fe0.6Cr0.4)2O3,样品的饱和磁化强度显著下降。     

Tensile Properties of Polyimide Composites Incorporating Carbon Nanotubes-Grafted and Polyimide-Coated Carbon Fibers

The tensile properties and fracture behavior of polyimide composite bundles incorporating carbon nanotubes-grafted (CNT-grafted) and polyimide-coated (PI-coated) high-tensile-strength polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based (T1000GB), and high-modulus pitch-based (K13D) carbon fibers were investigated. The CNT were grown on the surface of the carbon fibers by chemical vapor deposition. The pyromellitic dianhydride/4,4′-oxydianiline PI nanolayer coating was deposited on the surface of the carbon fiber by high-temperature vapor deposition polymerization. The results clearly demonstrate that CNT grafting and PI coating were effective for improving the Weibull modulus of T1000GB PAN-based and K13D pitch-based carbon fiber bundle composites. In addition, the average tensile strength of the PI-coated T1000GB carbon fiber bundle composites was also higher than that of the as-received carbon fiber bundle composites, while the average tensile strength of the CNT-grafted T1000GB, K13D, and the PI-coated K13D carbon fiber bundle composites was similar to that of the as-received carbon fiber bundle composites.     

Oxidation Behavior of Carbon Steel: Effect of Formation Temperature and pH of the Environment

The nature of surface oxide formed on carbon steel piping used in nuclear power plants affects flow-accelerated corrosion. In this investigation, carbon steel specimens were oxidized in an autoclave using demineralized water at various temperatures (150-300 °C) and at pH levels (neutral, 9.5). At low temperatures (< 240 °C), weight loss of specimens due to dissolution of iron in water occurred to a greater extent than weight gain due to oxide formation. With the increase in temperature, the extent of iron dissolution reduced and weight gain due to oxide formation increased. A similar trend was observed with the increase in pH as was observed with the increase in temperature. XRD and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the formation of magnetite. The oxide film formed by precipitation process was negligible at temperatures from 150 to 240 °C compared to that at higher temperatures (> 240 °C) as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. Electrochemical impedance measurement followed by Mott–Schottky analysis indicated an increase in defect density with exposure duration at 150 °C at neutral pH but a low and stable defect density in alkaline environment. The defect density of the oxide formed at neutral pH at 150-300 °C was always higher than that formed in alkaline environment as reported in the literature.     

氢对2091合金力学性能及断裂行为的影响

用动态充氢慢拉伸试验研究氢对２０９１铝锂合金力学性能的影响,用离子探针、透射电镜和扫描电镜研究合金的微观组织和断裂行为。结果表明,２０９１合金具有明显的氢脆敏感性,氢降低合金原子间结合能。合金氢脆敏感性和断裂特征与微观组织有密切关系。     

球化工艺对热轧超高碳钢组织性能的影响

利用离异共析原理,采用不同的热处理工艺球化热轧超高碳钢。组织观察表明:热轧预处理消除了铸态下晶界网状粗大碳化物,并获得颗粒状碳化物与片状珠光体的混合组织。球化热处理时,奥氏体化温度升高、保温时间延长,碳化物颗粒的间距增大,减缓冷却速率增加碳化物的析出。对球化后超高碳钢进行拉伸力学性能试验,850℃球化后的强度很高(σ0.2=688.71MPa,σb=1005.78MPa),屈强比和伸长率分别为0.69、16.7%。拉伸后的断口形貌分析表明,超高碳钢拉伸过程中裂纹易在大颗粒碳化物处萌生、扩展。