超临界变压运行直流锅炉中间集箱分配特性的试验研究

针对600 MW超临界锅炉炉膛下部的螺旋管圈水冷壁与炉膛上部垂直管水冷壁之间过渡联接的中间集箱的结构和参数特点,利用空气-水模拟了超临界锅炉在35%ECR、50%ECR和75%ECR负荷下气-液两相流在中间集箱中的分配特性.通过观察和高速摄影法,对分配集箱并联支管中的流型进行了测量和分析.采用快关阀门法和摩擦阻力法分别测量了各支管的含气率和流量.试验结果表明,在3种工况下,入口干度x=0.7-0.95的范围内,空气-水两相流通过分配集箱并联支管内的流量分配较为均匀,绝大多数情况下流量偏差小于10%.     

超临界循环流化床锅炉水冷屏竖直集箱流量分配数值模拟及试验研究

针对上海锅炉厂有限公司350 MW超临界循环流化床锅炉水冷屏的结构,建立了竖直集箱内空气-水两相流动试验平台.根据质量守恒、动量守恒和补充方程,建立了水冷屏竖直集箱内流量分配的数学计算模型,进行了35％额定负荷时不同干度试验工况下竖直集箱内流量分配的计算,得到了各支管内质量流量不均匀系数、最大质量流量偏差系数、体积流量含气率不均匀系数和最大体积流量含气率偏差系数,并将理论计算值与试验值进行了对比.结果表明:对于单一工况,从第1根支管到第4根支管,质量流量逐渐增加,质量流量偏差系数从负数增大为正数,体积流量含气率逐渐减小,体积流量含气率不均匀系数从正数减小为负数;计算所得数据的变化规律与试验结果一致,且随着干度的增大,计算值与试验值的偏差逐渐减小.     

超临界压力下水冷壁中间集箱分配特性的研究

研究了国产600 MW直流锅炉分配集箱水冷壁管在超临界压力下的流量分配特性。试验参数为:压力p=23~25MPa,质量流速G=400~1 200 kg/(m2.s),工质温度t=10~400℃。试验研究了工质压力、质量流速和工质温度对分配集箱垂直水冷壁管流量分配特性的影响。试验结果表明:随着质量流速的增加,垂直水冷壁管间流量分配的均匀性增加;在拟临界点附近,流量分配不均匀性有一阶跃增加,而且随着压力的增加,流量分配不均匀性在拟临界点的阶跃增加现象变弱。利用分配集箱并联支管的离散模型计算了分配集箱垂直水冷壁管内的流量分配,计算结果与试验数据吻合。     

超临界直流锅炉变压运行下水冷壁中间分配集箱的流量分配特性

研究了国产600 MW直流锅炉水冷壁中间分配集箱在亚临界压力下的流量分配特性.试验参数为:压力P=12～21 MPa,质量流速G=400～1200 kg/(m2·s),质量含汽率x=0～1.0.试验结果表明:随着分配集箱工作压力和分配集箱进口质量流速的增加,分配集箱并联支管之间流量分配的偏差降低;在入口质量含汽率较小时,并联支管问的流量分配偏差随着质量含汽率的增加而增大;在入口质量含汽率大于0.6时,并联支管间的流量分配偏差随着入口质量含汽率的增加而减小.     

某余热锅炉爆管原因分析和改造

水循环回路的合理布置和设计对余热锅炉的安全运行具有重要意义。循环回路结构复杂容易导致并联管内的流量分配较大的不均匀性。偏差管内的流量较小 ,循环倍率较小 ,容易发生水循环停滞。当余热锅炉的热负荷很低时 ,循环流速较小 ,自然循环发生停滞 ,容易导致余热锅炉发生爆管。水循环的脉动会使并联管内循环流速和管壁温度发生脉动 ,余热锅炉的安全性下降。消除并联管内的流量分配不均匀和水循环脉动 ,合理运行 ,能够提高自然循环的可靠性 ,对余热锅炉的安全运行是有利的     

超临界压力600 MW直流锅炉流量分配特性的试验研究

研究国产600 MW直流锅炉分配集箱在亚临界压力下的流量分配特性.试验段由φ42 mm×5.5mm的分配集箱、φ25 mm× 3 mm分配集箱径向引入管和φ10 mm×1.5 mm的垂直并联水冷壁管组成,材料为1Cr18Ni9Ti钢管;试验参数为:压力p=4 MPa～19 MPa,质量流速G=400 kg/(m2·s)～1 200 kg/(m2·s),质量含汽率x=0～1.0.试验研究了工质压力、质量流速和集箱入口质量含汽率对分配集箱垂直水冷壁管流量分配和质量含汽率分配特性的影响.随着分配集箱工作压力和分配集箱进口质量流速的增加,分配集箱并联支管之间的质量含汽率分配的偏差降低;在入口质量含汽率较小时,并联支管之间的质量含汽率的分配偏差随着质量含汽率的增加而增大;在入口质量含汽率>0.55时,并联支管之间质量含汽率的分配偏差随着入口质量含汽率的增加而减小.     

Z型和U型集箱并联管组流动特性的实验研究

在集箱并联管组冷态空气模化实验台上,测定了Z型和U型两种典型集箱引入-引出方式下分配集箱与汇集集箱内的静压分布,结合并联支管总流量与集箱进口流量平衡关系,获得了并联支管的流速分布.将实验值分别与作者提出的集箱并联管组单相流体流动特性分布理论解以及前苏联锅炉机组水力计算标准方法的计算值进行了对比,结果表明:作者提出的理论解与试验值的吻合程度比标准值与实验值的吻合程度要好,从而证实了理论解比现有标准方法更精确.     

联箱式分离型热管实验研究

联箱式分离型热管的多支管并联可能导致流量分配不均,造成部分管道干涸,降低换热效果。搭建了7根管道并联的U型联箱式分离型热管实验平台,以R134a为工质,在800～2 200 W加热功率下,分析热管高效工作的充液率上下限、最佳充液率、热管系统换热特性及管道流量分配。结果表明:热管在充液率为31%～46%时可正常工作,最佳充液率约为42%;确认了各换热支管出现的流量分配不均匀特征,最靠近入口的分支管换热性能最佳,第4～6根换热管流量分配最少、性能最差。     

空冷机组枝状排汽管道流量分配特性的模拟研究

建立了某电厂1000MW直接空冷机组枝状布置排汽管道上升管段的模型,运用流体力学分析软件Fluent对排汽管道内蒸汽流动情况进行模拟,研究管道在不同负荷下的流量分配和压损分布特性。用改变蒸汽分配管管径的方法,均衡各个支管流量,降低管道压力损失。模拟结果证明,汽轮机负荷对枝状布置的排汽管道支管间流量分配比例无明显影响,应用变化管径的方法可以平衡各支管中蒸汽流量的分配,减小排汽管道压损。     

135 MW CFB锅炉L形屏式过热器热偏差分析

以一台135 MW CFB锅炉的L形屏式过热器为例,对其热偏差产生机理进行了研究。通过建立热偏差计算模型和自主编制的软件,计算和分析了其同屏及屏间热偏差系数。结果表明:在同屏管组的引入引出管采用Z形布置时,集箱效应与管组内外侧管长结构不均匀对流量分配的影响相互抵消,达到了流量均匀分配的效果,同屏热偏差主要受结构不均匀和热负荷分布的影响;在各管组引入引出管的进出口集箱采用Z形布置时,由于集箱效应,屏间流量分配明显不均,这是造成屏间热偏差的主因;在实际应用中,应充分利用集箱效应对屏内及屏间工质流量分配的影响,使管内工质流量分配与管外热负荷分布相互配合,达到控制屏式过热器热偏差的目的。     

小型锅炉烟尘测试时锅炉出力的计算

锅炉烟尘测试时,必须对锅炉出力进行测试。但监测中,许多小型锅炉往往不具备相关的计量装置和仪表,为解决这一问题,文章提出了用烟气量和空气过剩系数来计算锅炉的出力的公式,在实际使用中,该方法简单易行,其结果和实测值具有很好的一致怀。     

Unerroric of control of mutual compliance of the efficiency of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles in the conditions of mass production

The issues related to the reliability of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles and increasing the efficiency of using hydrogen as fuel when using the method of its production during the decomposition of hydrogen-containing molecules of liquid-phase organic compounds in a plasma discharge under the action of intense ultrasonic exposure are considered. Experiments have shown that as a result of decomposition in the acoustoplasma discharge of liquid hydrocarbons, solid-phase carbon-containing products are formed, chemical transformations occur in the liquid phase and hydrogen-containing combustible gas is formed. Hydrogen-containing gas can be used as fuel immediately after synthesis, i.e. it does not require separation, since in addition to hydrogen it contains only impurities of CO₂ and water vapor. The purpose of the study is to formalize the basic conditions for tightening the control of mutual compliance with the efficiency of hydrogen engines of the same series in the conditions of their mass production. Methods of mathematical statistics and hardware-software modeling were used in the study. The term “unerroric of quality mutual compliance control” is introduced to describe a set of hardware and software tools for such control. The principle of in-depth testing of the technical condition of such engines of one series is described in a multidimensional formulation of the quality control problem for three of their operating parameters at once. The conditions for increasing the mutual correspondence of the measured values of such parameters in the conditions of serial production of hydrogen engines are formalized.     

中国煤炭地下气化技术的发展

本文综述了煤炭地下汽化技术的国内外发展现状,对我国“长通道、大断面”煤炭地下气化新工艺给予了技术经济评述,并提出了发展煤炭地下汽化技术的政策建议。     

Review of theory of distortion and disintegration of liquid streams

Linear and nonlinear analyses of the instabilities and distortion of liquid streams injected into a gaseous media are discussed. The various fundamental mechanisms and the predictive capabilities for the distortions are emphasized. Round jets, planar sheets, annular sheets, and conical sheets are discussed in detail. The balance between capillary and inertial forces is primarily examined. The method for simplifying the analyses in the case of thin liquid sheets is discussed. The capabilities for representing the droplet size distribution that follows the stream disintegration are outlined.     

机车车轮多轴疲劳强度安全评定的研究

使用ANSYS8.0软件对高速列车车轮进行了三维有限元分析,计算出车轮在直线、曲线和道岔条件下牵引、制动共6种工况时孔边薄弱部位的应力,分别通过Mises等效平均应力方法、Sines平均主应力方法和应力分量中考虑平均应力方法计算出应力在极值位置时的等效应力幅、等效平均应力,从而进一步算出车轮的安全系数,对其疲劳强度进行评定,并对3种方法进行了比较研究。     

Constructal optimization of the geometry of an array of micro-channels

This paper documents the geometric optimization of an array of circular and non-circular ducts. The optimization was carried out numerically using finite volume method. As optimal dimensions were independent of the array configuration, the numerical simulation was performed on a unit cell. Numerical optimization for circular, square and isosceles right triangle cross-sections of channels was performed. Based on the results of this investigation, some correlations were proposed to predict the optimal hydraulic diameter and dimensionless heat transfer per unit volume. In addition to examining the effect of pressure drop on these parameters, it was showed that among the different geometries of this study, square cross-section has the most efficiency for a given volume. The numerical results of the present study were compared with approximate results reported in the literature which a good agreement was observed.     

MgO膨胀剂细度对MgO水化和水泥浆体膨胀的影响

基于《水工混凝土掺用氧化镁技术规范》中的Ⅰ型氧化镁（MgO）,研究了该型MgO膨胀剂（MEA）细度对掺粉煤灰水泥浆体膨胀性能的影响。即采用X射线衍射分析(XRD)及同步热分析（TG DSC）分析了掺MEA水泥浆体中MgO的水化性。结果表明,养护温度相同时,MEA的细度对水泥浆体内MEA中MgO的水化和水泥浆体的膨胀无显著影响,产生的膨胀均能补偿水泥浆体的收缩;MEA的细度可从试验设计采用的45 μm筛筛余15%左右增加到30%左右,这将有利于MEA生产企业的节能降耗。     

固体热辐射Yong性能分析

本文对漫灰均温物体在常物性条件下对外辐射传热的Ｙｏｎｇ值计算建立了数学模型。通过与物体内能Ｙｏｎｇ公式的数值计算比较,得出了辐射能量的Ｙｏｎｇ值不大于内能Ｙｏｎｇ值的结论。从初步的热射Ｙｏｎｇ值计算公式发现。Ｙｏｎｇ与物体表面辐射率有关。     

Measurements of concentration distribution of hydrogen jet using deflection of center of the laser spot

The main purpose of this work is to propose a new method to evaluate the concentration distribution of the hydrogen jet by using a He–Ne laser through the jet. This research attempts to apply the expression of concentration Gaussian distribution, the refraction formula of inhomogeneous refractive index medium, and the concentration inversion function to disclose the displacement of the center of the laser spot at different heights in the gas jet. The spot images of the laser beam passing through the gas jet at three vertical heights z = 10d, 20d, 30d, and different radial positions are obtained. The radial spatial asymmetry of the gas jet is also found in the experiment. Finally, the calculated concentration distribution curve and the fluent simulation curve, it is found that the two results are very similar. Our findings show that the error between the concentration distribution of this method and the simulated concentration distribution reaches 2.43%.     

汽轮机零件防锈性能的改善

介绍了汽轮机零件的封存特点、防锈要求及防锈油性能对比试验的方法,通过对试验结果的对比分析,客观验证了各种防锈油的性能。试验表明,只有选择了合适的防锈油,才能保证汽轮机零件长期封存的质量。