螺旋槽小孔节流动静压气体轴承动态特性分析*

为进一步改善小孔节流动静压气体轴承的稳定性,对螺旋槽小孔节流动静压气体轴承的动态特性进行了研究。建立不定常工况下的动态雷诺方程,采用偏导数积分法求解动态特性系数。研究有无螺旋槽、涡动比、转速、供气压力以及槽宽和槽深对轴承动态特性的影响规律。结果表明:螺旋槽可以显著提高轴承的动态特性,增加轴承的稳定性;随涡动比的增大,直接刚度系数增加,交叉刚度系数和各阻尼系数都减小;随转速的增大,各刚度系数增加,而各阻尼系数减小;随供气压力的增大,各刚度和阻尼系数均增加;随槽宽的增大,直接刚度系数和阻尼系数呈先增加后减小趋势,交叉刚度系数和阻尼系数变化较小;随槽深的增大,直接刚度系数增加,交叉刚度系数和各阻尼系数先增加后减小。     

湍流润滑动静压气体径向滑动轴承性能研究

以动静压气体径向滑动轴承为研究对象,考虑湍流润滑,基于有限差分方法求解引入湍流因子改良的可压缩雷诺润滑方程,计算湍流润滑动静压气体径向滑动轴承的压力分布,获得轴承承载力、静态刚度、交叉刚度、主刚度、交叉阻尼和主阻尼等表征动静压轴承静动态特性的基本参数,并分析偏心率、槽深、槽数、长径比等结构参数及轴颈转速和供气压力等工况对轴承静动态性能的影响规律。结果表明：连续性狭缝湍流润滑动静压气体径向滑动轴承的静态特性优于非连续性狭缝;轴承承载力随着偏心率、长期径比的增大而增大,随着槽区长度、槽深的增大而减小,槽数对承载力影响不大;轴承静态刚度随着偏心率的增大先增大后减小,随着长径比、槽深、槽数的增大而增大,随着槽区长度的增大而减小;较大的转速和供气压力有助于提升轴承的承载力和静态刚度;随着偏心率的增大,交叉刚度逐渐增大,主刚度先增大而减小,而交叉阻尼和主阻尼均增大。     

转子三维偏心下气体箔片轴承的静、动态承载特性分析

为分析转子三维偏心下气体箔片轴承的静、动态承载特性,通过引入2个偏心角来描述转子三维偏心状态,并建立了三维偏心下气体箔片轴承的静、动态承载特性及轴承-转子系统动力学计算模型。以某气体箔片轴承为例,分析了其静、动态承载特性及转子动力学特性,结果表明：转子的三维偏心会导致气膜力分布在轴向上偏移;随转速增大,气膜的各向等效刚度、等效阻尼均不接近于0;随偏心角增大,气膜的各向等效刚度、等效阻尼近似呈指数增大;转子的运转从初始的三维偏心过渡至稳定时的二维偏心,最终在平衡位置处以低频、小振幅的振动形式稳定运转。     

考虑边界滑移状态的液体动静压球轴承稳定性分析

液体动静压球轴承稳定性分析包括探究其动态特性及临界转速,其刚度和阻尼系数对轴承转子系统稳定性具有重要影响,而研究临界转速可有效避免轴承转子系统发生涡动失稳。考虑边界滑移条件,将小孔节流器进入油腔流量与封油边流出流量相等作为边界条件,求解出边界滑移状态下的Reynolds方程得到油腔压力和封油边压力;对边界滑移状态下瞬态Reynolds方程采用小扰动法推导出扰动压力偏微分方程,结合有限差分法和松弛迭代法求解方程得到边界滑移状态下液体动静压球轴承的刚度和阻尼系数,进而通过线性稳定性方法求解临界失稳转速,探讨滑移系数、供油压力、转子转速之于轴承动态特性的影响及临界转速之于滑移系数的变化规律。结果表明,滑移系数增大会导致4个刚度系数和交叉阻尼系数减小、直接阻尼增大;供油压力增大将导致8个动态特性系数均增大,转速增大将导致刚度增大及阻尼减小,且滑移效应的发生不影响上述规律;临界转速随滑移系数的增大而减小,系统稳定性降低。     

箔片动压气体轴承转子系统动态特性试验研究

在箔片动压气体轴承的润滑分析模型和动态特性数学模型基础上,结合牛顿力学方程,建立箔片动压气体轴承-转子系统动力学方程,并研究其刚度和阻尼系数的计算方法;试验测量箔片动压气体轴承-转子系统的振动及速度,计算其刚度和阻尼系数;结合图谱法分析箔片动压气体轴承-转子系统在升速过程中的线性失稳和非线性失稳现象,研究转速对其刚度和阻尼系数的影响规律。结果表明：箔片动压气体轴承-转子系统主刚度系数整体随着转速的升高而增大,而交叉刚度整体随着转速的增加而减小且变化趋势相对较为平缓;阻尼系数整体随转速的提高而减小;系统自身阻尼抑制了扰动和低频能量的聚集,避免了箔片振动发生,从而有效地提高了系统运行的稳定性。提出的动态特性系数计算方法结合气体润滑理论与动力学模型,并结合试验测试,可以有效地获得轴承-转子系统的动态特性。     

运行参数对静压气体轴承动力学特性的影响

基于MATLAB编程,利用有限差分法耦合比例分割法求解Reynolds方程,获得静压气体轴承的压力分布;采用偏导数方法,获得静压气体轴承扰动状态下的润滑方程,求解其动态刚度系数以及动态阻尼系数。针对双排孔供气、每排8孔均布的气体轴承模型进行数值计算,分析在特定结构尺寸下静压气体轴承的运行参数(供气压力、转速、偏心率)对其动力学参数及稳定性的影响。结果表明:静压气体轴承的主刚度和主阻尼系数随供气压力及偏心率的增加而增大,主刚度随着转速的增加而增加,主阻尼系数随转速的增加而减少;低频扰动更易使气体轴承发生失稳,适当提高运行偏心率可以提高轴承稳定性。     

超临界二氧化碳动静压径向可倾瓦轴承实验台设计与实验研究

针对超临界二氧化碳(S-CO₂)动力机组在启动和停止阶段气体轴承产生非常大的摩擦磨损,以及气体轴承承载力低、刚度低、阻尼小、稳定性较差等问题,设计并改进一种新型动静压S-CO₂润滑径向可倾瓦轴承结构。设计并搭建S-CO₂润滑轴承实验台,针对于实验台转子刚启动和极低转速工况,对新型S-CO₂润滑动静压径向轴承在静压状态下的动态特性进行实验研究,得到轴承的动态刚度和动态阻尼,并分析静压对轴承动态性能的影响。实验结果表明,设计的S-CO₂动静压径向可倾瓦轴承在启停阶段,在轴瓦与轴颈之间产生了足够的静压压力,可将二者完全分隔开,从而能减少启停阶段的摩擦磨损;随着静压压力的增大,轴承X、Y方向上的整体刚度、主阻尼都增大,且2个方向的主刚度系数差别不大,而交叉刚度和交叉阻尼都接近于0。研究结果为进一步揭示S-CO₂润滑径向轴承动压状态特性提供参考。     

螺旋槽气体轴承动态特性及失稳分析

针对高速动静压气体轴承气膜的复杂非线性动力学行为,以球面螺旋槽动静压气体轴承为研究对象,建立润滑分析数学模型;采用有限差分法与导数积分法进行求解,得到动态扰动压力分布及动态特性系数,并研究切向供气条件下螺旋槽参数、径向偏心率、供气压力、转速对气膜刚度阻尼系数的影响规律;建立线性稳定性计算模型,预测气膜涡动失稳转速,分析运行参数对失稳转速的影响。结果表明:气膜阻尼是一种抑制涡动的因素,气膜的稳定性取决于气膜刚度与阻尼的协同作用;气膜刚度阻尼随着槽宽比、槽深比、螺旋角的增大,整体上呈先增大后减小的趋势;刚度随转速的升高而增大,阻尼则随转速的升高而减小;径向偏心率和供气压力越大,气膜刚度和阻尼越大;在一定范围内,提高供气压力、增大径向偏心率能够提高系统失稳转速;合理地选取轴承结构参数和运行参数,能够优化轴承动态特性,保证气体轴承较高的运行稳定性。     

轴承预紧力和跨距对主轴动态特性的影响

基于ABAQUS采用有限元分析法分析了主轴动态特性,主要研究了轴承预紧力和支撑跨距对主轴动态特性的影响,在同时考虑轴向预紧和主轴自重对轴承刚度的影响的情况下,计算得到不同预紧力和过盈配合下组配轴承的径向刚度,拟合了固有频率随轴承预紧力和支撑跨距变化的经验公式。结果表明:轴承预紧力相比过盈量对组配轴承刚度的影响更为明显。主轴系统的固有频率随轴承预紧力的增加而增大,相同的刚度下,轴承支承跨距的增加系统固有频率随之增大。     

球面螺旋槽动静压气体轴承动态特性分析

以半球螺旋槽动静压气体轴承为研究对象,建立球面动静压混合气体轴承的非线性动态润滑计算分析数学模型,采用偏导数法推导出扰动压力控制方程;在广义坐标系下,采用有限差分法对扰动压力控制方程离散化,推导出扰动压力的差分表达式;推导出半球螺旋槽动静压气体轴承刚度和阻尼系数与扰动压力之间的关系表达式;采用VC++6.0编制程序,数值计算出三维微气膜的瞬态扰动压力分布、非线性气膜力及动态刚度系数和动态阻尼系数。研究转速、偏心率及供气压力对气膜动态特性系数的影响规律,结果表明:随着转速、偏心率及供气压力的增大,气膜刚度和阻尼系数均有不同程度的变化。     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Short-Term Relay Quality Prediction Algorithm Based on Long and Short-Term Memory

The fraction defective of semi-finished products is predicted to optimize the process of relay production lines, by which production quality and productivity ar...     

End-to-End Multiview Gesture Recognition for Autonomous Car Parking System

The use of hand gestures can be the most intuitive human-machine interaction medium.The early approaches for hand gesture recognition used device-based methods....     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

ANGULAR DISTORTION ALLOWABLE VALUE AND ASSESS METHOD OF WELD ON COKE TOWER

A graph as the new engineering method for estimate the safety of bulging deformation of coke tower is proposed. Through stresses analysis of circumferential weld of coke tower and comparing the stresses produced by pressure with heat stress of steady state, residual stress, bending stress produced by both itself weight and wind loads, it showed that the stresses produced by pressure on the angle distortion are the main factor of equivalent stress of the combined stress. After comparing four kinds of stress controlling conditions, the relation to stress with depth of angular distortion, grade of curvature of angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been inferred. Graph of deformation allowable value of coke tower for different condition by angular distortion and half of region of angular distortion has been plotted. The five steps for its engineering use have been explained. The lighter the grade of curvature is, the larger of bulge allowance, may be, and the bigger of depth of angular distortion may pose too. For the coke tower with a popular structure of Dg 5 400 mm×28 mm, the result by graph is nearly more than the result of two formulas formed by other research, the error is less than 7.0%. But, the graph can be easily applied to different size of angular distortion.