乳腺肿瘤组织中的微量元素分析

用同步辐射X射线荧光(SR-XRF)技术分析了正常乳腺组织、良性乳腺肿瘤组织和乳腺癌组织中微量元素的种类、相对含量等.根据SR-XRF的结果,在这三种组织中微量元素的种类是相同的,但相对含量是不相同的,特别是正常组织和肿瘤组织中的Ca、Fe和Zn的差异相当明显.肿瘤组织中S、Cr、Mn、Ni、Cu和Se的相对含量与正常组织中含量具有正相关性,即肿瘤组织的含量相对于正常组织是增加的,而K和Ca则是负相关性.P在正常乳腺组织和良性乳腺肿瘤组织中的含量基本不变,但在癌变组织中略有下降.恶性肿瘤中的Fe和Zn是正相关性,而在良性肿瘤中则是负相关性.可见:正常、良性和癌变的乳腺组织中微量元素的相对含量是不同的,可以为乳腺癌的诊断提供有用信息.     

Analysis of blood and tissue in gallbladder cancer

Particle induced X-ray emission, particle induced γ-ray emission studies has been carried out to analyse normal and carcinoma tissues and blood samples of gallbladder of both sexes and seventeen trace elements namely Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br and Pb were estimated in the tissue and blood samples. In the present study, concentration of Zn in the carcinoma gallbladder tissue is less than that of the normal gallbladder tissue. Tobacco habit could be one of the important factors to decrease the elemental concentrations in blood and tissue samples.     

Elemental analysis of mining wastes by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF)

An energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) tri-axial geometry experimental spectrometer has been employed to determine the concentrations of 13 different elements (K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr and Pb) in mine wastes from different depths of two mine tailings from the Cartagena-La Union (Spain) mining district. The elements were determined and quantified using the fundamental parameters method. The concentrations of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb were compared to the values from the European and Spanish legislation to evaluate the environmental risk and to classify the wastes as inert wastes or as wastes that have to be control land-filled. The results obtained demonstrate that these wastes can be considered as inert for the considered elements, apart from the concentration levels of Zn and Pb. Whilst Zn slightly overpasses the regulatory levels, Pb mean value exceeds three to six times the value to be considered as Class I potential land-filling material.     

In situ analysis of human teeth by external PIXE

The elemental profiles of the enamel, cementum and caries of human teeth were analysed by the external proton induced X-ray emission studies. Ten elements namely P, Ca, V, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, As, Sr and Pb were estimated in the present study. P and Ca were found to be the major elements whereas all other elements were found in trace level. It was observed that the respective concentrations of elements namely P, Ca, Fe, Zn and Pb in enamel are more than those in cementum. Concentration of P ranged between 6.37% and 25% whereas Ca ranged between 12.94% and 43.36%.     

用计算机模式识别法和PIXE法研究人发中元素在食管癌诊断中的作用

用ＰＩＸＥ方法对华北地区的４１４例食管癌、食管上皮重度增生病人和正常人的头发样品中的１２种元素进行了测定。经过ｔ检验发现，癌症病人与正常人比较，１０种元素（Ｓｉ，Ｓ，Ｃａ，Ｃｒ，Ｍｎ，Ｆｅ，Ｎｉ，Ｃｕ，Ｐｂ，Ｓｒ）有显著差异；食管上皮重度增生病人和正常人比较，９种元素（Ｓｉ，Ｐ，Ｓ，Ｃａ，Ｃｒ，Ｍｎ，Ｆｅ，Ｎｉ，Ｚｎ）有显著差异，说明头发中微量元素的变化先于人体内食管的癌变。用计算机模式识别法对上     

Trace elements of soil samples from mining area

The affect of mining activity on the environment has been long of public concern. The present paper deals with the elemental analysis of soil samples from a mine and the area around it, located in E 48°59′ and N 34°11′ in Hamadan province of Iran. Elemental analysis was done using Proton Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) technique. Spectra analysis and quantification was done using GUPIX software. Besides the major elements Si, P, K, Ca, Mn and Fe the other elements, namely Cl, Ti, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr and Pb were also present. Arsenic could be detected in some samples only. The presence of Ba and Ce needs more investigations by other techniques due to overlap of the L X-rays of these elements with the K X-rays of the major elements Mn and Fe, etc. Many elements V, Cr, As and Pb are known to be toxic and needs further understanding and proper handling in the mining process.     

钙,微量元素与妊娠关系的初步研究

用X射线荧光分析法(XRF)测定了1023例孕妇发中的Ca以及9种微量元素含量,与270例对照组相比,孕妇发中Sr、Mn、Ca含量显著降低(p<0.01),Zn、Cu、Fe含量也有不同程度的降低,特别是在妊娠晚期。     

上海市长寿老人的头发微量元素谱特征

微量元素与人体健康和疾病有着密切的联系,特别是一些必需微量元素,它们通过参与酶、激素、蛋白质、核酸等的合成及代谢功能,对人体的生长、发育、衰老、死亡起着至关重要的作用。近年来,微量元素对人类寿命的影响已引起人们的注意。头发是一种化学组成均匀而稳定的物质,金属微量元素一旦与毛囊中的硫基(-SH)结合就被固定而不易被机体重新吸收或脱落。头发也和皮肤一样参与机体的代谢过程,是代谢的最终产物,头发中的元素浓度可反映人体内存在的元素的平均浓度。因而测定头发中的微量元素含量可为生长、发育和衰老研究提供重要信息。本工作的目的在于通过测定九十岁以上长寿老人发中的十种必需元素含量,探讨长寿老人的微量元素谱特征。     

Chronological studies of tree-rings from the Amazon Basin using thick target PIXE and proton backscattering analysis

A tree-core sample (Aspidosperma obscurinervium, popular name: “pequiá marfim”) about 161 years old (cut in 1990), from the Ducke Reserve at the Amazon Basin, Manaus, Brazil was analyzed by PIXE (Particle Induced X-ray Emission) and proton backscattering in 136 different spots along its life. Twenty-two elements plus the density of the wood were measured (C, O, H, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sr, Co, Rb, W and Pb). Average C, O, and H results (49.77% ± 0.15%, 44.29% ± 0.14% and 5.95% ± 0.12%, respectively) compare well with literature values for the biomass in the Amazon region. The variability of trace elements along the tree rings showed important features that could be caused by modifications in the environment during the life of the tree. The well behaved variability of some trace elements (like K, P, Mn, Ca, etc.) seems to reflect the physiological response of the tree to external changes in the environment. The concentration of K varied from about 4 up to 2000 ppm in a given period of the life of the tree. The same period also shows important changes in the bulk composition and structure of the rings (e.g. C and density series). Multivariate statistical methods (cluster and factor analyses) were used for data interpretation, helping in the separation of periods of important transformations in the tree. The elemental time series is compared with historical records of regional development and with some global events that could possibly affect the tree. The period of maximum variation in the elemental concentrations appears to be related to the Brazilian rubber boom (1859–1912), responsible for several transformations in the Amazon region. In particular in the Manaus region, large development has occurred in the beginning of the 20th century, which are reflected in the results of this tree-core analysis.     

中医虚证与长寿老人发中微量元素相关关系探索

对于中医虚证的本质,国内外已进行了多方面的研究,获得了若干生理功能和生化代谢方面的各种客观指标的数据。由于微量元素在人体生长、发育和衰老中起着重要作用,近年来我国亦有人从这一角度对虚证本质进行了探索。     

Trace elements in particles of motor vehicle exhaust in Shanghai

A nuclear microprobe with high spatial resolution and high analytical sensitivity was applied to analyze trace elements,especially lead,in vehicle exhaust of Shanghai city.The result shows that the chemical composition and its corresponding x-ray relative intensity are different among different vehicle exhausts.There are many kinds of metal elements in particles of vehicle exhaust.most are harmful to people,such as Ti,Cr,Mn,Pb,etc.We found that the lead concentration was 6820μg/g and the bromine concentration was 5300μg/g in the exhaust from Santana using leaded gasoline(SULG).which is higher than any other kinds of vehicle exhausts.We have also detected the minimum lead in the particles of unleaded gasoline and its content varies from one to another.Its mean concentration was 450μg/g and the highest reached 6210μg/g.The unleaded gasoline‘s Pb existed in the whole particle while the leaded gasoline‘s enriched in the surface of the particle and was more harmful to the human beings.     

基于SRXRF的单个流体包裹体无损分析及其在石油地质中的应用

本文叙述了同步辐射X射线荧光微探针用于单个流体包裹体无损分析研究的实验装置和方法，通过测定NIST612标样，计算了目前实验条件下部分元素的检出限，对取自我国西部含油气盆地的典型有机包裹体作无损成分分析，给出了K，Ti,V,Cr,Mn,Fe,Co,Ni,Cu,Zn,Rb,Sr,Y,Zr,Ba,Pb等元素的半定量测试结果，并对分析结果在石地质中的应用进行了初步研究。     

Biomonitoring study of seasonal anthropogenic influence at the Itamambuca beach (SP, Brazil)

The present work is focused on the study of a seasonal anthropogenic influence on the beach of Itamambuca (Ubatuba, SP, Brazil) carried out using Atherinella brasiliensis as biomonitor. In total 84 fish were caught between July 2004 and February 2005 in different locations at the beach and inside the Itamambuca river. The fish were pooled according to catch and their musculature was analyzed by Particle-Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) and Rutherford Backscattering (RBS) techniques. While the concentration of light (matrix) elements like C and O were obtained using the RBS technique, major (Na, Mg, P, S, Cl, K and Ca) and trace (Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br and Sr) elements were measured by PIXE. The results show that differences were observed for several elemental concentrations of fish tissue between high season (spring-summer) and low season (winter-fall), indicating that increased human activity in the beach during high season may have some impact on the beach ecosystem. The role of the water salinity in the results is also discussed.     

In situ analyses of gallstone inner layers by external PIXE

External proton induced X-ray emission analyses were carried out to study the elemental profile at different points of two mixed gallstones inner layers. It was observed that ten minor/trace elements namely P, S, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Br, Rb and Sr were present in the mixed gallstone layers. Among the elements detected, Ca shows the highest concentration whereas Br, Rb and Sr were found only at some points in trace level. Concentrations of Ca and P were observed to be the highest in the core of the gallstones. The presence of high amount of Cu and Zn on the surface of the gallstones, as compared to other layers, may be due to contamination with bile.     

白血病患者头发中钙及微量元素的初步研究

应用放射性核素~(238)Pu源激发X射线荧光法测定了63例白血病患者头发中钙及锶、铅、锌、铜、镍、铁、锰、铬、钛等9种微量元素的含量。与同期苏州地区115名正常成人头发微量元素相比,发现男女患者发中Zn、Cu和Ca含量均明显下降,而Pb含量均显著上升(p≤0.05或p<0.001)。此外男性患者发中Ni、Fe、Mn、Cr亦明显上升,而女性患者发中Sr明显下降(p<0.05或p<0.001)。男性白血病发病率高于女性,可能同男性患者发中Mn、Fe、Ni、Cr含量显著升高有关。     

乳腺癌和乳腺增生症患者头发中钙及其他微量元素的初步研究

用２３８Ｐｕ源激发Ｘ射线荧法测定３２例乳腺癌和１０５例乳腺增生症女性患者头发中Ｃａ及Ｓｒ，Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｎｉ、Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ、Ｃｒ、Ｔｉ等９种微量元素含量。与５５例正常成年女性头发中微量元素相比，发现乳腺增生症组中的Ｓｒ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｍｎ和Ｃａ含量显著下降（ｐ＜０．００１），其他元素无显著差异；乳腺增生症组中的Ｓｒ、Ｍｎ、和Ｃａ含量明显下降（Ｐ＜０．０１），而Ｚｎ、Ｎｉ、Ｃｒ含量显著升高（Ｐ＜０．０５）；乳腺增生症组中的Ｓｒ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｎｉ、Ｍｎ、Ｃｒ和Ｔｉ含量明显下降而（Ｐ＜０．０５－Ｐ＜０．００１）。     

Nuclear microscopy study of fish scales

Fish scales are useful to ichthyologists for purposes of classification, identification, age determination and history study. So far, all studies of fish scales, for whatsoever purposes, have relied on the use of optical or electron microscopes to study their form and structure. Employing the NUS nuclear microscope, we measured the concentrations of Sr, Zn, Fe, Mn, Ni, Cu, Cr, As, Se, Br and Pb in the scales of 17 fish species. The objective was to test the hypotheses that the trace elements in scales could be used for species differentiation, and that the fish scale could potentially be used as a monitor for the environment. Our preliminary results gave positive indications.     

Quantitative micro-PIXE mapping of squid statoliths

Distribution of elements in statoliths of squid Loligo vulgaris reynaudii d'Orbigny, 1845 was studied, using the true elemental imaging system (Dynamic Analysis) of the NAC nuclear microprobe. The analysis revealed various patterns of Ca and Sr distributions. The biological interpretation of the most frequent pattern is linked with the role of Sr in the statolith deposition process. Other patterns are linked with the technique used and the specific characteristics of the sample. Traces of other elements (Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Br, Pb) were also found. Likewise, their presence may have the biological interpretation (Zn, Cu and Br), or is an artefact linked to the methods and conditions of sample preparation and/or analysis. Methodical aspects of using proton backscattering for PIXE X-ray yield corrections are also discussed.