Co-Zn扩散偶的界面迁移

采用铆钉法制备了界面为曲面的Co-Zn扩散偶,利用光学显微镜观察了扩散偶界面特征,并测量了扩散层厚度.研究结果表明,经过扩散热处理,Co-Zn扩散偶界面处形成了一个扩散溶解层,该扩散溶解层的厚度随温度的升高和保温时间的延长呈增大趋势.在扩散偶热处理过程中,Co/Zn界面处形成的扩散溶解层向锌侧迁移的速度较大,出现了明显的kirkendall效应.     

Al／Cu／Mg扩散偶相界面的扩散机理

采用铆钉法制备了Al／Cu／Mg三元扩散偶,在真空炉进行扩散反应,利用SEM背散射电子像和微区电子探针分析,研究了扩散反应层的特征。在450℃下,Al／Cu／Mg三元扩散偶的三元交界处生成了五个三元化合物：Al6CuMg4,Al7Cu3Mg6,Al2CuMg,Al5Cu6Mg2和Cu5Al3。     

Ti/Cu扩散溶解层的组织结构和形成规律

采用镶嵌式扩散偶,在不同退火处理条件下,对Ti/Cu扩散溶解层进行了研究.利用扫描电子显微镜和电子探针显微分析仪观察和分析了扩散溶解层的组织结构和形成规律.结果表明,随着加热温度的升高和保温时间的延长,在Ti/Cu界面处会形成相界面依附于扩散偶组元Cu丝、形态各不相同、层数以及总层与单层厚度逐渐增加的"环状"扩散溶解层;当进行700℃、100小时真空退火热处理时,扩散溶解层厚度为93μm;其中一层呈"锯齿状"朝向Cu,分别有两层处于同一个层区域内,并以"竹笋状"方式互相交错重叠;结构为Cu/Cu4Ti/Cu2Ti/Cu3Ti2/Cu4Ti3/CuTi/CuTi2/Ti,而且其结构与Cu-Ti相图上各个相的左右排列顺序一致.不同的扩散温度和时间,Ti/Cu相界面处将几乎同时结晶出不同层数、厚度和结构的扩散溶解层.     

一种研究Cu/Al界面原子扩散Kirkendall效应的新方法

利用铆钉法制备了Cu—Al扩散偶。借助光学显微镜和彩色金相技术,通过分析烧结过程中销钉及销孔直径尺寸的变化,研究了Cu／Al界面原子扩散的Kirkandall效应。结果表明,在烧结温度范围内铜向铝中的扩散强度大于铝向铜中的扩散强度。     

Zn/Fe及Zn/Fe-Mn固态扩散偶中金属间化合物的生长

采用Zn/Fe及Zn/Fe-Mn固固扩散偶方法,研究了锰对金属间化合物生长动力学的影响。对扩散偶在385℃扩散10～300min的研究结果表明,在Zn/Fe扩散偶中,扩散层以δ相为主,ζ相和δ相之间具有平直的界面,随扩散时间的延长,δ相的厚度增加,ζ相逐渐被消耗,厚度比dζ/dδ的值逐渐减小;在Zn/Fe-Mn扩散偶中,扩散层也以δ相为主,ζ相和δ相之间的界面更平直,铁基体中的锰在扩散初期促进δ相的生长,但在扩散后期促进ζ相生长。对Zn/Fe-Mn扩散偶中金属间化合物的生长动力学研究表明,0.4%(质量分数,下同)的锰使扩散层总厚度增加,当锰含量增加到1.2%以上时,扩散层总厚度反而开始下降。Zn/Fe、Zn/Fe-0.4%Mn、Zn/Fe-1.2%Mn及Zn/Fe-2.0%Mn四个扩散偶中总扩散层的生长均由扩散控制。     

Cu-In系中Cu11In9相的生长动力学研究

采用电沉积方法在Cu基底上制备一层In薄膜得到Cu-In扩散偶.将扩散偶在T=453K、503K和553K时分别进行t=20min、40min、60min和90 min的热处理.实验结果表明,在Cu-In扩散偶界面形成了不同厚度的金属间化合物层Cu11In9相;将Cu11In9相的厚度与热处理时间的关系接经验公式进行拟合,得到比例常数k和生长速率时间指数n;k和n值的大小表明,金属间化合物Cu11In9相层的生长速率受扩散和固态铜在液态铟中的溶解共同控制.     

热处理对冷轧铜铝复合板材界面扩散层结构的影响

用SEM、TEM、微区XRD等手段分析了复合板界面扩散层的形貌和结构,研究了热处理工艺对冷轧铜铝复合板材界面扩散层结构的影响,讨论界面扩散层形成规律。研究表明,冷轧铜铝复合板经过扩散热处理后,在复合界面形成具有扩散性质的界面层,随着热处理时间的延续,界面扩散层由最初的单层逐渐生长为三层,进一步延长热处理时间,界面层的层数不变,厚度略有增加;界面层含有q(Al2Cu)相、h2(AlCu)相和g2(Al4Cu9)相等金属间化合物;界面扩散层结构为:铝侧的Al-Cu固溶体与q(Al2Cu)相复合层、h2(AlCu)相层和铜侧的Cu-Al固溶体与g2(Al4Cu9)相复合层。     

铜与硅之间W/Mo-N薄膜的扩散阻挡层性能

研究了铜与硅之间W／Mo-N薄膜的扩散阻挡性能。在Si(100)基片上利用反应溅射沉积一层Mo-N薄膜,然后再利用直流溅射在Mo-N上面沉积Cu／W薄膜。样品在真空下退火,并利用四点探针、X射线衍射分析、扫描电镜分析、俄歇电子能谱原子深度剖析等测试方法研究了Cu／W／Mo-N／Si的热稳定性及W／Mo-N薄膜对铜与硅的扩散阻挡性能。实验分析表明,Cu／W／Mo-N／Si结构具有非常好的热稳定性,在600℃退火30min仍未发生相变,并能有效的阻挡铜与硅之间的扩散。     

镁含量和硅对铁-锌铝镁合金固-液扩散偶中Fe-Al反应层的影响

在热浸镀锌中,铁基表面Fe-Al化合物层的形成会影响镀层的生长和质量。将Fe/(Zn-11%Al-3%Mg)和Fe/(Zn-11%Al-x%Mg-0.2%Si)扩散偶在600℃下进行25min的固-液扩散实验,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)研究了镁含量和硅对铁-锌铝镁合金固-液界面Fe-Al合金层形成的影响。结果表明,Fe/(Zn-11%Al-3%Mg)固-液扩散偶反应层由FeAl3和Fe2Al5相层组成;随着Mg含量的增加,Fe/(Zn-11%Al-x%Mg-0.2%Si)扩散偶中反应层的厚度呈现先增加后减少再增加的变化趋势,当镁含量为3%时反应层厚度最薄;Fe/(Zn-11%Al-3%Mg)扩散偶中Fe-Al反应层的平均厚度比Fe/(Zn-11%Al-3%Mg-0.2%Si)扩散偶中反应层的厚度大60μm,证明Si元素起到抑制Fe-Al反应层形成的作用。研究结果为解释Super Dyma合金镀层中不形成明显的Fe-Al抑制层提供了实验依据。     

钼铜扩散焊接接头界面显微组织

采用扩散焊接方法对钼铜异种材料进行了焊接,研究了直接焊接和加镍作为中间层焊接对焊接接头界面显微组织的影响,通过SEM、EDS、EPMA、XRD等测试方法对其显微结构进行了表征.结果表明,直接焊接时,焊接界面结合紧密,Mo、Cu原子之间相互扩散形成扩散层,接头断裂发生在扩散层,由于柯肯达尔效应作用,在铜侧形成少量孔洞,孔洞的存在使焊接接头性能降低;加镍中间层焊接时,接头抗拉强度高于直接焊接时抗拉强度,Mo/Ni和Ni/Cu界面结合紧密,Mo/Ni界面形成固溶体层,接头断裂发生在Mo/Ni界面处,断口呈典型的脆性断裂特征.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from     

CNAS Passes APLAC's PTP Review

正The review group of Asia Pacific Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation(APLAC)carried out a 4-day peer review of the proficiency testing provider(PTP)for China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment(CNAS)from July 28 to 31,2014.CNAS passed the PTP review with excellent performance.Two senior peer reviewers of APLAC made a comprehensive,rigorous and detailed review of CNAS’s PTP accreditation activities,and made the on-spot inspection of the review groups in Shanghai and Shenzhen respectively.     

新闻(英文)

正China and Greece Sign the Standardization Cooperation Agreement Witnessed by Chinese Premier Li Keqiang and Greek Prime Minister Antonis Samaras,AQSIQ Minister Zhi Shuping and ELOT Chairman and Executive Director Angelos Tolkas signed the SAC-ELOT Standardization Cooperation Agreement.The Agreement is one of the critical cooperation documents signed during Li Keqiang’s visit in Greece,encouraging China and Greece to