基于模态法的形变重构技术应用研究

针对相控阵雷达领域天线阵面结构实时变形监测的需求,研究了基于模态法的应变测量形变重构方法。该方法采用光纤光栅传感器测量面板表面应变,通过模态理论实现应变–位移的转换,重构出反射面形貌。文中以某相控阵雷达实验平台为研究对象,通过有限元软件提取其模态位移矩阵和模态应变矩阵,计算获得应变–位移转换矩阵。通过实验测量,提取了多种工况下面板的应变值,采用模态法进行了反射面形貌重构,对重构结果和实际位移值进行了比对与分析。结果表明,模态法形变重构可以较为准确地重构反射面变形。     

机翼模型应变场分布式光纤监测与重构方法

针对飞行器机翼结构应变场重构问题,提出了一种基于分布式光纤传感器与模态叠加原理相结合的大展弦比机翼缩比模型应变场监测与重构方法。借助ANSYS有限元分析软件,数值模拟得到大展弦比机翼缩比模型在不同载荷下应变分布与应变模态振型。在此基础上,通过在大展弦比铝合金机翼缩比模型展向设置光纤Bragg光栅传感器,实时采集应变分布与变化信息,结合数值仿真得到机翼模型应变模态振型,重构机翼缩比模型应变场分布,应变反演平均误差约为7%。研究结果表明,本研究方法具有非视觉测量、实时性好以及反演精度较高等优点,能够为及时准确获取飞行器翼面应变场分布信息,进而实现机翼气动载荷计算与疲劳寿命预测提供技术支撑。     

FRP 层压复合梁结构屈曲变形在线监测方法

为了实现梁结构屈曲变形在线监控,提出了一种FRP层合梁屈曲变形重构方法。首先,依据高阶剪切变形理论,提出了一种复合梁结构变形场描述方法,并基于冯卡门应变梯度理论,推导出了中性轴应变表述方式。然后,利用最小二乘变分法建立了位移重构模型。其中,利用四次B-样条基函数构造了屈曲变形位移插值函数,推导了理论中性轴应变计算公式。并基于少量应变测量,提出了非线性项应变解耦方法,建立了测量应变与实测中性轴应变转换关系。最后,为了验证所提方法的精确性,以25层碳纤维复合梁为样件,搭建固定-简支梁试验平台,对其进行数值计算和试验论证。结果表明,建立的屈曲变形重构模型在不同轴向载荷作用时,位移场重构误差均小于8%。     

基于改进凸包算法的叶片型面特征参数提取

针对叶片离散测量点云数据,提出了基于改进凸包算法的叶片型面特征参数（如弦线、前后缘半径等）提取方法,并利用主成份分析法准确提取叶片截平面的法矢,开发了基于MATLAB环境的某型号航空发动机叶片特征参数提取软件模块,实现了叶片型面的快速特征提取与精密检测。     

Exact full-field analysis of strain and displacement for circular disks subjected to partially distributed compressions

The disk in diametral compression has been investigated frequently on developing experimental techniques, such as photoelasticity and Moiré interferometry, for several decades. Theoretically, the compression as a concentrated force is more conducive to analyze but it is impossible to achieve such loading condition experimentally. The distributed compression on a finite area at rim is important in many engineering applications and is relatively closer to actual testing conditions, but it is complicated to seek an analytical solution. This paper presents exact full-field solutions of strain and displacement of a circular disk subjected to partially diametral distributed compressions in explicit functional forms. Based on the theoretical solutions, full-field distributions of strain and displacement are easily provided in polar and Cartesian coordinates by numerical calculations. Interesting phenomena of strain and displacement are discussed in detail based on numerical results. The Saint-Venant's principle applied in circular disks subjected to diametral loadings is examined by comparing the full-field results for the concentrated load and the distributed compression with small angle. Experimental measurements of full-field displacement contours and isochromatic fringe patterns are used to compare with the theoretical predictions and good agreements of both results are found.     

Cutting deflection control of the blade based on real-time feedrate scheduling in open modular architecture CNC system

Machining accuracy of thin-walled parts which have low-rigidity is greatly influenced by cutting deflection in flank milling. In this paper, cutting deflection of aero-engine blade during processing is controlled within a required dimensional accuracy based on the strategy of real-time feedrate scheduling which is integrated into an open modular architecture CNC system (OMACS) of five-axis milling machine. The maximum deflection position of blade is determined through combining analytical cutting force model in flank milling and finite element analysis (FEA)-based transient dynamic analysis. Then, the numerical model of blade deflection is established to obtain the numerical relationship among feedrate, cutting force, and blade deflection, which is usually used to get optimized cutting force and feedrate by setting allowable value of blade deflection. To implement blade deflection control during machining, a real-time control strategy of feedrate scheduling based on nonlinear root-finding algorithm of Brent-Dekker and principle of feedrate smooth transition is developed and integrated into OMACS which has functions of real-time cutting force signal processing and real-time feedrate adjustment. Experimental results show that blade deflection is effectively controlled by proposed strategies, machining accuracy, and efficiency are improved.     

叶片表面旋涡脱落诱发自激振动的可能性

在循环水槽中对微弯薄翼在其失速角附近自激振动的可能性进行了试验研究。采用闪烁激光成像法和高速摄影法两种不同的方法对流场进行了可视化。作用在翼型上的力矩由应变片测定。为了验证旋涡脱落是否会引起翼型自激振动,对该翼型进行了强迫振动试验。通过改变振动的频率和振幅确定了翼型在不同冲角下的连锁区域。在连锁区域内,根据翼型的振动位移和力矩之间的相位差对旋涡脱落是否会诱发翼型自激振动进行了判断。     

数字图像相关法测量金属薄板焊接的全场变形

提出了一种基于数字图像相关法和双目视觉技术的全场三维变形测量方法来测量金属薄板焊接过程中的高温变形.首先,提出一种基于种子点的高精度图像匹配算法求解相关匹配非线性优化初值.然后,介绍了三维坐标重建以及三维位移、三维应变的求解算法.最后,借助于VC+ +6.0开发环境,研制了用于薄板焊接全场变形测量的实验系统.为验证本文方法在材料力学性能实验方面的可行性,利用标准材料试验机和自主研制的图像采集装置设计了钢试件的标准拉伸实验,并采用Q235板材件进行了焊接变形测量实验.实验表明:本文方法的应变测量精度为0.5％,与引伸计的测量结果基本相当;与传统的测量方法相比,提出的方法可以更全面、更直观地测量金属薄板在整个焊接过程中的三维移和应变场,并且测得的3个方向的位移变化曲线过渡自然、数据合理,是研究焊接变形规律的有效手段.     

Prediction of strain responses from the measurements of displacement responses

A method to predict the strain responses from the measurements of displacement responses is considered. The method uses a transformation matrix which is composed of a displacement modal matrix and a strain modal matrix. The method can predict strains at points where displacements are not measured as well as at displacement measuring points. One of the drawbacks of the strain prediction method is that the displacement responses must be measured at many points on a structure simultaneously. This difficulty can be overcome by measuring the FRFs between displacements at a reference point and other point in sequence with a two channel measuring equipment. This procedure is based on the assumption that the characteristics of excitation applied to the structure do not vary with time.     

统计最优柱面近场声全息

由于全息声压测量点的离散性,在基于空间傅里叶变换的柱面近场声全息中会引入混叠误差;另一方面,由于测量面尺寸的有限性,会在该种全息技术中引入窗效应和卷绕误差。为了克服窗效应及卷绕误差,提出了统计最优柱面近场声全息技术,它通过空间域中全息柱面上复声压的线性叠加来反演重建面上的声学量,不需要借助空间傅里叶变换来实现全息重建,故可以克服窗效应和卷绕误差。数值分析的结果表明,统计最优柱面近场声全息要优于基于空间傅里叶变换的柱面近场声全息。     

Method for determination of the displacement field in patterned nanostructures by TEM/CBED analysis of split high-order Laue zone line profiles

A method to extract accurate information on the displacement field distribution from split high‐order Laue zones lines in a convergent‐beam electron diffraction pattern of nanostructures has been developed. Starting from two‐dimensional many beam dynamical simulation of HOLZ patterns, we assembled a recursive procedure to reconstruct the displacement field in the investigated regions of the sample, based on the best fit of a parametrized model. This recursive procedure minimizes the differences between simulated and experimental patterns, taken in strained regions, by comparing the corresponding rocking curves of a number of high‐order Laue zone reflections. Due to its sensitivity to small displacement variations along the electron beam direction, this method is able to discriminate between different models, and can be also used to map a strain field component in the specimen. We tested this method in a series of experimental convergent‐beam electron diffraction patterns, taken in a shallow trench isolation structure. The method presented here is of general validity and, in principle, it can be applied to any sample where not negligible strain gradients along the beam direction are present.     

基于逆有限元的应变模态损伤检测方法

基于光纤光栅传感器(fiber Bragg grating,简称FBG)逆有限元方法(inverse finite element method,简称iFEM),仅利用有限测点的应变数据进行全域应变场重构,得到近似完全测量应变模态,提高了直接采用实测应变数据来构建应变模态损伤指标的实用性。利用基于损伤应变模态差分原理的损伤指标法,只需用损伤后应变模态数据即能定位损伤,并给出了损伤指标数学模型。计算结果表明,基于光纤光栅传感器和逆有限元方法可以快速进行全域应变场重构,为基于应变模态的损伤检测提供数据保障,而应变模态差分曲线只在损伤处发生剧烈变化,损伤程度不同,曲线突变程度略有不同但规律一致。最后以某板的实验结果证明了该方法的有效性。     

Measuring displacement signal with an accelerometer

An effective and simple way to reconstruct displacement signal from a measured acceleration signal is proposed in this paper. To reconstruct displacement signal by means of double-integrating the time domain acceleration signal, the Nyquist frequency of the digital sampling of the acceleration signal should be much higher than the highest frequency component of the signal. On the other hand, to reconstruct displacement signal by taking the inverse Fourier transform, the magnitude of the significant frequency components of the Fourier transform of the acceleration signal should be greater than the 6 dB increment line along the frequency axis. With a predetermined resolution in time and frequency domain, determined by the sampling rate to measure and record the original signal, reconstructing high-frequency signals in the time domain and reconstructing low-frequency signals in the frequency domain will produce biased errors. Furthermore, because of the DC components inevitably included in the sampling process, low-frequency components of the signals are overestimated when displacement signals are reconstructed from the Fourier transform of the acceleration signal. The proposed method utilizes curve-fitting around the significant frequency components of the Fourier transform of the acceleration signal before it is inverse-Fourier transformed. Curve-fitting around the dominant frequency components provides much better results than simply ignoring the insignificant frequency components of the signal.     

旋翼振动监测信号的演化分析与损伤跟踪方法

基于非线性涡流(nonlinear eddy current,简称NEC)检测技术搭建了实验系统,对Q195碳素钢和304奥氏体不锈钢两种常用核电结构材料的塑性损伤程度进行无损定量评价研究。发现材料的塑性损伤程度与非线性涡流检测信号频谱图中基频幅值、三次谐波幅值存在一定线性关系。不同材料的线性关系存在差异,Q195碳素钢的检测信号随损伤程度增大而下降,304奥氏体不锈钢的检测信号随损伤程度增大而上升。通过开发实验系统、进行塑性变形导入和非线性涡流检测实验,分析检测信号与塑性变形程度的相关性,发现检测信号中基波幅值及三次谐波幅值与检测试件的塑性变形程度具有良好相关性,验证了本研究方法对两种典型核电结构材料塑性变形无损定量评价的有效性与可行性。     

Timoshenko梁的变形场重构及传感器位置优化

针对KO位移理论仅适用于重构单方向位移场问题,提出一种适用于六自由度位移场重构的新方法,称之为"多维积分法"。依据Timoshenko梁的静力学平衡方程,建立了位移、转角与外载荷之间的数学模型。并针对不同的外载荷环境,推导出相应的应变场函数和位移场函数,建立了表面应变与截面应变之间的转换关系。为了提升该方法的容差性,以重构位移场的精确性和稳定性为优化目标,建立了关于应变传感器位置的多目标粒子群优化模型。以机翼框架为试验平台,对其进行有限元分析,建立优化目标模型,给出优化后的应变传感器的布置方案。并以此方案为依据,分别利用有限元分析结果和实测梁表面应变值来重构位移场。试验结果表明,提出的"多维积分法"在两种不同形式的外载荷作用下均呈现出较高的重构精度。     

基于应变模态的模态应变能损伤识别方法

传统模态应变能计算需要完备模态振型信息,而模态振型信息中存在转角自由度难以准确获取的问题,为解决该问题,开展基于应变模态的模态应变能损伤识别研究,实现了结构损伤的定量识别。首先,通过基于应变与位移之间的联系,推导出应变模态与位移模态之间的转换矩阵;其次,利用应变模态代替位移模态计算单元模态应变能,建立基于灵敏度分析的损伤识别方程组;最后,根据奇异值截断法求解该方程组识别结构损伤。以一两端固支梁结构为对象,开展数值仿真和实验研究。结果表明,该方法可以有效识别出结构的损伤位置和损伤程度,相对于基于振型扩充的模态应变能损伤识别方法,具有更好精度和抗噪性能。     

航空发动机推力销载荷计算及应变分析

介绍了两种推力销应变桥路,来测量航空发动机推力;根据发动机推力销的实际承力形式,推导出推力销载荷分布公式;利用 ANSYS 对推力销有限元模型进行了载荷仿真,并分析了推力销所承受的推力与应变之间的关系。通过对剪力应变桥和弯矩应变桥对比分析发现,剪力桥和弯矩桥都与推力呈线性关系;从应变数值大小来看两种桥路均具有工程实用性,但从误差分析来看弯矩桥更具操作性。这些结论为后期开展推力销载荷标定试验提供了理论参考。     

基于Kriging插值的失谐叶盘气动 结构耦合振动特性分析

以某型航空发动机压气机转子为研究对象,考虑叶盘间动静干涉的影响,对压气机叶盘转子内部的三维流场进行了模拟。通过静频试验引入叶片失谐量,基于Kriging模型完成了耦合界面载荷数据的传递,分析了压气机转子叶片表面非定常气动载荷的分布规律,并讨论了失谐和气动载荷对压气机转子叶盘系统振动特性的影响。结果表明：压气机叶片受到的气动载荷为非定常脉动压力,主导频率为动静干涉频率f0的倍频;在干涉周期T内,压力面和吸力面气动载荷的变化呈相反趋势,且压力面气动载荷的非定常性明显大于吸力面气动载荷的非定常性;失谐和气动载荷的作用加剧了叶盘系统的振动。研究结果为压气机叶盘转子系统的动力学设计提供了理论依据。     

Aero-engine blade fatigue analysis based on nonlinear continuum damage model using neural networks

Fatigue life and reliability of aero-engine blade are always of important significance to flight safety.The establishment of damage model is one of the key factors in blade fatigue research.Conventiona...     

螺旋类容积泵的"波动特性"与动静态间隙

论述螺旋类容积泵吸排气时密封容腔的周期变化过程中存在“波动”特性，对螺旋叶片泵的螺旋叶片和螺旋槽的轴向间隙数值和分布进行了计算，并根据“波动”特性论证了动态间隙的数值和分布与静态是相同的。