三维地形场景的真实感绘制

三维地形场景的真实感绘制追求的两个目标是绘制的逼真度和绘制的实时性,需要在不明显降低图像质量的条件下保持较高的交互帧速率。为了满足实时性的需求,采用连续LOD算法和其它技术来加速地形绘制：为了满足逼真度的需求,采用SAR图像进行纹理映射,采用光照映射实现场景照明和明暗处理。     

Use of non-photorealistic rendering and photometric stereo in making bas-reliefs from photographs

Automatic bas-relief generation from 2D photographs potentially has applications to coinage, commemorative medals and souvenirs. However, current methods are not yet ready for real use in industry due to insufficient artistic effect, noticeable distortion, and unbalanced contrast. We previously proposed a shape-from-shading (SFS) based method to automatically generate bas-reliefs from single frontal photographs of human faces; however, suppression of unwanted details remained a problem. Here, we give experimental results showing how incorporating non-photorealistic rendering (NPR) into our previous framework enables us to both suppress unwanted detail, and yet also emphasize important features. We have consider an alternative approach to recovering relief shape, based on photometric stereo instead of SFS for surface orientation estimation. This can effectively reduce the computational time.     

基于二维纹理映射的镜面反射加速绘制

针对物体表面镜面反射现象的绘制,提出了一种新的基于二维纹理映射技术的加速算法。将具有镜面反射表达式的Phong模型分解成多个简单的数学函数,预先离散采样计算后作为纹理对象传给显卡。使用OpenGL多重纹理技术,将每个纹理对象放入相应的纹理单元,分别设置其组合函数,将多个纹理的运算组合起来。将三角片顶点坐标及多组纹理坐标传入,从而实现了物体镜面反射现象的实时绘制。实验结果表明,该算法大大提高了绘制的性能。     

StyleProp: Real-time Example-based Stylization of 3D Models

We present a novel approach to the real-time non-photorealistic rendering of 3D models in which a single hand-drawn exemplar specifies its appearance. We employ guided patch-based synthesis to achieve high visual quality as well as temporal coherence. However, unlike previous techniques that maintain consistency in one dimension (temporal domain), in our approach, multiple dimensions are taken into account to cover all degrees of freedom given by the available space of interactions (e.g., camera rotations). To enable interactive experience, we precalculate a sparse latent representation of the entire interaction space, which allows rendering of a stylized image in real-time, even on a mobile device. To the best of our knowledge, the proposed system is the first that enables interactive example-based stylization of 3D models with full temporal coherence in predefined interaction space.     

From rendering to tracking point-based 3D models

This paper adds to the abundant visual tracking literature with two main contributions. First, we illustrate the interest of using Graphic Processing Units (GPU) to support efficient implementations of computer vision algorithms, and secondly, we introduce the use of point-based 3D models as a shape prior for real-time 3D tracking with a monocular camera.     

Video motion analysis for the synthesis of dynamic cues and Futurist art

This paper presents new methods for stylising video to produce cartoon motion emphasis cues and modern art. Specifically, we introduce “dynamic cues” as a class of motion emphasis cue, encompassing traditional animation techniques such as anticipation and motion exaggeration. We describe methods for automatically synthesising such cues within video premised upon the recovery of articulated figures, and the subsequent manipulation of the recovered pose trajectories. Additionally, we show how our motion emphasis framework may be applied to emulate artwork in the Futurist style, popularised by Duchamp.     

Real-time video-based modeling and rendering of 3D scenes

Our work targets 3D scenes in motion. In this article, we propose a method for view-dependent layered representation of 3D dynamic scenes. Using densely arranged cameras, we've developed a system that can perform processing in real time from image pickup to interactive display, using video sequences instead of static images, at 10 frames per second. In our system, images on layers are view dependent, and we update both the shape and image of each layer in real time. This lets us use the dynamic layers as the coarse structure of the dynamic 3D scenes, which improves the quality of the synthesized images. In this sense, our prototype system may be one of the first full real-time image -based modelling and rendering systems. Our experimental results show that this method is useful for interactive 3D rendering of real scenes     

Interactive rendering of globally illuminated scenes including anisotropic and inhomogeneous participating media

Although new graphics hardware has accelerated the rendering process, the realistic simulation of scenes including participating media remains a difficult problem. Interactive results have been achieved for isotropic media as well as for single scattering. In this paper, we present an interactive global illumination algorithm for the simulation of scenes that include participating media, even anisotropic and/or inhomogeneous media. The position of the observer is important in order to render inhomogeneous media according to the transport equation. Previous work normally needed to be ray-based in order to compute this equation properly. Our approach is capable of achieving real time using two 3D textures on a simple desktop PC. For anisotropic participating media we combine density estimation techniques and graphics hardware capabilities.     

3D model retrieval using principal plane analysis and dynamic programming

Three dimensional models play an important role in many applications; the problem is how to select the appropriate models from a 3D database rapidly and accurately. In recent years, a variety of shape representations, statistical methods, and geometric algorithms have been proposed for matching 3D shapes or models. In this paper, we propose a 3D shape representation scheme based on a combination of principal plane analysis and dynamic programming. The proposed 3D shape representation scheme consists of three steps. First, a 3D model is transformed into a 2D image by projecting the vertices of the model onto its principal plane. Second, the convex hall of the 2D shape of the model is further segmented into multiple disjoint triangles using dynamic programming. Finally, for each triangle, a projection score histogram and moments are extracted as the feature vectors for similarity searching. Experimental results showed the robustness of the proposed scheme, which resists translation, rotation, scaling, noise, and destructive attacks. The proposed 3D model retrieval method performs fairly well in retrieving models having similar characteristics from a database of 3D models.     

Extreme simplification and rendering of point sets using algebraic multigrid

We present a novel approach for extreme simplification of point set models, in the context of real-time rendering. Point sets are often rendered using simple point primitives, such as oriented discs. However, this requires using many primitives to render even moderately simple shapes. Often, one wishes to render a simplified model using only a few primitives, thus trading accuracy for simplicity. For this goal, we propose a more complex primitive, called a splat, that is able to approximate larger and more complex surface areas than oriented discs. We construct our primitive by decomposing the model into quasi-flat regions, using an efficient algebraic multigrid algorithm. Next, we encode these regions into splats implemented as planar support polygons textured with color and transparency information and render the splats using a special blending algorithm. Our approach combines the advantages of mesh-less point-based techniques with traditional polygon-based techniques. We demonstrate our method on various models.     

三维有限元数据场体绘制算法的研究

三维有限元数据场包含了庞大的信息量,不易于人们深刻理解和分析。可视化技术将数据场以图形、图像的形式显示出来,揭示出三维有限元数据场中蕴藏的丰富内涵。讨论了三维数据场可视化体绘制中射线跟踪法和直接投影法的优点及不足,提出了将射线跟踪法及直接投影法各自优点结合起来的新算法,应用于三维有限元数据场的体绘制。新算法一方面充分利用场在投影区域上的二维连贯性,每次推进的是一个面片而不是一个孤立的像素点,另一方面针对每个视线段子段,充分利用场在深度方向的连贯性,用分析积分法完成累积光强和透明度计算。算法效率高,统一性强。     

Using Wavefront Tracing for the Visualization and Optimization of Progressive Lenses

Progressive addition lenses are a relatively new approach to compensate for defects of the human visual system. While traditional spectacles use rotationally symmetric lenses, progressive lenses require the specification of free-form surfaces. This poses difficult problems for the optimal design and its visual evaluation.
This paper presents two new techniques for the visualization of optical systems and the optimization of progressive lenses. Both are based on the same wavefront tracing approach to accurately evaluate the refraction properties of complex optical systems.
We use the results of wavefront tracing for continuously re-focusing the eye during rendering. Together with distribution ray tracing, this yields high-quality images that accurately simulate the visual quality of an optical system. The design of progressive lenses is difficult due to the trade-off between the desired properties of the lens and unavoidable optical errors, such as astigmatism and distortions. We use wavefront tracing to derive an accurate error functional describing the desired properties and the optical error across a lens. Minimizing this error yields optimal free-form lens surfaces.
While the basic approach is much more general, in this paper, we describe its application to the particular problem of designing and evaluating progressive lenses and demonstrate the benefits of the new approach with several example images.     

三维模型表面特征的水墨效果渲染算法

提出一种对三维模型实现水墨效果渲染的两步二维纹理映射方法.该方法首先通过模型顶点的视线向量和法线向量的点乘积计算其夹角的余弦值,作为第一步的纹理坐标进行映射;再通过欧拉公式计算径向曲率及其方向导数值,作为第二步映射的纹理坐标.为达到实时的交互浏览,在第二步映射时还可采用基于视点无关的曲率特征的映射策略(如平均曲率、高斯曲率、主曲率等).在快速生成水墨画效果的同时也显示出更多的特征细节.     

卫星云图中热带风暴云区的三维绘制技术研究

实现热带风暴场景的模拟对于灾害预防、评估等工作具有十分重要的意义。改进了一种基于图像色彩和灰度值的算法,能够较好地从卫星云图中分割提取出热带风暴的云层区域,进而利用一定规则生成了云区体数据。针对生成体数据的特点,采用了一种改进的快速光线投射算法来完成热带风暴云区的三维绘制,最终实现了对于云区的任意角度实时观察和动态绘制。     

Conservative Visibility and Strong Occlusion for Viewspace Partitioning of Densely Occluded Scenes

Computing the visibility of out-door scenes is often much harder than of in-door scenes. A typical urban scene, for example, is densely occluded, and it is effective to precompute its visibility space, since from a given point only a small fraction of the scene is visible. The difficulty is that although the majority of objects are hidden, some parts might be visible at a distance in an arbitrary location, and it is not clear how to detect them quickly. In this paper we present a method to partition the viewspace into cells containing a conservative superset of the visible objects. For a given cell the method tests the visibility of all the objects in the scene. For each object it searches for a strong occluder which guarantees that the object is not visible from any point within the cell. We show analytically that in a densely occluded scene, the vast majority of objects are strongly occluded, and the overhead of using conservative visibility (rather than visibility) is small. These results are further supported by our experimental results. We also analyze the cost of the method and discuss its effectiveness.     

飞行模拟场景中三维云的实时建模和绘制

为了实现飞行模拟场景中三维云的实时建模和绘制,采用了超亚椭圆体表达式以及软粒子方法进行实现。使用超亚椭圆体表达式计算得到云层中各粒子的初始位置,可以构建不同的云层模型,再利用软粒子方法实现云层的绘制以及与用户的交互。对超亚椭圆体表达式进行了一定的改进,使得云层形态更加的真实以及多样化,并且利用软粒子的特性实现了云层的运动以及穿云效果,并通过实例验证了所提算法的有效性及真实性,为飞行模拟场景中三维云的实时建模和绘制提供了可行的解决途径。     

Inverse compositional estimation of 3D pose and lighting in dynamic scenes

In this paper, we show how to estimate, accurately and efficiently, the 3D motion of a rigid object and time-varying lighting in a dynamic scene. This is achieved in an inverse compositional tracking framework with a novel warping function that involves a 2D --> 3D --> 2D transformation. This also allows us to extend traditional two frame inverse compositional tracking to a sequence of frames, leading to even higher computational savings. We prove the theoretical convergence of this method and show that it leads to significant reduction in computational burden. Experimental analysis on multiple video sequences shows impressive speed-up over existing methods while retaining a high level of accuracy.     

Tangible authoring of 3D virtual scenes in dynamic augmented reality environment

This paper proposes tangible interfaces and interactions for authoring 3D virtual and immersive scenes easily and intuitively in tangible augmented reality (AR) environment. It provides tangible interfaces for manipulating virtual objects in a natural and intuitive manner and supports adaptive and accurate vision-based tracking in AR environments. In particular, RFID is used to directly integrate physical objects with virtual objects and to systematically support the tangible query of the relation between physical objects and virtual ones, which can provide more intuitive tangibility and a new way of virtual object manipulation. Moreover, the proposed approach offers an easy and intuitive switching mechanism between tangible environment and virtual environment. This paper also proposes a context-adaptive marker tracking method which can remove an inconsistent problem while embedding virtual objects into physical ones in tangible AR environments. The context-adaptive tracking method not only adjusts the locations of invisible markers by interpolating the locations of existing reference markers and those of previous ones, but also removes a jumping effect of movable virtual objects when their references are changed from one marker to another. Several case studies for generating tangible virtual scenes and comparison with previous work are given to show the effectiveness and novelty of the proposed approach.     

Real-time 3D shape reconstruction, dynamic 3D mesh deformation, and high fidelity visualization for 3D video

3D video [IEEE Multimedia (1997) 18] is the ultimate image media recording dynamic visual events in the real world as is; it records time varying 3D object shape with high fidelity surface properties (i.e., color and texture). Its applications cover wide varieties of personal and social human activities: entertainment (e.g., 3D game and 3D TV), education (e.g., 3D animal picture books), sports (e.g., sport performance analysis), medicine (e.g., 3D surgery monitoring), culture (e.g., 3D archive of traditional dances), and so on. In this paper, we propose: (1) a PC cluster system for real-time reconstruction of dynamic 3D object action from multi-view video images, (2) a deformable 3D mesh model for reconstructing the accurate dynamic 3D object shape, and (3) an algorithm of rendering natural-looking texture on the 3D object surface from the multi-view video images. Experimental results with quantitative performance evaluations demonstrate the effectiveness of these methods in generating high fidelity 3D video from multi-view video images.     

Production planning and worker training in dynamic manufacturing systems

Production planning is a vital activity in any manufacturing system, and naturally implies assigning the available resources to the required operations. This paper develops and analyzes a comprehensive mathematical model for dynamic manufacturing systems. The proposed model integrates production planning and worker training considering machine and worker time availability, operation sequence and multi-period planning horizon. The objective is to minimize machine maintenance and overhead, system reconfiguration, backorder and inventory holding, training and salary of worker costs. Computational results are presented to verify the proposed model.