Integrating trust measures in multiagent systems

Several models have been proposed in the past for representing both reliability and reputation. However, we remark that a crucial point in the practical use of these two measures is represented by the possibility of suitably combining them to support the agent's decision. In the past, we proposed a reliability–reputation model, called RRAF, that allows the user to choose how much importance to give to the reliability with respect to the reputation. However, RRAF shows some limitations, namely: (i) The weight to assign to the reliability versus reputation is arbitrarily set by the user, without considering the system evolution; (ii) the trust measure that an agent a perceives about an agent b is completely independent of the trust measure perceived by each other agent c, while in the reality the trust measures are mutually dependent. In this paper, we propose an extension of RRAF, aiming at facing the limitations above. In particular, we introduce a new trust reputation model, called TRR, that considers, from a mathematical viewpoint, the interdependence among all the trust measures computed in the systems. Moreover, this model dynamically computes a parameter measuring the importance of the reliability with respect to the reputation. Some experiments performed on the well‐known ART(Agent Reputation and Trust) platform show the significant advantages in terms of effectiveness introduced by TRR with respect to RRAF. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Web服务中主观信任和客观声誉的研究

随着Web服务的出现,对软件服务和服务组合的安全可靠的运行使得服务提供方、服务请求方以及代理之间的相互信任变得尤为重要。首先给出信任和声誉的定义以及它们之间的区别和联系,由此提出一个用于度量软件服务间信任关系的信誉评估模型——WSTR。给出了更加灵活的计算直接信任度方法,并且将声誉引入推荐信任的合成中,利用现有的节点作为声誉存储实体,更加能够体现信任的主观性和客观性的结合。仿真结果表明声誉度能够客观地反映出真实的实际情况。     

基于信任和推荐的P2P信誉模型

分析现有信誉模型,提出一种使用信任机制和推荐机制的P2P信誉模型,利用决策树思想优化该模型。给出一种在分布式P2P系统中存取全局信任值的方法,解决了单点失效问题。实验结果表明,该模型对信任值的估算准确度以及判别虚假节点的能力高于现有模型。     

DART: A DISTRIBUTED ANALYSIS OF REPUTATION AND TRUST FRAMEWORK

Artificial societies—distributed systems of autonomous agents—are becoming increasingly important in open distributed environments, especially in e‐commerce. Agents require trust and reputation concepts to identify communities of agents with which to interact reliably. We have noted in real environments that adversaries tend to focus on exploitation of the trust and reputation model. These vulnerabilities reinforce the need for new evaluation criteria for trust and reputation models called exploitation resistance which reflects the ability of a trust model to be unaffected by agents who try to manipulate the trust model. To examine whether a given trust and reputation model is exploitation‐resistant, the researchers require a flexible, easy‐to‐use, and general framework. This framework should provide the facility to specify heterogeneous agents with different trust models and behaviors. This paper introduces a Distributed Analysis of Reputation and Trust (DART) framework. The environment of DART is decentralized and game‐theoretic. Not only is the proposed environment model compatible with the characteristics of open distributed systems, but it also allows agents to have different types of interactions in this environment model. Besides direct, witness, and introduction interactions, agents in our environment model can have a type of interaction called a reporting interaction, which represents a decentralized reporting mechanism in distributed environments. The proposed environment model provides various metrics at both micro and macro levels for analyzing the implemented trust and reputation models. Using DART, researchers have empirically demonstrated the vulnerability of well‐known trust models against both individual and group attacks.     

WSNs中基于重复博弈的信任评价方法研究

通过全面感知、可靠传输、智能化处理来实现人与人、物与物、人与物之间相连的物联网,是继计算机与互联网的应用与普及之后,信息世界掀起的第三次技术革命浪潮。在中国,物联网已经被纳入到国家“十二五”专项规划,毫无疑问,随着技术的成熟与体系的完善,它将彻底改变我们的生活。而无线传感器网络作为物联网时代最具有标志性的感知与传输技术之一,将会是今后网络研究与应用的热点。然而,传统无线传感器网络的研究重点往往在路由算法、密钥分配、体系结构等方面,节点信任问题却很容易受到忽视。已有的一些信任管理模型中,并没有充分考虑节点之间信任的时效问题,且信誉值计算方式以及权重存在着不合理性。因此,文章在前人研究的基础上,根据无线传感器网络性质,设置合理可行的博弈机制,提出了一种基于重复博弈的信任模型,并通过设立惩罚激励机制,依据节点策略的选择,对其信誉值进行更新以解决时效问题;通过仿真实验,证明该信任管理模型能够有效地对无线传感器网络节点进行信任的评价,抑制自私节点、打击恶意节点,可明显提高网络的可靠性。     

考虑信任可靠度的分布式动态信任管理模型

分布式动态信任模型作为适用于云计算环境下的访问管理机制已经得到广泛研究,然而现有的许多信任模型忽视了对信任数据可靠性的评估,导致推荐信任不可靠时出现模型失效.针对这一问题,本文提出了一种新的考虑信任可靠度的分布式动态信任管理模型DDTM-TR.DDTM-TR模型首先使用可靠度对信任进行评估,降低不可靠数据对直接信任、推荐信任、综合信任计算的影响.然后,选择多个待选节点计算它们的综合信任,并以计算出的综合信任为概率,随机选择待选节点进行交互.最后,在交互结束后,根据交互满意度反馈修正节点的可靠度.仿真实验表明,DDTM-TR模型在处理恶意服务、恶意推荐都优于对比模型并且能通过反馈算法进一步降低判断的失败率.     

TRAVOS: Trust and Reputation in the Context of Inaccurate Information Sources

In many dynamic open systems, agents have to interact with one another to achieve their goals. Here, agents may be self-interested, and when trusted to perform an action for another, may betray that trust by not performing the action as required. In addition, due to the size of such systems, agents will often interact with other agents with which they have little or no past experience. There is therefore a need to develop a model of trust and reputation that will ensure good interactions among software agents in large scale open systems. Against this background, we have developed TRAVOS (Trust and Reputation model for Agent-based Virtual OrganisationS) which models an agent’s trust in an interaction partner. Specifically, trust is calculated using probability theory taking account of past interactions between agents, and when there is a lack of personal experience between agents, the model draws upon reputation information gathered from third parties. In this latter case, we pay particular attention to handling the possibility that reputation information may be inaccurate.     

基于信誉的peer-to-peer推荐信任模型

随着对等网络p2p技术的不断发展,如何在p2p各个对等点之间建立起信任关系,已成为当今p2p技术研究的一个重要课题。在研究一些现有信任模型的基础上,分析其存在的问题,提出一种基于信誉的对等网信任模型,给出了信任度计算的算法．并设计了一种信任查询协议,最后,通过实验验证和分析了模型的可行性和安全性．     

P2P环境下引入激励机制的动态信任模型*

针对现有的P2P信任模型中对节点行为改变的动态适应能力不足以及欠缺激励机制的特点,提出了一种引入激励机制的动态信任模型（DITrust）。该模型采用信任值动态衰减策略以提高其动态适应能力,同时通过推荐偏移量来计算推荐信誉值,增加了推荐信誉的可信度;最后引入虚拟信誉货币以鼓励节点提供服务和推荐信息,提高了节点模型参与的主动性。实验结果表明,DITrust较已有的模型能够抵御类型更广泛的恶意节点攻击,且具有更小的网络开销。     

Towards pre-standardization of trust and reputation models for distributed and heterogeneous systems

Different trust and/or reputation models have arisen in the last few years. All of them have certain key processes in common such as scoring, ranking, rewarding, punishing or gathering behavioral information. However, there is not a standardization effort for these kinds of models. Such effort would be beneficial for distributed systems such as P2P, ad-hoc networks, multi-agent systems or Wireless Sensor Networks. In this paper we present a pre-standardization approach for trust and/or reputation models in distributed systems. A wide review of them has been carried out, extracting common properties and providing some pre-standardization recommendations. A global comparison has been done for the most relevant models against these conditions, and an interface proposal for trust and/or reputation models has been proposed.     

基于信誉和风险评估的动态信任模型研究

网格环境中的信任问题是网格计算发展过程中必须解决的一个重要问题。网格节点间的行为信任具有动态性和不确定性。文章综合考虑了信任度评估的动态性和风险性,提出一种新的基于信誉和风险评估的动态信任模型。该模型引入惩罚机制、风险机制和推荐节点信任度更新机制,以评估信任关系的复杂性。仿真结果表明,该模型在有效抑制恶意节点上较已有模型有一定的改进。     

一种考虑节点角色的P2P信任模型

在对等网络中,如何对节点行为进行准确的评估是信任模型研究的重点.经过学习和分析,发现现有的模型几乎都是基于节点作为被推荐者这一角色,而忽略了自身的推荐角色.对此本文提出两重推荐信任模型,从节点的两重角色考虑,为每个节点设计两重评估标准.若干次交易后,该模型能够使正常节点形成紧密的交易关系,有效地遏制了恶意节点的交易行为.实验表明该模型在面对夸大、合谋、伪装和单一行为威胁时较其他一些模型更具有效性.     

移动社会网络中基于全局信任模型的用户影响力计算

针对现有算法和模型对于网络中用户影响力计算大多只考虑拓扑结构和贪心算法而较少考虑真实社会网络中信任度对于节点影响力的重要性这一问题, 该文提出一种全局信任模型(global trust model, GTM)用于评估节点的影响力. 首先计算节点与邻居节点间的信任关系作为局部信任度, 其次利用Beta信誉模型在节点局部信...     

一种基于反馈可信度的分布式P2P信任模型

开放、共享与匿名的Peer-to-Peer(简称P2P)网络已经取得了越来越多的应用,无中心对等的特性也吸引了越来越多的用户.但由于其网络中的节点不受约束,资源的共享是用户自愿的行为,因此节点间的信任很难通过传统的信任机制建立.一种可行的解决方案是借鉴人际网络中的信任关系,建立一种基于信誉的全局信任模型.已有的工作基本建立在信任度高的节点其反馈也更可信这个假设的基础上,将节点的反馈质量简单地等同于服务质量.针对这一问题,提出了一种基于节点反馈可信度的分布式P2P全局信任模型(简称FCTrust),用于量化和评估节点的可信程度,并给出了模型的数学表述和分布式实现方法.分析及仿真实验结果表明,FCTrust较已有的全局信任模型在遏制更广泛类型的恶意节点攻击的有效性、迭代计算的收敛性及消息成本上有较大提高.     

一种基于云模型的主观信任评价方法

如何通过直观、简单和有效的评价方法,辅助消费者完成网上交易中的信任决策,已成为该领域需要面对和解决的一个基本问题.在信任云的基础上,提出一种基于云模型的主观信任量化评价方法.使用主观信任云的期望和超熵对信任客体信用度进行定量评价,进而设计一种信任变化云刻画信任客体信用度的变化情况,为进一步的信任决策提供依据.对实验数据的分析表明,该方法能够有效地支持信任主体的主观信任决策过程,对主观信任评价研究进行了有益的探索和尝试.     

Fuzzy computational models for trust and reputation systems

In the recent past, a considerable research has been devoted to trust and reputation mechanisms to simplify complex transactions for open environments in social networking, e-commerce, and recommender systems (RS). In real life, we come to know about others through our social circle according to their reputation which is a public view. However, it is not always adequate to depend solely on the public view and therefore a trust measure is required to give a personalized view of the future encounters with a specific partner. In this paper, we propose fuzzy computational models for both trust and reputation concepts. Reciprocity and experience are used for trust modeling while the proposed reputation model is a fuzzy extension of beta reputation model. A two-level filtering methodology is proposed to benefit to a large extent from both the concepts separately. In order to justify the proposed models, we compared them with the existing reputation models for movie RS. The experimental results show that the incorporation of trust and reputation concepts into RS indeed improves the recommendation accuracy and establish that our models are better than beta and the popular eBay reputation models.     

一种自约束信誉更新模型

在分析信誉计算模型的基础上,提出了一种自约束的信誉更新模型,由于节点的信誉主要反映历史信誉,信誉变化主要表现在新的评价分与以前信誉的变化上,因此通过自约束因子来表达这种变化。对该模型与Bayesian模型作了仿真分析比较。结果显示：信誉评估模型体现恶意行为的惩罚思想,当一个可信节点连续出现交易失败或不可信行为时,信誉值会指数级下降,恢复其信誉则是缓慢上升。     

Reputation Formalization for an Information–Sharing Multi–Agent System

We propose that through the formalization of concepts related to trust, a more accurate model of trust can be implemented. This paper presents a new model of trust that is based on the formalization of reputation. A multidisciplinary approach is taken to understanding the nature of trust and its relation to reputation. Through this approach, a practical definition of reputation is adopted from sociological contexts and a model of reputation is designed and presented.
Reputation is defined as role fulfillment. To formalize reputation, it is necessary to formalize the expectations placed upon an agent within a particular multi–agent system (MAS). In this case, the agents are part of an information–sharing society. Five roles are defined along with the ways in which these roles are objectively fulfilled. Through the measurement of role fulfillment, a vector representing reputation can be developed. This vector embodies the magnitude of the reputation and describes the patterns of behavior associated with the direction of the vector.
Experiments are conducted to verify the sensibility of the proposed models for role fulfillment and overall reputation. The simulation results show that the roles, defined for building reputation in an information–sharing MAS environment, react to different agent and user actions in a manner consistent with the formal definitions.     

Security threats scenarios in trust and reputation models for distributed systems

Trust and reputation management over distributed systems has been proposed in the last few years as a novel and accurate way of dealing with some security deficiencies which are inherent to those environments. Thus, many models and theories have been developed in order to effective and accurately manage trust and reputation in those communities. Nevertheless, very few of them take into consideration all the possible security threats that can compromise the system. In this paper, we present some of the most important and critical security threats that could be applied in a trust and reputation scheme. We will describe and analyze each of those threats and propose some recommendations to face them when developing a new trust and reputation mechanism. We will also study how some trust and reputation models solve them. This work expects to be a reference guide when designing secure trust and reputation models.     

电子商务系统的信任建模与评估

针对P2P电子商务系统的安全问题,提出一种基于声誉的信任模型。通过引入影响信任度的信任因素改进局部声誉与全局声誉的计算方法,准确地反映出节点的信任度,降低信任度计算的时间复杂度。实验结果表明,该模型相比现有的信任模型,能提高系统交易成功率,并有效用于P2P电子商务系统中。