3D numerical study of the performance of geosynthetic-reinforced and pile-supported embankments

Geosynthetic-reinforced and pile-supported (GRPS) systems provide an economic and effective solution for embankments. The load transfer mechanisms are tridimensional ones and depend on the interaction between linked elements, such as piles, soil, and geosynthetics. This paper presents an extensive parametric study using three-dimensional numerical calculations for geosynthetic-reinforced and pile-supported embankments. The numerical analysis is conducted for both cohesive and non-cohesive embankment soils to emphasize the fill soil cohesion effect on the load and settlement efficacy of GRPS embankments. The influence of the embankment height, soft ground elastic modulus, improvement area ratio, geosynthetic tensile stiffness and fill soil properties are also investigated on the arching efficacy, GR membrane efficacy, differential settlement, geosynthetic tension, and settlement reduction performance. The numerical results indicated that the GRPS system shows a good performance for reducing the embankment settlements. The ratio of the embankment height to the pile spacing, subsoil stiffness, and fill soil properties are the most important design parameters to be considered in a GRPS design. The results also suggested that the fill soil cohesion strengthens the soil arching effect, and increases the loading efficacy. However, the soil arching mobilization is not necessarily at the peak state but could be reached at the critical state. Finally, the geosynthetic strains are not uniform along the geosynthetic, and the maximum geosynthetic strain occurs at the pile edge. The geosynthetic deformed shape is a curve that is closer to a circular shape than a parabolic one.     

交通荷载作用下桩承式加筋路堤性能分析

为了研究交通荷载作用下桩承式加筋路堤的性能,采用FLAC3D软件建立桩承式加筋路堤的三维动力流固耦合分析模型,对比分析桩间距、路堤高度、格栅模量、桩体模量等对路面沉降及路基中孔隙水压力的影响。结果表明:随着格栅模量、桩体模量的增加或桩间距、路堤高度的逐渐减小,桩承式加筋路堤路面的工后沉降逐渐增大;随着桩间距、路堤高度、格栅模量的增加或桩体模量的逐渐减小,路基中累积的超孔隙水压力最大值逐渐减小。     

深层搅拌桩施工质量控制要点

以某基坑采用深层搅拌桩法施工为例,阐述了止水帷幕中搅拌桩的主要特点,分析了影响水泥搅拌桩防渗效果的主要原因,提出深层水泥搅拌桩止水帷幕施工的质量控制措施,从而保证施工质量符合设计要求,提高经济效益。     

桩承式路堤中的静动力土拱效应

为了从更深层次理解土拱效应的工作性状,在总结桩承式路堤土拱效应中等沉面、桩体荷载分担比等问题的基础上,比较了几种桩体荷载分担比的计算方法,阐述了动荷载在桩承式路堤中的传递机理,分析了土拱效应发挥程度对动应力的影响,最后给出桩承式路堤中动应力的计算方法。研究结果表明:等沉面与土拱高度可用临界填土高度进行归一化描述,临界填土高度与桩间净距呈线性关系;桩体荷载分担比的大小与工况有关,几种计算方法有各自的适用条件;陈云敏的计算方法与实测值拟合度较高;动荷载的传递也受土拱效应的影响,随着动荷载循环次数的增加,土拱效应存在先强化后弱化的现象。     

Two-dimensional soil arching evolution in geosynthetic-reinforced pile-supported embankments over voids

Soil arching and tensioned membrane effects are two main load transfer mechanisms for geosynthetic-reinforced pile-supported (GRPS) embankments over soft soils or voids. Evidences show that the tensioned membrane effect interacts with the soil arching effect. To investigate the soil arching evolution under different geosynthetic reinforcement stiffness and embankment height, a series of discrete element method (DEM) simulations of GRPS embankments were carried out based on physical model tests. The results indicate that the deformation pattern in the GRPS embankments changed from a concentric ellipse arch pattern to an equal settlement pattern with the increase of the embankment height. High stiffness geosynthetic hindered the development of soil arching and required more subsoil settlement to enable the development of maximum soil arching. However, soil arching in the GRPS embankments with low stiffness reinforcement degraded after reaching maximum soil arching. Appropriate stiffness reinforcement ensured the development and stability of maximum soil arching. According to the stress states on the pile top, a concentric ellipse soil arch model is proposed in this paper to describe the soil arching behavior in the GRPS embankments over voids. The predicted heights of soil arches and load efficacies on the piles agreed well with the DEM simulations and the test results from the literature.     

柔性桩承式加筋路堤桩土应力比分析

针对柔性桩承式加筋路堤,建立了路堤–网–桩–土相互协调共同工作的荷载传递模型,通过改进的路堤荷载传递模型和假定的柔性桩侧摩阻力分布模式分析了路堤土拱效应和桩土相互作用,根据平衡条件推导获得了新的可以考虑土拱效应、拉膜效应和桩土相互作用三者耦合条件下桩土应力比及桩土差异沉降计算公式。通过工程实例的分析计算,验证计算模型的合理性,并分析了各因素与桩土应力比的关系。结果表明：网上、下桩土应力比均随路堤填土内摩擦角的增加先增大后减小,随桩体压缩模量、路堤填土压缩模量的增加而增大,随桩间土压缩模量、桩间距的增加而减小,且网下桩土应力比大于网上桩土应力比;网上桩土应力比随土工格栅抗拉强度的增加而减小,网下桩土应力比随土工格栅抗拉强度的增加而增大,网上、下桩土应力比差随土工格栅抗拉强度、路堤填土重度和填土高度的增加而增大。桩土应力比和桩土差异沉降理论计算值与工程实例实测值对应较好。     

塑料套管混凝土桩加固公路软土地基现场试验研究

根据某一高速公路塑料套管混凝土桩加固软土地基工程实例,对桩土应力、地表沉降、横向位移、不同深度孔隙水压力进行观测,讨论了塑料套管混凝土桩桩承式路堤的工作机理。结果表明：塑料套管桩加筋路堤的临界高度约为1.26倍桩净距,观测期末,荷载分担比接近89%;桩帽和桩间土最大差异沉降为30 mm左右,且应力集中比随着差异沉降的增大而线性增大;路堤堤脚附近不同深处横向位移随着路堤填筑高度的增加而增加,施工结束时,地表以下2.5 m处横向位移最大,为12.86 mm;横向位移-沉降比和横向位移增加率随着路堤填筑高度的增加逐步减小并趋于稳定,塑料套管混凝土桩加筋路堤系统能够有效防止路堤横向位移的发展和改善路堤的整体稳定性。     

Load Transfer by Soil Arching in Pile-Supported Embankments

Piles have been used to support unsymmetrical surcharges due to embankments or backfills on soft grounds. The unsymmetrical surcharges can be transferred by embankment piles to a firm layer below soft grounds according to mobilizing soil arching in pile-supported embankments or backfills. Two kinds of model tests such as the soil arching test and the load transfer test were performed to investigate, respectively, the configuration of the soil arch and the loads transferred on piles in pile-supported embankments. In these model tests, model piles were installed in several rows below sand fills, and the heads of piles in each row were connected with cap beams. The soil arch showed a configuration of a semi hollow cylinder, whose diameter was equal to the space between the outer edges of two cap beams and thickness was equal to the width of the cap beams. Based on the configuration of the soil arch defined by the soil arching test, a theoretical analysis was carried out to predict the loads transferred on the piles according to mobilizing soil arching in pile-supported embankments. The equation presented by the theoretical analysis could consider the effect of various factors affecting on the loads transferred on the cap beams; the loads depended on space between cap beams, width of cap beams, height and strength parameters of embankment fills, etc. The loads predicted by the presented equation showed good agreement with those measured in not only the presented test but also the previous test. Finally, the presented theoretical analysis was compared with the previous theoretical analyses on soil arching and its differences from the previous theories were discussed.     

单桩承载力对刚性桩复合地基路堤稳定性的影响

现行规范中刚性桩复合地基路堤稳定分析方法不能反映单桩承载力、桩帽等对路堤稳定性的影响,计算的路堤稳定安全系数严重偏大,导致部分刚性桩复合地基路堤滑塌。为克服刚性桩复合地基路堤现有稳定分析方法的缺陷,在研究刚性桩复合地基路堤滑塌原因的基础上,分析了路堤滑塌时桩土相互作用,及刚性桩提高路堤稳定性的机理。然后,在分析刚性桩复合地基路堤现有稳定分析方法的缺陷的基础上,将修正密度法完善为修正重度法。最后,为研究单桩承载力对刚性桩复合地基路堤稳定性的影响,利用修正重度法分析了刚性桩长度、间距、扩底、桩帽等对路堤稳定性的影响,对比了不同稳定分析方法计算结果,并对刚性桩复合地基路堤设计提出了建议。研究表明：单桩承载力对密桩复合地基路堤稳定性影响很小,对疏桩复合地基路堤稳定性影响很大;增大单桩承载力比减小桩间距更合理;刚性桩在持力层中扩底比加大桩长更有效;利用桩帽、土拱等措施将大部分路堤荷载转移到桩顶方可发挥单桩承载力对路堤稳定性的作用;软土强度随深度增大不明显时应慎用悬浮桩复合地基。刚性桩复合地基路堤宜采用“强桩大帽”的疏桩复合地基方案。     

桩承式加筋路堤受力机理及沉降分析

作为一种经济、有效的软土地基处理方法,桩承式加筋路堤在国内外已开始使用。把单桩处理区域及上部路堤等效为圆桩体,采用弹塑性有限元法分析了瞬时加载后地基中超静孔隙水压力的分布特征及消散过程,研究了加筋格栅的受力和路堤的沉降特性等,分析了桩长、桩间距及桩托板大小对桩体荷载分担比和路堤沉降的影响。研究结果表明,打桩后桩体所受荷载向下传递,地基中的初始最大孔隙水压力出现在桩端以下土层。打穿软土层情况下,路堤的沉降量决定于浅部桩间土的压缩,而未打穿情况下,路堤的沉降量决定于桩端以下软土层的压缩。桩长是控制路堤沉降的最主要因素,其次是桩间距和桩托板尺寸。最后对一个工程实例进行了分析。     

Full-scale model tests of load transfer in geogrid-reinforced and floating pile-supported embankments

Well-designed field full-scale model tests were carried out to enhance the understanding of geogrid-reinforced and floating pile-supported (GRFPS) embankments constructed on medium compressibility soil (MCS). Two comparative test sections of GRFPS embankments with and without pile caps were built over silty clay with medium compressibility for field monitoring, over 25 months. The heavily instrumented embankments produced comprehensive high-quality data. Settlement, earth pressure, and geogrid strain measurements during embankment filling stages and the postconstruction placement stage were conducted. The influence of pile cap installation on the differential deformation and load transfer behaviour of the GRFPS embankment was evaluated. The results demonstrate the installation of pile caps can significantly improve the evolution characteristics of the stress increment ratio on the pile, facilitating a change in load sharing of the pile top from a “softening” feature to a “hardening” feature. The state of the “arching structure” heavily depends on the relative displacement. After the maximum arching is formed, although the subgrade load continuously increases, the arching enters the damage and recovery state, and the transfer of the overburden load increment is largely conducted by the tensioned membrane effect.     

深层水泥搅拌桩施工工艺参数研究

为了确保深层水泥土搅拌桩施工质量、方便施工控制,研究了水泥浆输浆量、搅拌头钻进与提升速度、搅拌轴转速、复搅遍数四个施工参数对深层水泥土搅拌法桩身质量的影响,指出了确保成桩质量的关键因素,应综合考虑成桩质量和施工效率对工艺参数进行优化匹配,为今后深层水泥土搅拌桩施工提供了参考。     

刚性桩加固软弱地基上路堤稳定性问题（Ⅱ）——群桩条件下的分析

针对刚性桩支承路堤，笔者已进行的对单桩位于路堤下不同位置时路堤稳定性的研究表明，复合抗剪强度极限平衡法不能反映不同位置单桩的强度及刚度对路堤稳定性的影响以及桩的弯曲破坏机理，将显著高估路堤稳定性。通过对群桩条件下刚性桩加固路堤分别采用三维和二维数值分析方法，研究了路堤填筑及趋于失稳破坏过程中，桩、土的内力与变形规律、桩的破坏形式等。结果表明：群桩条件下，不同位置的刚性桩的破坏模式不同，对路堤稳定性的贡献机理也相应不同，弯曲破坏比剪切破坏更易于发生，剪切破坏并非是桩最危险的破坏方式；提出了考虑路堤趋于失稳破坏过程中桩弯曲破坏的cut-off退出方法，在进行数值分析时可反映路堤趋于失稳过程中桩的破坏形式，从而合理地评估路堤稳定性。对素混凝土桩加固路堤的稳定分析，提出了桩可使用抗剪强度概念，并提出了按桩体可使用抗剪强度采用极限平衡法进行路堤稳定分析的方法。     

变径水泥土搅拌桩加固软基的造价分析

结合具体实例,针对变径水泥土搅拌桩加固软基进行了造价分析,分析结果表明：变径水泥土搅拌桩与等径水泥土搅拌桩相比同体积工料机消耗量有所减少,相同水泥掺入比和面积置换率前提下,使用变径水泥土搅拌桩处理软基具有较好的经济效益。     

刚性桩加固高速公路软基土拱效应现场试验研究及其与解析解的比较

用刚性桩处理高速公路软基能减小路堤沉降,提高路堤稳定性,缩短工期。土拱对路堤的承载变形性状有重要影响,到目前为止,对路堤中土拱效应的研究还不深入。本文结合某高速公路刚性桩处理软基试验段,实测了路堤填筑过程中及填筑结束后一段时间内桩帽、桩间土土压力及相应的沉降,分析了桩土沉降差、路堤高度、桩间距、桩帽大小等因素对土拱效应的影响,并与现有的几种土拱效应计算方法进行了比较。结果表明:①土拱效应的发挥程度与桩土沉降差密切相关;②当路堤较高,桩间距较小,桩帽较大时,桩体荷载分担比较大;③根据Hewlett&Randolph及陈云敏改进的土拱效应计算方法所得到的桩体荷载分担比与实测结果比较接近。     

TC桩在路基软基处理中的应用技术与研究

通过对TC桩在公路软基处理中的应用和结果研究,指明TC桩与当前公路软基处理中普遍使用的水泥搅拌桩、预应力管桩、各种振动沉管桩等路堤桩相比,可以达到更加经济、加固效果更好和质量更容易保证等效果,建议大力提倡采用。     

基于离心模型试验的高强度桩复合地基桩帽效应分析

桩帽的设置及其覆盖率的变化对高强度桩复合地基的工程特性影响巨大,对桩帽尺寸的合理设计是实现高强度桩–桩间土–加筋垫层协调承载和变形控制的技术关键。结合某铁路新建双线段(v≥200 km/h)现场软基处理工点的具体情况,进行了4组设置桩帽的高强度桩复合地基离心模型试验,测试了地基变形、桩身应变、桩帽顶面及桩间土压力、垫层拉筋受力等数据。试验数据表明:①在桩顶设置桩帽能有效发挥高强度桩的承载能力,调整桩和桩间土的荷载分配,提高地基的稳定性;②在桩间距不变的条件下,地基变形、垫层拉筋受力、桩帽顶面及桩间土压力等随桩帽覆盖率的提高而减小,桩土应力比则增加;③垫层拉筋受力沿路基横截面基本呈M型对称分布,峰值出现在左右路肩附近位置,与地基的剪切破坏位置有较好的一致性。     

附加应力法计算刚性桩复合地基路基沉降

部分刚性桩复合地基路基实际沉降超过计算沉降的重要原因之一是现有沉降计算方法存在严重缺陷。在分析桩土沉降关系和桩土作用的基础上,提出了路堤下刚性桩复合地基沉降计算新方法——附加应力法。首先根据桩土作用计算桩土附加应力,然后采用分层总和法计算复合地基沉降。经工程实例验证后,利用附加应力法研究了桩长、桩间距、扩底、桩帽等因素对路基沉降的影响,并与现行方法计算的沉降进行对比。分析表明:附加应力法可以考虑单桩竖向承载力、桩帽转移荷载能力、桩土相互作用等因素的影响,计算沉降与实测沉降接近;利用桩帽将路堤大部分荷载转移到桩顶可以有效减小路基沉降;扩底比桩长加大更经济合理;按"强桩、大间距、大桩帽"原则设计的复合地基比密桩复合地基更经济合理。     

桩–网复合地基与桩承式路堤的对比数值模拟

刚性桩加固软土地基常采用桩体+格栅以及桩+桩帽两种不同的处理形式,前一种处理方式是一种桩–网复合地基的处理形式,后一种一般称为桩承式路堤。两种形式在变形特性以及桩体受力特性上有其不同的特点。由于缺乏有效的对比研究,在处理方式的选取上存在一定的困难。鉴于现场试验手段的局限性,在现场对比试验的基础上对两种处理方式进行了三维流固耦合模拟和对比分析工作,揭示了不同处理方式桩顶平面沉降变形的特性,同时对桩体的应力进行了对比研究。     

水泥搅拌桩复合地基承载力的试验确定

能否正确合理地确定水泥搅拌桩复合地基承载力是确保其安全性的一个重要问题。对文献中见到的通过静力载荷试验确定复合地基承载力的方法进行了分析探讨，在此基础上对在工程中如何通过静力载荷试验确定水泥搅拌桩复合地基承载力提出了一些建议：对试桩作单桩和复合地基静力载荷试验；对工程桩只作复合地基静力载荷试验。