工业废料在耐火材料中的应用现状和进展

简单介绍了工业废料的现状,重点阐述了废料在耐火材料中的研究与应用现状,以及废弃料合成耐火原料的方法、再利用途径和发展前景。     

Size Reduction of Metals by Means of Swing‐Hammer Shredders

Size reduction is of cardinal importance in the recycling of scrap and waste. The choice of size reduction machines is critically dependent on the properties and bonding conditions of the components present in the waste or scrap. Shredders have become widely used for the size reduction of various kinds of scrap. Size reduction of metals in shredders requires sufficiently deformation of the pieces of material (bending to compaction) which leads to cracking. Tensile loads con combination with bending and torsion can enlarge the cracks and ultimately lead to break‐up of the pieces of metal.     

Rohstoffliches Recycling von glasfaserverstärktem Polyamid‐6

It is well known that polyamide 6 (PA‐6) can be depolymerised to regenerate caprolactam monomer by treatment with phosphoric acid, and can thus be subjected to tertiary recycling (=according ASTM D 5033‐90: the process technologies of producing chemicals from scrap or waste plastics). However, broad general application of this process — widely used in industrial practice especially for PA‐6 fibre waste — to fibreglass‐reinforced or filled PA‐6 is precluded by the fact that phosphoric acid reacts with the fillers. This causes a high phosphoric acid consumption; moreover, the method gives an unsatisfactory yield of caprolactam (around 56%) and also requires costly disposal of phosphorus‐containing waste. Therefore, processes have been developed for tertiary recycling of fibreglass‐reinforced or filled polyamide 6, which plays an important role as an engineering plastic. Two different processes have been investigated, viz. hydrolytic depolymerisation and catalysed depolymerisation in vacuum.     

Die Zerkleinerung von Metallen in Hammerreißern (Shredder)

Size Reduction of Metals in Shredders Size reduction is of cardinal importance in the recycling of scrap and waste. The choice of size reduction machines is critically dependent on the properties and bonding conditions of the components present in the waste or scrap. Shredders have become widely used for the size reduction of various kinds of scrap. Size reduction of metals in shredders requires sufficiently deformation of the pieces of material (bending to compaction), which leads to cracking. Tensile loads con combination with bending and torsion can enlarge the cracks and ultimately lead to break‐up of the pieces of metal. Reduction of the circumferential velocity of the shredding hammers will increase the energy required for the compaction preceding size reduction. Hence, shredders should be operated with maximum possible circumferential velocities.     

化工项目环境影响评价要点

化工项目的环境影响评价应严格执行有关的法律。法规和导则，并结合行业特点执行特定的条例和规范，在其评价过程中应确保工程分析数据的可靠性和措施的可行性，对是否符合清洁生产进行详细阐述，针对事故风险进行评价并提出防洪措施。最后对有毒废渣的处理提出要求。     

Challenges and Solutions for Plastic Packaging in a Circular Economy

New regulations require improvement of plastic packaging waste management to meet higher recycling rates. One solution for today's multilayers and other sorting challenges is tracer-based-sorting (TBS). TBS uses fluorescent tracers to provide sorting information on packagings. Industrial printing tests with tracer materials showed good printing quality. For TBS waste management feasibility studies, extensive packaging sorting plant input analyses were carried out, focusing on materials, color, label type, and label whereabouts. Sorting tests on a TBS-modified NIR-sorter resulted in excellent detection rates. LCA showed the reduced climate impact of TBS compared to conventional sorting technology. Implementation and transfer of TBS to other industries show high potential.     

聚烯烃塑料废弃物的回收再生利用

综述了聚烯烃废塑料的回收再生利用现状,重点介绍了聚烯烃废塑料的改性再生利用,列举了近期国内外的主要研究成果。与新塑料相比,废塑料的力学性能下降较大,不宜制作高档次的制品。为了改善其基本力学性能,满足制品的质量要求,可以采取各种改性方法对其进行改性以达到或超过原塑料制品的性能。改性的方法主要包括塑料合金化、填充改性以及交联改性等。对聚烯烃废塑料的回收再生利用过程中存在的降解问题进行了探讨,指出在加工前添加稳定剂是防止聚合物降解的最有效方法。     

Cultivation and Hydrothermal Gasification of Microalgae Scenedesmus Obliquus – First Experimental Results

Microalgae (Scenedesmus obliquus) produced in flat panel photobioreactors were converted via supercritical water gasification. The long term aim is to gain higher process efficiency through recycling of byproducts of supercritical water gasification and waste water during the cultivation of microalgae. The first step of the project, the general feasibility of conversion of microalgae Scenedesmus obliquus via supercritical water gasification to a hydrogen‐rich combustible gas is presented. The product gas had a higher heating value and consisted of hydrogen, methane, carbon dioxide, and ethane.     

废旧PVC塑料的回收利用

本文综述了废旧聚氯乙烯（PVC）的资源化利用和存在的问题;介绍了几种回收废IEIPVC（聚氯乙烯）的工艺,包括溶剂法、机械法、化学法及焚烧法,介绍了当前PVC的回收利用及其对环境影响的研究进展,并对PVC未来的应用及其回收利用进行了一些思考。     

废塑料基复合材料粉体法综合回收技术

介绍了国内外对废塑料基复合材料回收技术的相关现状,根据废塑料基复合材料的特点采用机械粉碎、解离(大型破碎、中碎、粉碎解离)、高压静电分选的方法回收废塑料复合材料,回收金属(铝等)的纯度达99%以上;金属(铝等)回收率达99%以上;回收塑料的纯度达96%以上,接近甚至超过国外同类技术的水平。在回收过程中不使用任何化工原料,不使用水,不排放任何污染物。     

Recycled Polyolefin-Based Plastic Wastes for Sound Absorption

Recycling of high-volume polyolefin-based packaging wastes in India is challenging, as they have low recycle value, high levels of contamination, and lack of direct processing methods. This work discusses a two-stage mechanical processing method for recycling the polyolefin-based plastic wastes that are not conventionally recycled. With the objective of improving specific properties like sound absorption and noise reduction, inhomogeneities were introduced in the recycled product. This was achieved by mixing polyolefin-based packaging wastes with other waste materials such as plastic-coated aluminium foils, expanded polystyrene, and coir pith in varying quantities. More than 30 times volume reduction was achieved by a two-stage compression molding process. The sound absorption properties of the recycled materials are found to be comparable to expanded polystyrene and glass wool when small quantities (2–3 wt%) of materials like expanded polystyrene waste and coir pith were added. Impact strength of the recycled material decreased with increasing amounts of secondary additives like metal foils. Flexural strength of the recycled material was found to be maximum at about 30 wt% of metal foils. The end product could find applications in the construction industry due to the sound-absorption properties and the mechanical strength.     

Increased added value reuse of construction waste in clay based building ceramics

Abstract

This paper illustrates a new way to explore reuse alternatives for construction and demolition waste, seeking higher added value applications for the reclaimed waste. Additions (up to 50 wt-%) of a clean construction waste were made to a red clay brick mixture, and sintered samples (950–1150°C, 1 h) were characterised (X-ray diffraction and fluorescence, thermal analysis, firing shrinkage, water absorption and flexural strength). The results show that waste additions below ～10 wt-% result in no significant change in bricks properties; waste additions above ～20 wt-% and a slightly higher firing temperature enable the manufacture of higher grade building products (tiles). The waste changes roles from inert to fluxing at 10–20 wt-% owing to the change of compatibility triangles in the phase diagram. Such large usages of clean construction wastes in applications other than the usual low grade ones demonstrate the importance of selective waste collection programmes.     

废润滑油的再生工艺研究

针对现有的废润滑油回收利用技术都没有彻底地脱除废润滑油中金属等杂质、没有提出理想的环境友好的回收再生技术、没有很好地提高润滑油基础油的收率等问题,结合废润滑油的性质特点,探索了一种环境友好的回收再生技术,提出了不同常规的再生工艺,基础油收率高,效果显著,再生后符合润滑油基础油标准,可以用作基础油。     

废气二氧化碳的回收固化工艺及利用途径

二氧化碳虽是环境污染的祸手之一,但也是潜在的有机碳资源,对其加以回收利用势在必行.本文介绍了物理吸收法、化学吸收法、吸附分离法及包括膜分离与低温冷冻分离在内的新分离技术进行废气CO2回收固化的工艺方法,并介绍了CO2在食品、农业、工业、化工合成等行业十二个方面的利用途径.     

Recycling Carpet Waste by Injection and Compression Molding

Studies have been carried out to convert carpet waste into valued products. Two common processes, injection and compression molding, can be used to recycle carpet waste. Three types of carpet waste have been recycled: (1) edge trim from carpet manufacturing, (2) polypropylene shear lint from cutting tufted carpet loops, and (3) separated polypropylene from postconsumer carpet waste. For injection molding, shredded carpet waste was debulked, ground, dried, and molded. For compression molding, the recycled carpet waste was combined with glass mat reinforcement. The compression-molding process consists of debulking, stacking with glass mats, and consolidation. The mechanical testing results are encouraging. The injection-molded samples showed properties acceptable for many applications. The glass-mat-reinforced carpet waste made by compression molding had properties comparable to commercial virgin thermoplastics reinforced with glass mat.     

废旧铅酸电池的回收利用

介绍了废旧铅酸电池回收的意义及回收现状,概述了废旧铅酸蓄电池的回收利用技术,剖析了制约我国再生铅行业发展的主要因素,探讨了规范我国铅酸蓄电池回收利用体系的相关建议.     

内蒙古地区废塑料处理与利用的现状及应对措施

通过对内蒙古地区废塑料的处理及其回收利用现状的调查,深入了解本地区废塑料处理与利用中存在的问题。结合我国有关废塑料处理的现有技术,对内蒙地区废塑料处理与利用从倡导全民参与环保、引进先进的回收利用技术、延伸产业链及加大政府扶持力度方面提出应对措施。     

溶剂法回收废旧聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料

根据溶解度参数原则筛选溶解废旧聚苯乙(烯PS)泡沫塑料的溶剂。结果表明:醋酸正丁酯和二甲苯以体积比1:2形成的复合溶剂效果较好,在40℃时,废旧PS泡沫塑料的溶解度可达0.82g/ml。采用正庚烷作为溶剂回收过程的沉淀剂能够回收得到90%以上的PS原料。同时,对废旧PS泡沫塑料的热稳定性及其溶解前后的化学结构分别进行了TGA和FTIR表征。结果表明:该回收过程仅仅是溶解消泡,并没有发生解聚反应且,无溶剂残留。最后利,用黏度法测定回收后的PS黏均分子量约为2.815×105。     

Schadstoffe in Altholz

Occasionally, it is assumed that wood can be fed into an endless usage cascade. This assumption is investigated based on data from new and used chipboards, as well as waste wood of category AI–AIII. The results show, based on 468 data sets, that pollutant concentrations in waste wood vary over a wide range. Depending on the sample group, 46 % to 69 % of the samples examined would not be suitable for material use according to the applicable Waste Wood Ordinance. It must be assumed that waste wood already contains pollutants in relevant concentrations after a single use and can therefore only be fed into the material cycle a second time after the results of an analytical examination are available. An organoleptic examination is not sufficient for this purpose.     

PE废塑料的再生利用

PE（聚乙烯）是产量最大的通用塑料之一,具有很多应用的优点,是制造地膜、包装用膜、电线电缆塑料软管等材料的原材料。也是塑料行业研究领域上的一个大热点。从PE废塑料的生产现状及应用进展出发,介绍了PE废塑料常用再生方式和存在的问题,并提出未来的发展方向。