Determination of the oxygen transmissibility and permeability of hydrogel contact lenses

To test the validity of the method of stacked hydrogel contact lenses to obtain the oxygen permeability and transmissibility coefficients of the lenses, the coefficients of one low hydration (38% water) and two high hydration (55 and 58% water) hydrogel contact lenses stacked one to five on an oxygen electrode were determined. From the oxygen diffusion through the lenses, the current intensity in the stationary state was determined, and from this the “instrument” the oxygen transmissibility was obtained. The permeability coefficients of the lenses, corrected for edge effects, were obtained from the slope of the plot of the reciprocal of the transmissibility coefficients versus the lens thicknesses. The oxygen permeability and transmissibility coefficients of the lenses obtained neglected the boundary layers resistance between the stacked lenses and, therefore, these are not the “true” coefficients. This article compares the “apparent” oxygen permeability coefficients of the hydrogel contact lenses, obtained by others, with the “true” oxygen permeability coefficients obtained with a corrected equation that takes into account the boundary layers between the stacked lenses. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 72: 321–327, 1999     

新型钻井液用除氧剂的研制与评价

钻井液中在循环过程中,有大量氧气溶解其中,溶解氧对钻具产生腐蚀。通过大量实验,室内研制出新型钻井液用除氧剂。在静态和动态的条件下,对不同的除氧剂浓度下除氧效率100%所需时间和溶氧浓度0.1 mg/L的持续时间进行测试实验,并根据现场实际工况制作出模拟井筒实验装置,进行除氧评价实验。最终确定此除氧剂具有除氧效率高、作用时间长、配伍性好等特点。     

制药工业废水中CODCr与BOD5的相关性及应用研究

建立一种只需测定工业废水中化学需氧量（简称CODcr），就可推算出生化需氧量（BOD5）的方法，对21个样品进行分析测定CODcr和BOD5，经线性回归找出两者的相关性；试验表明CODcr和BOD5间具有良好的线性相关性，其中r=0.9958，该方法应用于制药工业废水的处理和控制，具有简便、适应性好、省时省力等优点。     

曹妃甸油田注水除氧剂BHO-04的研制与国产化

根据油田注水除氧剂的作用机理及海上注水系统的技术要求,开发了除氧剂BHO-04并在曹妃甸油田WHPD和FPSO现场试验中获得成功,能将缓冲罐出口的溶解氧控制在0.01 mg/L以内。目前,除氧剂BHO-04已经完全替代进口除氧剂IRU-145CH,成功实现国产化。     

Xendos2700氧气分析仪的工作原理和故障排除

主要介绍英国Servomex公司生产的Xendos2700型氧分析仪的工作原理和常见故障的分析排除方法。     

高氧离子电导钙钛矿的影响因素分析和设计策略

氧离子导体，如钙钛矿氧化物（ABO₃结构），广泛应用于燃料电池、氧传感器和透氧膜，提高钙钛矿氧化物的体相氧离子传输性能是提升这些设备工作效率的关键。钙钛矿氧离子的传输性能受到晶体结构、A/B位阳离子、阴离子及氧空位等复杂因素的影响，这为开发具有高氧离子电导的钙钛矿材料带来了极大的挑战。本文首先分析了氧离子在钙钛矿体相的传输机制，总结了常见的钙钛矿体相氧传输性能影响因素，包括晶体结构、平均金属-氧键能、氧空位浓度以及氧空位分布等，重点分析了这些影响因素作用于钙钛矿体相氧传输过程的方式和机理，并剖析了调控这些影响因素的手段以及原理。之后进一步阐明了钙钛矿氧传输性能的预测方法及相应的验证手段，如O₂程序升温脱附、X射线吸收谱、高倍率透射电子显微镜和模拟计算等。通过实验直接观测材料内部微观性质，结合模拟计算可以进一步帮助理解钙钛矿氧化物体相氧离子传输过程。本文旨在寻找更加准确和便捷的设计策略，从而快速地筛选高氧离子电导的钙钛矿氧化物。     

极限电流型氧传感器的实验研究

本实验用8mol%Y_2O_3-ZrO_2固体电解质制成了极限电流型氧传感器,并测定了氧在0.23～28.70mol%,温度在550～800℃范围时,传感器的输出特性,观察到该传感器有较好的稳定性和电压电流特性曲线。实验验证了极限电流值与氧摩尔分数和温度的关系。     

高海拔和低海拔地区BOD_5监测分析比较研究

我国高原地区由于地理环境特殊,五日生化需氧量(BOD5)的监测分析一直以来没有很好地得到开展。文章通过培养接种液,用经典稀释与接种法,对高海拔低氧条件下BOD5的监测分析进行了初步试验和探讨,对拉萨和广州这两个典型的高海拔和低海拔地区的BOD5进行了比较。并指出低海拔富氧地区适用的一些监测分析方法在高海拔低氧等特殊地理环境条件下是否适用值得深入研究。     

Oxygen Storage and Mobility on Model Three-Way Catalysts

Oxygen storage capacity (OSC) of TW catalysts has a strong impact on their performances under oscillatory conditions. This paper reviews the different methods developed for OSC measurements, the effects of catalyst composition on OSC as well as the impact of OSC on TW catalysis, concentrating on the results obtained in our laboratory. Use of OSC measurements for catalysts control (on-board diagnostic) is also examined. The role of superoxide species as intermediates in the oxygen storage process will be emphasized. Finally, we shall review the recent developments on CeZr-based oxides.     

油田注水除氧剂的研究进展

水中溶解氧的存在对油田注水系统的腐蚀影响是非常巨大的,文章介绍了油田注水除氧技术的研究进展情况,对各种除氧方法,包括物理除氧与化学除氧方法的优缺点进行了分析,从除氧效果的理论与实验所需用量,毒性,腐蚀性,贮存的稳定性以及运行的标准与成本等方面提出了较优的除氧剂分别运用于陆上油田和海上油田的注水除氧。     

OCO污水处理工艺在城市污水处理中的应用

介绍OCO工艺及其对城市污水处理的效果。普通城市污水经过该工艺处理之后 ,可以达到我国污水排放标准 ,还可以将所处理的污水经过三级处理之后 ,作为工业用水进行再利用。OCO工艺具有除氮除磷功能强、自动化程度高、运转方式灵活、占地少、出水水质稳定等特点 ,适用于高浓度工矿企业废水和城市生活污水的处理     

氧压机氧氮切换风险及改进

氧压机氧气和氮气进行切换时氧气管网和氮气管网之间形成通路,由于氧气压力高于氮气压力,氧气串入氮气管网后污染氮气管网,污染的氮气进入乙炔真空塔后,与可燃气体混合达到了爆炸极限,在火炬口发生爆鸣,氧气进入氮气管网威胁到全厂安全用氮。文章详细分析了氮气污染原因,对氧压机的自动控制流程进行了全面的安全分析,改进了存在安全隐患的自动控制流程。     

Contribution of the Internal and External Oxygen to the Oxidation of Microencapsulated Fish Oil

Microencapsulation aims to protect polyunsaturated fatty acids against oxidation by embedding oil droplets in a solid matrix. In such a system the internal (dissolved and entrapped) and external (in the environment) oxygen can be differentiated. The study aims to quantify the impact of both oxygen sources on the oxidation of microencapsulated fish oil. The impact of the solubilized oxygen in bulk fish oil is investigated by saturating the oil with nitrogen, synthetic air, and pure oxygen. Even though more dissolved oxygen results in more oxidation products, the difference between the oxidation of the nitrogen and air saturated oil is significant but low. For encapsulated fish oil powders, the internal oxygen is modified by preparing oil‐in‐water emulsions under atmospheric and inert conditions. The feed is atomized and spray dried with either nitrogen or air. Powders are stored under vacuum and in vials and the hydroperoxides and anisidine value are determined in the total‐ and encapsulated oil. The internal oxygen has a minor impact, whereas the external oxygen is the main determinant for autoxidation. Apart from oxidizing the non‐encapsulated oil, the external O₂ penetrates into the particle and reacts with the encapsulated oil. Practical Applications: Comparing the contribution of the internal and external oxygen to the oxidative stability shows that the internal O₂ plays a minor role and can be neglected. This means that the emulsion preparation as well as the spray drying process can be conducted under ambient conditions. An inert production is not extending the shelf life significantly as long as the external O₂ determines oxidation. The focus should be on optimizing the diffusion barrier properties of the wall matrix to reduce the penetration of the external oxygen into the particle system. Alternatively, packaging solution reducing the external O₂ will extend the shelf life of the microencapsulated oil.     

Characterization and analysis of petrochemical wastewater through particle size distribution,biodegradability, and chemical composition

The centralized treatment method is a widely used form of wastewater treatment that tends to be less effective at removing toxic substances. Therefore, a detailed analysis of the composition of wastewater can provide important information for the design of an effective wastewater treatment process. The objective of this paper was to investigate particle size distribution(PSD), biodegradability, and the chemical composition of the petrochemical wastewater discharges. For this purpose, this project selected the petrochemical wastewater and treated wastewater of China National Offshore Oil Corporation Zhongjie Petrochemical Co, Ltd. as the analysis objects.The step-by-step filtration method, along with a molecular weight classification method, was selected to build the chemical oxygen demand(COD) and biochemical oxygen demand(BOD) fingerprints of petrochemical wastewater and treated wastewater. The results showed that the main pollutants were settleable particles in petrochemical wastewater, which contributed to over 54.85% of the total COD. The colloidal particles with particle sizes in the range of 450–1000 nm had the highest COD value in the treated wastewater, which contributed34.17% of the total COD of treated wastewater. The results of the BOD analysis showed that the soluble fractions were the main reason that treated wastewaters did not meet the treatment standards. Tests on the organic compounds in petrochemical wastewater found that there were mainly linear paraffins, branched paraffins, benzene series compounds, and some plasticizers in the influent of the petrochemical wastewater. The most abundant pollutants in treated petrochemical wastewater were the adjacent diisobutyl phthalate and the linear alkanes.Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) transmission spectroscopy analysis showed that the settleable particles of petrochemical wastewater and membrane bioreactor(MBR)-treated wastewater contained multiple types of organic substances. The results also indicated that removing the oil-settleable substances, the colloidal particles(450–1000 nm), and the soluble organics will be necessary for the treatment of petrochemical wastewater.     

掺杂SrTiO3体系上甲烷氧化偶联催化性能的研究

用X-射线粉末衍射(XRD)、氧吸附—程序升温脱附(O2-TPD)研究了柠檬酸热分解法制备的钙钛矿型催化剂的组成、结构与甲烷氧化偶联反应(OCM)催化性能，结果表明钙钛矿型SrTi0.9M0．1O3-δ(M=Mg，Al，Zr)的B位掺杂离子的价态越低，脱附温度越高，这与催化剂对生成C2产物的选择性相关联；钙钛矿型SrTi1-x，MgαO3-δ的B位Mg^2 掺杂量越多，催化剂中的氧空位越多，脱附温度升高。当B位Mg^2 掺杂量x≤0．1时，催化剂的甲烷转化率和C2选择性明显增加，当x≥0．1时又明显下降。认为低价离子掺杂所产生氧空位为氧分子的活化提供了活性位，表面吸附态氧物种为OCM反应主要活性氧物种，较高温度脱附的吸附氧有利于甲烷氧化偶联C2选择性的提高。     

变压吸附制氧与深冷制氧在富氧气化焦炭制备高纯CO装置上的应用比较

本文简单介绍了山东阿斯德化工有限公司为提高甲酸生产所需要的原料气中的有效气体成分(一氧化碳),新上一套富氧气化焦炭制备高纯CO装置。作为该装置的配套装置,新上一套变压吸附制氧装置,针对变压吸附制氧装置生产的氧气纯度波动大及氧气回收率难以提高的情况,又新上一套深冷制氧装置,使富氧气化焦炭制备高纯CO装置的各项技术指标得到了全面提高。     

Studies on internal and external water treatment at a paper and cardboard factory

The treatment of effluent from a paper/board factory that produced 280 tons of cardboard and consumed 1200 m³ of water per day was carried out. Wastewater analysis showed that the mill effluent contained 3000 mg dm^?3 suspended solids, 1400 mg dm^?3 COD (chemical oxygen demand) and 500 mg dm^?3 BOD (biochemical oxygen demand). An internal treatment cycle is suggested that involves recirculation of paper‐machine wastewater (white‐water) and may be accomplished by installing a flotation saveall (fiber recovery) unit. This arrangement reduced fresh water use by about 90%, reduced fiber loss by 80–90%, and increased board production by 13%. An external treatment process for the effluent was assessed by conducting laboratory coagulation tests (alum, ferric chloride, ferrous sulfate, and polyelectrolyte) on the whole mill effluent. Oxidation of the mill effluent using calcium hypochlorite before discharging the effluent to a lagoon offers the benefits of killing the harmful bacteria and reducing the pollution load. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

Photochemical Synthesis of Silver Hydrosol Stabilized by Carbonate Ions and Study of Its Bactericidal Impact on Escherichia coli: Direct and Indirect Effects

The great attention paid to silver nanoparticles is largely related to their antibacterial and antiviral effects and their possible use as efficient biocidal agents. Silver nanoparticles are being widely introduced into various areas of life, including industry, medicine, and agriculture. This leads to their spreading and entering the environment, which generates the potential risk of toxic effect on humans and other biological organisms. Proposed paper describes the preparation of silver hydrosols containing spherical metal nanoparticles by photochemical reduction of Ag⁺ ions with oxalate ions. In deaerated solutions, this gives ~10 nm particles, while in aerated solutions, ~20 nm particles with inclusion of the oxide Ag₂O are obtained. Nanoparticles inhibit the bacterium Escherichia coli and suppress the cell growth at concentrations of ~1 × 10⁻⁶–1 × 10⁻⁴ mol L⁻¹. Silver particles cause the loss of pili and deformation and destruction of cell membranes. A mechanism of antibacterial action was proposed, taking into account indirect suppressing action of Ag⁺ ions released upon the oxidative metal dissolution and direct (contact) action of nanoparticles on bacterial cells, resulting in a change in the shape and destruction of the bacteria.     

CH4、CO2、O2直接合成乙酸的可行性研究

在分析总结了甲烷的临氧活化以及近年来国内外CH4-CO2直接转化合成乙酸研究成果的基础上,提出了在CH4-CO2体系中引入O2直接合成乙酸的新方法,并从反应热力学及反应机理方面进行了可行性分析。     

Effects of Oxygen Partial Pressure on the Nucleation Behavior and Morphology of Chemically-Vapor-Deposited Zirconia on Hi-Nicalon Fiber and Si

A ZrO₂ coating was prepared on Hi-Nicalon fiber and single-crystal Si by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) using ZrCl₄, CO₂, and H₂ as precursors at 1050°C. The effects of oxygen partial pressure on the nucleation behavior of the CVD-ZrO₂ coating were systematically studied by intentionally varying the controlled amount of O₂ into the CVD chamber. Characterization results suggested that the number density of tetragonal ZrO₂ nuclei apparently decreased with increasing the oxygen partial pressure from 4 × 10⁻³ to 1.6 Pa. Also, the coating layer became more columnar and contained larger monoclinic ZrO₂ grains. The observed relationships between the oxygen partial pressure and the nucleation and morphologic characteristics of the ZrO₂ coating were attributed to the grain size and oxygen deficiency effects, which have been previously reported to cause the stabilization of the tetragonal ZrO₂ phase in bulk ZrO₂ specimens.