住宅新风净化与室内空气品质

通过对南京和上海的各两台新风机组处理段的颗粒分布和PM10,PM2.5的浓度测试,分析了新风机组过滤器的性能以及过滤器的布置位置对新风品质的影响,并根据各处理段颗粒物浓度变化情况研究了影响室内空气品质的因素,以不断完善与优化新风空调过滤系统的性能。     

Observations on local and national air quality indices

An Air Quality Index is defined as a single term, usually a number, used to describe the degree of contamination of the ambient air. The concept of an air quality index is not new and such an index could be quite useful provided that the index does not over-simplify the situation nor cover up gaps in our knowledge. Some basic information on an assortment of air pollution indicators that have been used nationally and internationally either for public information and/or alert systems is provided.In most of these indicators, aerosols, usually measured by light absorption techniques, and sulphur dioxide, were the pollutants incorporated into the index. Other pollutants used less frequently included carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbons and oxidants.After listing the requirements of a national air quality index a second list of items is presented which would negate the validity of any comprehensive nation-wide index. It is thus concluded that considering the present state of our knowledge and vastly different geographical, topographical and meteorological areas of a country such as Canada the development of a nation-wide air quality index is not recommended.     

Influence of ozone-limonene reactions on perceived air quality

This study conducted short-term assessments of perceived air quality (PAQ) for six different realistic concentrations of ozone and limonene, separately or together, in room air. The impact of filtration and the influence of the ozone generation method were also examined. The evaluations were made in four identical 40 m3 low-polluting test offices ventilated at 1.4 h(-1) or in two identical 30 m3 stainless-steel chambers ventilated at 1.9 h(-1). Concentrations of ozone, total volatile organic compounds and size-fractionated particles were continuously monitored in each experiment. The results indicate that, for each of the six conditions, the PAQ was poorer when ozone and limonene were present together compared with when only ozone or only limonene was present. In the test offices a correlation was observed between the number of secondary organic aerosols produced by a given ozone/limonene condition and the sensory pollution load for that condition. The particles themselves do not appear to be the primary causative agents, but instead are co-varying surrogates for sensory offending gas-phase species. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Although the health consequences of long-term exposures to the products of ozone-initiated indoor chemistry remain to be determined, we judge that the sensory offending nature of selected products provides an additional reason to limit indoor ozone levels. Devices that emit ozone at significant rates should not be used indoors. Ozone-filtration of make-up air should also be beneficial in mechanically ventilated buildings located in regions that repeatedly violate outdoor ozone standards. Additionally, the use of limonene containing products should be curtailed during periods when indoor ozone levels are elevated.     

Analytical electron microscopy of combustion particles: a comparison of vehicle exhaust and residential wood smoke

Particulate matter has been associated with a number of adverse health effects. Since combustion particles from vehicle exhaust and wood smoke are common constituents of ambient air, the morphology and elemental composition of particles from these two sources were analysed and compared using single particle analysis. Ambient air particles were collected in locations dominated by vehicle exhaust or residential wood smoke. To verify the source contributions to the ambient air samples, particles were collected directly from the combustion sources. All particulate samples were analysed on carbon extraction replica by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray microanalysis (XRMA). The particles were classified into four groups based on morphology and elemental composition. Carbon aggregates were the only particles identified to originate from combustion sources and accounted for more than 88% of the particle numbers in the ambient air samples from both sources. The carbon aggregates were therefore further analysed with respect to morphology and elemental composition on germanium extraction replica. Carbon aggregates from vehicle exhaust were characterised by higher levels of Si and Ca compared to wood smoke aggregates that contained higher levels of K. The S content in aggregates from both sources was probably caused by interaction with gases in the air. Furthermore, the diameters of primary particles from vehicle exhaust were significantly smaller (27+/-7 nm) than the diameters for wood smoke (38+/-11 nm). The observed differences in elemental profiles and primary particle diameters for vehicle exhaust and wood smoke may influence the health effects caused by these particles.     

Exhaust ventilation in attached garages improves residential indoor air quality

Previous research has shown that indoor benzene levels in homes with attached garages are higher than homes without attached garages. Exhaust ventilation in attached garages is one possible intervention to reduce these concentrations. To evaluate the effectiveness of this intervention, a randomized crossover study was conducted in 33 Ottawa homes in winter 2014. VOCs including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, and air exchange rates were measured over four 48‐hour periods when a garage exhaust fan was turned on or off. A blower door test conducted in each garage was used to determine the required exhaust fan flow rate to provide a depressurization of 5 Pa in each garage relative to the home. When corrected for ambient concentrations, the fan decreased geometric mean indoor benzene concentrations from 1.04 to 0.40 μg/m³, or by 62% (P<.05). The garage exhaust fan also significantly reduced outdoor‐corrected geometric mean indoor concentrations of other pollutants, including toluene (53%), ethylbenzene (47%), m,p‐xylene (45%), o‐xylene (43%), and carbon monoxide (23%) (P<.05) while having no impact on the home air exchange rate. This study provides evidence that mechanical exhaust ventilation in attached garages can reduce indoor concentrations of pollutants originating from within attached garages.     

Indoor thermal environment and air quality in Chinese-style residential kitchens

This paper reviews the published literature on indoor thermal environment and air quality in Chinese-style residential kitchens (CRKs). The paper first discusses typical characteristics of CRKs, including kitchen layout, cooking methods, and ventilation systems used. Next, the paper describes the current state of the indoor thermal environment and air quality in CRKs. Finally, this paper summarizes measures to control and improve the environment inside CRKs. The results indicate that the indoor environment of CRKs is too hot in summer and exhibits a large vertical temperature difference. No appropriate model was available for accurately evaluating the thermal environment in CRKs. At the same time, CRKs are highly polluted by COx, NOx, TVOC, and particulate matter (PM). Although existing exhaust hoods could improve the indoor environment to some extent, the use of a combined exhaust, make-up air, and air-conditioning system should be considered to provide a comfortable and healthy environment in CRKs.     

新风对采用被动房技术的居住建筑能耗的影响

被动房技术对建筑围护结构的高要求提升了建筑的保温隔热性能和整体气密性,有效减少了围护结构的热传导和室内外空气渗透引起的冷热量损失,但为了满足室内卫生和舒适要求,需要有组织的通风空调方式,新风的处理和输配能耗突出。根据被动房技术参数要求及国内相关标准建立了对比模型,对北京地区某居住建筑不同新风量时的冷热负荷及通风空调系统能耗进行了模拟计算。结果表明,采取30m3/(人·h)的最小新风量时,被动房冬季最大负荷为22W/m2,夏季最大负荷为55W/m2左右,其中新风负荷分别占63.8%和34.2%;采用排风全热回收装置存在一定的能源效益,使得被动房全年供暖空调能耗为22.66kW·h/(m2·a),比按照现行北京节能标准设计的居住建筑节能7%左右。     

论住宅的品质

从独创性、安全性、适用性、耐久性和经济性等的角度探讨如何提升住宅建筑的品质及规划设计和工程设计的重要性,通过提高住宅质量,降低工程成本,从而使人们的生活更安全、舒适。     

The effect of an ion generator on indoor air quality in a residential room

Ion generators charge particles with a corona prior to their removal on collector plates or indoor surfaces and also emit ozone, which can react with terpenes to yield secondary organic aerosol, carbonyls, carboxylic acids, and free radicals. This study characterized the indoor air quality implications of operating an ion generator in a 27 m(3) residential room, with four different test room configurations. Two room configurations had carpet overlaying the original flooring of stained/sealed concrete, and for one configuration with and without carpet, a plug-in air freshener was used as a terpene source. Measurements included airborne sampling of particulate matter (0.015-20 μm), terpenes and C(1) -C(4) and C(6) -C(10) aldehydes, ozone concentrations, and air exchange rates. When the heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning system was not operating (room air exchange rate = ～0.5/h), the use of the ion generator in the presence of the air freshener led to a net increase in ultrafine particles (<0.1 μm). Also, increased concentrations of ozone were observed regardless of air freshener presence, as well as increases in formaldehyde and nonanal, albeit within measurement uncertainty in some cases. Thus, it may be prudent to limit ion generator use indoors until evidence of safety can be ascertained. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: Portable ion generators are intended to clean the air of particles, but they may emit ozone as a byproduct of their operation, which has the potential to degrade indoor air quality. This study showed that under certain conditions in a residential room, the use of a portable ion generator can increase concentrations of ozone and, to a lesser degree, potentially aldehydes. Also, if operated in the presence of a plug-in air freshener that emits terpenes, its use can increase concentrations of secondary organic aerosol in the ultrafine size range.     

Influence of Asian dust storms on air quality in Taiwan

In each year, dust storms triggered by cold air masses passing through northern China and Mongolia enhance the PM10 concentration over Taiwan region during winter and spring. On average, there are four to five dust events and 6.1 dust days in a year in Taiwan. Each event lasts for 1 day or even longer. A procedure to identify a dust event is rationalized and exercised on data collected during 1994-2005. Also, a ranking method named as the dust intensity rank (DIR) is developed to distinguish the intensity of each event affecting the local air quality. About 86% of dust days belong to ranks 1 and 2. In general, poorer air quality is associated with higher ranks. Ranks 4 and 5 correspond to a PSI (Pollution Standard Index) larger than 100. Linking DIR with the popular PSI is useful for both the public and the official forecasting system. It is also useful for inter-comparison between dust influences on air quality at different downstream regions in Taiwan. Composite analyses of the temporal and spatial variation of the hourly PM10 level indicate that dust particles usually arrive 12 h before the time of the peak PM10 concentration and last for 36 h at northern Taiwan, while the time of the peak concentration at eastern or western Taiwan, due to the evolution of the synoptic weather system, is about 3-12 h later. It is noted that the increase of PM10 level at the western side of Taiwan results from a mixture of upstream Asian dust inputs and local pollutants.     

Energy saving potential and repercussions on indoor air quality of demand controlled residential ventilation strategies

Ventilation is ambiguously related to the energy saving rationale originating from the mitigation of global warming, the reaching of peak oil or health concerns related to fossil fuel burning. Since it makes up for about half of the energy consumption in well-insulated buildings, it is an attractive target for energy saving measures. However, simply reducing ventilation rates has unwanted repercussions on the indoor air quality. Two main strategies have been developed to reconcile these seemingly opposing interests: heat recovery and demand control ventilation. This paper focuses on the energy saving potential of demand controlled mechanical exhaust ventilation in residences and on the influence such systems may have on the indoor air quality to which the occupants of the dwellings are exposed. The conclusions are based on simulations done with a multi-zone airflow model of a detached house that is statistically representative for the average Belgian dwelling. Four approaches to demand based control are tested and reported. Within the paper exposure to carbon dioxide and to a tracer gas are used as indicators for indoor air quality. Both energy demand and exposures are reported and compared to the results for a standard, building code compliant, exhaust system, operating at continuous flow rates. The sensitivity of the control strategies to environmental and user variations is tested using Monte-Carlo techniques. Under the conditions that were applied, reductions on the ventilation heat loss of 25–60% are found, depending on the chosen control strategy (with the exclusion of adventitious ventilation and infiltration).     

Influence of local air velocity from air conditioner evaluated by salivary and skin biomarkers

The purpose of this paper is to reveal both the psychosomatic and the physical effects of local air velocity from an air conditioner using biomarkers which can be collected noninvasively. Salivary α-amylase activity (SAA) and salivary cortisol were used as the indexes of psychosomatic effects. The total protein (TP) collected from stratum corneum was used as an index of the physical condition of dry skin. A continuous experiment over a 5 days period in summer was conducted using 8 healthy young male adults for 2-types of airflow conditioners, a whole ceiling-type air conditioner (without local air velocity) and a normal-type air conditioner (with local air velocity). The subjects felt cool, windy, dry and uncomfortable when under the normal-type air conditioner as determined in a subjective evaluation. The SAA under the normal-type air conditioner fluctuated more widely than with the whole ceiling-type air conditioner. The level of salivary cortisol decreased more in a day under the normal-type air conditioner than with the whole ceiling-type air conditioner. These results showed that reducing local air velocity may provide more healthy psychosomatic conditions over the long-term. Moreover, the TP of a drying-exposed skin area showed a significant change during this experiment whereas the TP of drying-protected area was relatively unchanged. It was indicated that one week’s exposure to local air velocity conditions possibly influences the drying of facial skin. Thus, air movement at low velocity can be provides more comfortable conditions not only psychosomatically but also physically.     

窗墙比对住宅供暖空调总能耗的影响

以上海地区的居住建筑为研究对象,采用DeST软件对建筑全年的供暖、空调能耗进行了动态模拟,研究分析在不同朝向下,窗墙比对建筑全年供暖能耗、全年空调能耗以及全年供暖、空调总能耗的影响规律。结果表明,东(西)、北向窗墙比的加大会导致建筑全年供暖、空调总能耗的增加;在夏季采用外窗遮阳和有效夜间通风的条件下,南向窗墙比的加大有利于建筑全年供暖、空调总能耗的降低。     

谈住宅卫生间局部等电位联结

针对住宅卫生间做局部等电位联结的重要性进行了论述,并从预埋件制安、等电位端子板制安、保护管敷设等方面对卫生间局部等电位联结的施工工艺作了论述,详细解析了施工中需注意的问题,以保障居住者的人身安全。     

中国住宅空调的未来发展

以上海住宅建设和家用空调的发展为例，分析了住宅空调对能源和环境的影响。指出今后在中国大城市中，应以发展区域集中供冷供热，冷热电联产为主；而在中小城市或城市郊区，应以发展所谓“户式空调”为主；在单身公寓或合租公寓中，则应以使用房间空调器为主。以利于合理使用能源，减少温室气体排放和促进房地产业的可持续发展。     

住宅外挂空调机位设计的思考

对现行住宅外观设计上的外挂空调机位摆置方式进行了调查研究,总结其四种可行的机位设计,并进一步引出思考,展望美好的未来。     

关于住宅空调方式选择的探讨

介绍了目前住宅的空调现状,对几种住宅空调方式的优缺点进行了比较,分析了如何选择住宅空调方式以及住宅空调方式的选择趋势,可以为人们提供健康、舒适、节能、环保的人工环境,为合理选择住宅空调方式提供参考。     

Response of consumer and research grade indoor air quality monitors to residential sources of fine particles

The ability to inexpensively monitor PM_2.5 to identify sources and enable controls would advance residential indoor air quality (IAQ) management. Consumer IAQ monitors incorporating low‐cost optical particle sensors and connections with smart home platforms could provide this service if they reliably detect PM_2.5 in homes. In this study, particles from typical residential sources were generated in a 120 m³ laboratory and time‐concentration profiles were measured with 7 consumer monitors (2‐3 units each), 2 research monitors (Thermo pDR‐1500, MetOne BT‐645), a Grimm Mini Wide‐Range Aerosol Spectrometer (GRM), and a Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance with Filter Dynamic Measurement System (FDMS), a Federal Equivalent Method for PM_2.5. Sources included recreational combustion (candles, cigarettes, incense), cooking activities, an unfiltered ultrasonic humidifier, and dust. FDMS measurements, filter samples, and known densities were used to adjust the GRM to obtain time‐resolved mass concentrations. Data from the research monitors and 4 of the consumer monitors—AirBeam, AirVisual, Foobot, Purple Air—were time correlated and within a factor of 2 of the estimated mass concentrations for most sources. All 7 of the consumer and both research monitors substantially under‐reported or missed events for which the emitted mass was comprised of particles smaller than 0.3 μm diameter.     

复合保温风管的燃烧性能研究

针对目前市场上几种常见的新型复合保温风管,采用我国现行的燃烧性能分级试验、欧洲最新燃烧分级试验和实体火灾试验三种方法进行了燃烧性能研究,全面、客观地分析了复合风管材料的燃烧特性,并结合我国防火设计规范等相关标准对风管的规定,提出了在建筑物中使用GB8624规定的难燃B1级风管的可行性和安全性建议。     

住宅工程质量的思考与分析

通过对住宅工程质量投诉问题的整理和分析,归纳总结了住宅工程质量投诉现象及表现形式,并从设计、施工、监理等方面入手,探讨了如何确保住宅工程质量,以期克服住宅质量通病,减少住宅工程质量投诉。