磷化钨催化剂C5石油树脂加氢性能探索

采用共浸渍和氢气程序升温还原法, 以γ-Al₂O₃为载体,制备负载W质量分数30%（以WO₃计）的磷化钨催化剂,对催化剂进行XRD、BET、SEM和TG/DTA表征,考察催化剂的C₅石油树脂加氢反应性能,并研究助剂Ni和Co对催化剂结构和加氢反应活性的影响。结果表明,助剂的加入能改善催化剂表面活性组分的分散性和增加WP/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂的比表面积,对WP/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂活性组分与载体之间的相互作用也可能存在影响,Co或Ni对磷化钨催化剂C₅石油树脂加氢反应均有不同程度的改善作用。     

WP/γ-Al2O3催化剂的制备及加氢脱氮性能

采用程序升温、高纯氢气还原无定形磷钨酸盐的方法制备了活性组分为磷化钨的WP／γ-A1203催化剂，考察了催化剂对吡啶加氢脱氮(HDN)反应的催化活性。结果表明，先混合后还原方法制备的WP／γ～Al2O3催化剂WP2更有利于活性组分在载体表面的分散，且稳定性比较好。该催化剂具有较好的加氢脱氮性能，340℃时吡啶加氢脱氮率为95．4％。噻吩对催化剂WP2的HDN活性有较大影响。     

磷对MoNi/γ-Al2O3加氢处理催化剂性能的影响

采用分步浸渍法制备了不同磷含量的MoNiP/γ-Al₂O₃加氢预处理催化剂。采用TPR、HRTEM和XPS技术对催化剂进行表征,以噻吩和喹啉为模型化合物,考察催化剂的加氢脱硫和加氢脱氮活性。结果表明,磷与活性组分相互作用形成新Mo-Ni-O-P相,增加了低温还原峰面积,使还原峰峰顶温度升高。磷的引入提高了活性金属组分的硫化度,使催化剂的MoS₂片晶层数更多,片层长度更长,有助于噻吩和喹啉克服空间位阻吸附在活性中心位上;但过量磷会使MoS₂发生团聚,降低活性中心位数目,不利于提高催化剂活性。添加适量磷对催化剂表面和活性相进行有限度的改变,使催化剂具有最佳的脱硫和脱氮活性。     

程序升温法制备WP催化剂及其催化性能

以偏钨酸铵和磷酸氢二铵为原料,采用程序升温还原法制备体相WP催化剂,用质量分数0. 8%二苯并噻吩(DBT)溶液为模型化合物,考察磷化钨(WP)催化剂的加氢脱硫反应性能。采用XRD对催化剂进行表征,制备的WP催化剂移入固定床反应器前用体积分数10%H2S-Ar混合气体钝化,保证其结构未被破坏。实验表明,程序升温还原法成功制备出WP催化剂。WP催化剂具有良好的加氢性能,在WP催化剂上,二苯并噻吩主要以直接脱硫路径为主。     

磷改性的含USL沸石催化剂在柴油加氢精制中的应用

以原位合成的USL/γ-Al_2O_3为复合载体,以磷酸为磷源,采用等体积共浸渍法与镍和钨活性组分共浸渍;或以磷酸氢二铵为磷源,采用等体积分步浸渍法或共浸渍法与镍和钨制备成相应催化剂。磷改性系列催化剂采用XRD、NH_3-TPD、H_2-TPR、UV-Vis DRS、拉曼以及N_2吸附-脱附等技术进行表征。以硫和氮含量均较高的FCC柴油为原料,在高压加氢微反装置中进行催化剂加氢脱硫和加氢脱氮活性评价。结果表明,催化剂经适量的磷酸改性后,加氢脱硫率和加氢脱氮率明显提高,产品中的硫和氮含量均小于20μg·g~(-1)。     

碳化钼催化剂的制备及噻吩加氢脱硫性能

以MoO₃为前躯体,CH₄/H₂为还原碳化气,采用自制的程序升温还原碳化反应装置制备出Mo₂C催化剂,并用XRD、BET进行表征.借助原位TG-DTA方法研究了MoO₃在CH₄/H₂气氛中的还原碳化历程和适宜的还原碳化温度.以噻吩/环己烷溶液为模型反应物,采用高压微反-色谱实验装置考察了制备的碳化钼催化剂的噻吩加氢脱硫反应性能.结果表明：程序升温条件下的局部规整反应可提高催化剂的比表面积,且制备的碳化钼催化剂具有较高的噻吩加氢脱硫反应活性,在体积分数为5%的噻吩/环己烷溶液中,反应压力为3.0 MPa,空速为6 h^-1,H₂/原料液体积比500∶1的反应条件下, 370℃时的噻吩转化率达到98%以上,明显高于相应的硫化钼催化剂.还原碳化终温的提高,导致碳化钼催化剂比表面积的减少和表面积炭的增多,进而使其加氢脱硫反应活性降低.MoO₃在CH₄/H₂气氛中的还原碳化历程应为MoO₃→MoO₂→MoO_xC_y→Mo₂C,实验确定的适宜还原碳化温度为675℃.     

磷添加方式对NiMo/Al2O3催化剂加氢脱硫性能的影响

采用分步浸渍法制备了不同磷添加方式改性的NiMo/Al₂O₃催化剂,在固定床微反装置上考察了该系列催化剂对焦炉煤气中噻吩加氢脱硫（HDS）性能的影响,采用BET、X射线衍射（XRD）、H₂程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）、NH₃程序升温脱附（NH₃-TPD）、C₄H₄S(H₂)程序升温脱附[C₄H₄S(H₂)-TPD]、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、高清透射电镜（HRTEM）和拉曼（Raman）等分析手段对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,不同磷添加方式制备NiMo/Al₂O₃催化剂的HDS性能存在较大差异。其中,催化剂PNi-Mo/Al和PMo-Ni/Al表面弱吸附解离活性位增强,对焦炉煤气中噻吩有较好的低温加氢脱硫活性,以含292.5mg/m³噻吩的模拟焦炉煤气为原料时,PNi-Mo/Al在250℃下对噻吩的脱硫率达61%。对于PNi-Mo/Al和PMo-Ni/Al催化剂,先浸渍P、Ni或者P、Mo时,P优先和载体Al₂O₃作用,减弱了活性金属组分Ni、Mo与载体间的相互作用,而又防止Ni或者Mo与载体间相互作用过低而聚集,提高了Ni、Mo在载体表面的均匀分散,生成能够促进硫化形成Ⅱ型活性相Ni-Mo-S的NiMoO₄物种。NiMoO₄和MoO₃之间的协同作用提高了催化剂的硫化度,使HDS活性得以提高。     

MoS2基催化剂加氢脱硫反应活性相和作用机理研究进展

加氢脱硫工艺在清洁油品生产过程中发挥着重要作用，而MoS₂基催化剂是加氢脱硫的主要催化剂，因此对MoS₂基催化剂活性相和催化反应机理的深入研究有助于从原子层面上对催化剂进行优化设计。本文首先介绍了国内外有关MoS₂基催化剂活性相形貌结构的研究，着重探讨了硫化气氛、助剂和载体类型对活性相结构的影响，以及现有表征技术在MoS₂基催化剂活性相形貌结构研究中所面临的挑战，总结了不同条件下活性相的微观结构特征；同时，从MoS₂基催化剂的活性相组成和结构角度分析了噻吩的加氢脱硫机理，发现了加氢脱硫活性与催化剂微观结构之间的紧密联系；最后展望了理论计算在设计和开发高效加氢脱硫催化剂过程中的重要指导作用。     

焦化粗苯加氢精制催化剂的研制

采用分步浸渍法制备了NiMo/Ti-Al预加氢催化剂、CoMo/Ti-Al主加氢催化剂,在微型固定床反应器上考察了加氢活性、脱硫活性与催化剂组成的关系.筛选出的2Ni8Mo/Ti-Al、2Co8Mo/Ti-Al催化剂在实验条件下能将焦化粗苯中的噻吩硫脱除,三苯的收率可达到99%以上.     

乙二醇对NiMoP/Al2O3上二苯并噻吩加氢脱硫反应的影响

在NiMoP浸渍液中添加不同含量乙二醇,制备了一系列NiMoP/Al₂O₃催化剂,以二苯并噻吩为模型化合物,考察有机添加剂乙二醇对NiMoP/Al2O3催化剂加氢脱硫性能的影响。结果表明,乙二醇的加入显著提高催化剂的加氢脱硫性能,乙二醇中的羟基与Ni物质的量比为5∶1时,催化剂的加氢脱硫活性最高。乙二醇明显改善NiMoP/Al₂O₃催化剂的加氢性能。     

双环戊二烯加氢NiMox/γ-Al2O3催化剂耐硫特性的研究

研究了钼元素及其添加量对镍基催化剂在双环戊二烯（DCPD）加氢反应中耐硫特性的影响规律。催化 剂∶DCPD =1∶10,反应温度150℃,压力3.5 MPa,转速600 r/min,噻吩浓度为：500 mg/L时,Ni/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂的双环戊二烯8、9位双键的加氢速率显著降低,3、4位双键的加氢活性完全抑制; 而NiMo_0.2/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂,在4 h内完成加氢反应,四氢双环戊二烯（endo-THDCPD）收率达到98%,抗硫特性显著提高。不同镍钼比的系列催化剂中,NiMo_0.2/γ-Al₂O₃具有最好的加氢活性与耐硫特性。0~2000 mg/L噻吩浓度内,低浓度条件下,NiMo_0.2/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂对双环戊二烯的加氢活性高,选择性好;随着噻吩浓度增加,催化性能有所下降,2000 mg/L时,加氢反应延长至6 h,endo-THDCPD收率降至95%。     

Hydroisomerization of model FCC naphtha over sulfided Co(Ni)–Mo(W)/MCM-41 catalysts

Deep hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of gasoline generally brings about the saturation of olefins and leads to the serious octane number losses. Conversion of linear olefins to branched ones followed by hydrogenation to isoalkanes would minimize such octane number losses. In this work, MCM-41-supported Co–Mo, Ni–Mo and Ni–W catalysts were prepared by the incipient wetness impregnation method, and compared with an industrial Co–Mo/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst. The surface acidities were measured by the techniques of microcalorimetry and infrared spectroscopy for the adsorption of ammonia, and probed by the reaction of conversion of isopropanol. The isomerization and hydrogenation of 1-hexene as well as the HDS of thiophene were studied by using model FCC naphtha. It was found that the sulfidation enhanced significantly the surface Brønsted acidity that favored the skeletal isomerization of 1-hexene under the HDS conditions. Since the isomerization and hydrogenation of 1-hexene are the two competition reactions, the catalysts with relatively lower hydrogenation activity may have higher selectivity to the isomerization reactions. The Co–Mo/MCM-41 showed the high selectivity to the skeletal isomerization reactions due to its strong surface Brønsted acidity and the relatively low hydrogenation activity. On the other hand, the Ni–Mo/MCM-41 exhibited high hydrogenation activity and therefore low selectivity to the isomerization reactions although it possessed quite strong surface Brønsted acidity. The Ni–W/MCM-41 exhibited the low activity for the HDS of thiophene and isomerization of 1-hexene due to the poor dispersion of active metals.     

Hydrodesulfurization over intrazeolite molybdenum nitride clusters prepared by using hexacarbonyl molybdenum as a precursor

Metal nitride catalysts have received extensive attention because of their potential high performance for hydrodesulfurization (HDS). In the present study, highly dispersed Mo nitride clusters having a composition of Mo₂N are synthesized in zeolite pores by means of a CVD method using Mo(CO)₆ as a precursor. The catalytic properties of the molybdenum nitride catalysts for the HDS of thiophene are compared with that of an intrazeolite molybdenum sulfide catalyst. The molybdenum nitride catalyst shows a more stable thiophene HDS activity than the molybdenum sulfide catalyst. Molybdenum nitride clusters are only partially sulfided even after a prolonged HDS reaction.     

微波辅助制备Ni-W-P/γ-Al2O3煤焦油加氢催化剂

采用微波辅助浸渍法、微波管式焙烧制备了Ni-W-P/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂,并以中低温煤焦油轻油为原料,在固定床反应器装置上评价了催化剂的加氢活性。通过N₂吸附-脱附、GC-MS等方法对催化剂的物化性能及加氢产物油进行表征,并根据FHH模型,计算出催化剂的表面分形维数。结果表明,添加助剂P可调节催化剂的微观孔结构,改变催化剂的酸性分布与强度,并有助于加氢饱和反应的进行;当助剂P含量为0.9%时,催化剂的加氢脱硫、脱氮活性最高,加氢饱和性能最好;焙烧温度直接影响催化剂物性参数,当温度为500 ℃时,加氢活性最高、加氢产物品质最佳;微波焙烧相比常规制备方法,可增加晶粒烧结程度,形成更多三维孔隙结构,为加氢反应提供更大的表面和空间,且增加中等强度酸的酸量,更有助于表面活性组分的分散及硫化性的增强。     

Experimental and theoretical study of microwave enhanced catalytic hydrodesulfurization of thiophene in a continuous-flow reactor

Hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of thiophene, as a gasoline model oil, over an industrial Ni-Mo/Al₂O₃ catalyst was investigated in a continuous system under microwave irradiation. The HDS efficiency was much higher (5%–14%) under microwave irradiation than conventional heating. It was proved that the reaction was enhanced by both microwave thermal and non-thermal effects. Microwave selective heating caused hot spots inside the catalyst, thus improved the reaction rate. From the analysis of the non-thermal effect, the molecular collisions were significantly increased under microwave irradiation. However, instead of being reduced, the apparent activation energy increased. This may be due to the microwave treatment hindering the adsorption though upright S-bind (η¹) and enhancing the parallel adsorption (η⁵), both adsorptions were considered to favor to the direct desulfurization route and the hydrogenation route respectively. Therefore, the HDS process was considered to proceed along the hydrogenation route under microwave irradiation.     

Co/γ-Al2O3催化乙酰丙酸加氢合成γ-戊内酯的研究

采用等体积浸渍法制备一系列Co负载量不同的Co/Al₂O₃催化剂,用于乙酰丙酸液相催化加氢制γ-戊内酯反应。采用X射线衍射仪和透射电镜对Co/Al₂O₃催化剂进行表征,考察Co负载量、反应温度、反应压力和催化剂用量等对乙酰丙酸液相催化加氢反应的影响。结果表明,在Co负载质量分数15%、反应温度140 ℃、反应压力4.0 MPa和催化剂用量为反应物总质量的20%条件下,以甲醇为溶剂,反应6 h,乙酰丙酸转化率100%,γ-戊内酯选择性80.4%。催化剂重复使用6次仍具有较好的催化性能。     

Kinetics of sulfur model molecules competing with H2S as a tool for evaluating the HDS activities of commercial CoMo/Al2O3 catalysts

The relative-volume activities (RVAs) for real feedstocks HDS of four commercial CoMo/Al₂O₃ catalysts have been compared to the rates for thiophene and dibenzothiophene conversion. The reaction of thiophene competing with H₂S was studied in flow microreactors under a wide range of conditions: 300–400°C, overall pressure 0.1 or 3 MPa, thiophene pressure 8–125 kPa, H₂S content 0–15 mol%. The reaction of dibenzothiophene (DBT, 2 wt% in decaline) was carried out in a batch reactor at 335°C and 4 MPa.

The conversion of the two model molecules proceeds through the same mechanism with a preliminary dearomatization step followed by parallel hydrogenolysis and hydrogenation. From kinetic modeling, the global rates and the contribution of the hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis routes to HDS were determined. Under pressure, hydrogenolysis was predominant. In that case, thiophene and DBT behaved similarly and their initial relative rates did not correlate the RVA. Industrial HDS is controlled by hydrogenation as evidenced by the good correlation between RVA and the rates of dearomatization of thiophene at atmospheric pressure and hydrogenation of the product biphenyl from DBT under pressure. It is concluded that the reaction of model molecules under selected conditions can appraise rapidly industrial HDS.     

Hydrodenitrogenation of pyridine over alumina-supported iridium catalysts

The catalytic properties of alumina-supported Ir catalysts (≈1 wt% Ir) were studied in the hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) of pyridine at 320°C and 20 bar of pressure in the absence as well as presence of parallel hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of thiophene. The effects of Ir precursor (Ir(AcAc)₃, Ir₄(CO)₁₂, H₂IrCl₆, (NH₄)₂IrCl₆), metal dispersion and sulfur addition were investigated. Ir₄(CO)₁₂ gave the most active catalyst which was ascribed to a lower amount of contaminants originated from the starting Ir compounds rather than to a better Ir dispersion. The decrease of Ir dispersion by sintering in air led to much higher decrease of the rate of C–N bond hydrogenolysis than that of pyridine hydrogenation. The Ir dispersion determined partly the HDN selectivity; a better dispersed Ir phase gave a lower amount of intermediate piperidine. Presulfidation of the reduced catalyst led to 20% decline of the rates of both consecutive HDN steps. An additional and much larger activity decline was caused by the simultaneous execution of HDS. The competitive adsorption of thiophene (or H₂S) was selectively affecting C–N bond hydrogenolysis more than pyridine hydrogenation. The alumina-supported Ir catalysts possessed much higher HDN activity and HDN/HDS selectivity than a conventional NiMo system.     

Reaction of thiophene on Co?Mo/A12O3 catalysts of various loading at low hydrogen excess

Co-Mo/Al₂0₃ catalysts of various CoMo loadings were examined in the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) reaction of thiophene and tetrahydrothiophene at near stochiometric hydrogen: thiophene ratio. Good compensation plots were found for both reagents and all catalysts. Reversibly bound H₂S blocks active sites of HDS. The most important reaction pathway leads to but-1-ene; more Co gives more but-2-ene. The hydrogenation of buta-1, 3-diene is about 100 times more rapid than that of but-1-ene. The activity of two neighboring sites with twofold coordinative unsaturation is suggested in buta-1, 3-diene hydrogenation. The possible effect of Al₂0₃ support on active sites is discussed.