3-D radar imaging using range migration techniques

An imaging system with three-dimensional (3-D) capability can be implemented by using a stepped frequency radar which synthesizes a two-dimensional (2-D) planar aperture. A 3-D image can be formed by coherently integrating the backscatter data over the measured frequency band and the two spatial coordinates of the 2-D synthetic aperture. This paper presents a near-field 3-D synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging algorithm. This algorithm is an extension of the 2-D range migration algorithm (RMA). The presented formulation is justified by using the method of the stationary phase (MSP). Implementation aspects including the sampling criteria, resolutions, and computational complexity are assessed. The high computational efficiency and accurate image reconstruction of the algorithm are demonstrated both with numerical simulations and measurements using an outdoor linear SAR system     

基于 RMA 的三维成像与二维 MIMO 阵设计

距离迁移(RM)算法能够精确校正近场距离徙动,同时通过使用快速傅里叶变换可以达到很高的计算效率,具有应用于近场MIMO雷达三维实时成像的潜力。RM算法应用于近场MIMO成像的主要挑战是设计合适的阵列结构。文中利用球面波分解为无穷多个平面波的方法推导了MIMO雷达近场三维RM 成像算法,在深入分析算法实现流程的基础上得 到了RM算法对MIMO阵列构型的四条约束条件。提出了一种适用RM算法的MIMO阵列设计方法,并利用所提方法设计了MIMO阵列,结合仿真,分析了所设计阵列的成像性能。     

飞行器RCS近场三维成像的几何设计与性能分析

飞行器隐身设计是先进飞行器总体设计的关键环节，随着更为复杂的结构以及新兴复合材料应用于飞行器制造，基于缩比模型的电磁散射特征分析变得不再精确，在室内或者室外较小区域内开展对全尺寸飞行器电磁散射特征的近场成像与诊断已经成为高效率评估隐身特性的重要方式，受到国内外的广泛关注。本文介绍了两种典型的飞行器近场成像几何，基于球面波分解理论分别建立了信号模型，推导了频域成像处理算法，对比分析了两类不同成像几何对应的成像处理流程，提出子孔径成像处理是分析飞行器电磁散射特征的基本策略；归纳了平面阵列三维成像与柱面阵列三维成像在成像处理复杂度、点散布函数、应用特点等方面的区别与联系。文中通过仿真数据的三维成像验证了所提信号模型与处理算法的正确性。     

Feasibility of half-data image reconstruction in 3-D reflectivity tomography with a spherical aperture

Reflectivity tomography is an imaging technique that seeks to reconstruct certain acoustic properties of a weakly scattering object. Besides being applicable to pure ultrasound imaging techniques, the reconstruction theory of reflectivity tomography is also pertinent to hybrid imaging techniques such as thermoacoustic tomography. In this work, assuming spherical scanning apertures, redundancies in the three-dimensional (3-D) reflectivity tomography data function are identified and formulated mathematically. These data redundancies are used to demonstrate that knowledge of the measured data function over half of its domain uniquely specifies the 3-D object function. This indicates that, in principle, exact image reconstruction can be performed using a "half-scan" data function, which corresponds to temporally untruncated measurements acquired on a hemi-spherical aperture, or using a "half-time" data function, which corresponds to temporally truncated measurements acquired on the entire spherical aperture. Both of these minimal scanning configurations have important biological imaging applications. An iterative reconstruction method is utilized for reconstruction of a simulated 3-D object from noiseless and noisy half-scan and half-time data functions.     

PFA算法与RMA算法成像机理的比较

在ＳＰＯＴＬＩＧＨＴＳＡＲ的各种成像算法中,聚焦的准确性是影响ＳＡＲ成像质量的关键所在。在建立ＳＰＯＴＬＩＧＨＴＳＡＲ数据搜集及成像处理的数学模型基础上,比较了两种ＳＰＯＴＬＩＧＨＴＳＡＲ成像算法ＰＦＡ和ＲＭＡ的性能,并通过计算机仿真进行了分析和比较。     

MIMO雷达近场成像校准与互耦合补偿方法

毫米波频段的合成孔径雷达（Synthetic Aperture Radar, SAR）因拥有良好的方位向分辨率而受到广泛关注,同时在发射端和接收端采用多根天线多输入多输出（Multiple?Input Multiple?Output, MIMO）的方式可以极大提高信道容量。然而MIMO?SAR图像重建计算较为复杂,且多个通道间幅相不一致和相互耦合容易导致图像出现伪影,严重影响成图质量。基于此,本文对引入非均匀快速傅里叶变换（Nonuniform Fast Fourier Transform, NUFFT）简化的距离迁移算法（Range Migration Algorithm, RMA）成像算法进行了研究;在分析扫描架运动抖动对相位影响的基础上,探究了通过照射金属反射面的MIMO阵列校准方法,实现了192个通道的同时校准;并搭建了毫米波SAR系统实验平台,对伪影消除、成像分辨率等开展了验证实验。实验结果实现了图像重构,成像分辨率达到了2 mm,完成200 mm×200 mm孔径扫描时间缩短至120 s。     

Three-dimensional interferometric ISAR imaging for targetscattering diagnosis and modeling

Two-dimensional (2-D) inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging has been widely used in target scattering diagnosis, modeling and target identification. A major shortcoming is that a 2-D ISAR image cannot provide information on the relative altitude of each scattering center on the target. In this paper, we present an interferometric inverse synthetic aperture radar (IF-ISAR) image processing technique for three-dimensional (3-D) target altitude image formation. The 2-D ISAR images are obtained from the signature data acquired as a function of frequency and azimuthal angle. A 3-D IF-ISAR altitude image can then be derived from two 2-D images reconstructed from the measurements by antennas at different altitudes. 3-D altitude image formation examples from both indoor and outdoor test range data are demonstrated on complex radar targets.     

干涉ISAR三维成像试验研究

阐述了干涉式逆合成孔径雷达(ISAR)三维成像的基本原理,与传统的ISAR二维成像方法的性能进行了比较.结合实际的宽带雷达平台,介绍了试验验证的基本方法,并通过静态双散射点和过航飞机等目标的实际跟踪试验,获取了目标回波信号的和、方位差和俯仰差三通道宽带数据,给出了干涉ISAR三维成像的算法流程.采用干涉ISAR三维成像的算法对实际测量数据进行了处理,得到了各类目标的成像结果,对成像效果进行了分析和评估,提出了工程应用的建议.     

基于最小能量准则的参数估计圆周SAR三维成像方法

针对圆周合成孔径雷达成像模式下应用参数化估计的三维成像算法效率低、精度差的问题,提出一种基于最小能量准则的参数估计圆周SAR三维成像算法。该算法首先对成像场景进行粗略网格划分,利用参数估计的方法得到目标的粗略位置,其次利用最小能量准则和精细化网格的方法得到目标精确三维位置和散射强度系数,最后通过CLEAN技术消除已估计点带来的影响,实现场景的三维成像。仿真实验结果表明:所提成像方法能有效对圆周观测下目标进行三维成像,同时与传统算法相比,解决了传统算法效率低、对目标估计不准确的问题,验证了所提算法的有效性。     

弧形阵列3D-SAR成像处理算法研究

三维合成孔径雷达（3D-SAR）能够获取观测场景目标的三维分辨，解决传统二维合成孔径雷达的叠掩、阴影等问题。不同于现有的3D-SAR成像几何，本文设计了一种新的基于弧形曲面几何的三维合成孔径雷达系统模型。相比于现有的3D-SAR成像系统，该系统能够利用弧形天线阵列实现高效的数据采集和宽视角三维成像。然后针对所设计的弧形阵列3D-SAR系统，本文提出了一种应用于调频连续波信号的波数域三维成像处理算法，通过波数域卷积及插值变换，避免了距离近似等产生的相位误差，从而实现对目标的精准聚焦。最后，通过进行计算机单点目标仿真与多目标仿真，并将仿真结果与后向投影算法的结果进行对比，验证了本文所设计系统模型的有效性及提出算法的良好成像性能。      

RCS reduction of canonical targets using genetic algorithmsynthesized RAM

Radar cross section (RCS) reduction of canonical (planar, cylindrical, and spherical) conducting targets is the focus of this paper. In particular, a novel procedure is presented for synthesizing radar absorbing materials (RAM) for RCS reduction in a wide-band frequency range. The modal solutions of Maxwell's equations for the multilayered planar, cylindrical, and spherical canonical structures is integrated into a genetic algorithm (GA) optimization technique to obtain the best optimal composite coating. It Is shown that by using an optimal RAM, the RCS of these canonical structures can be significantly reduced. Characteristics of bistatic RCS of coated cylindrical and spherical structures are also studied and compared with the conducting structures without coating. It is shown that no optimal coating can be found to reduce the RCS in the deep shadow region. An in-depth study has been performed to evaluate the potential usage of the optimal planar coating as applied to the curved surfaces. It is observed that the optimal planar coating can noticeably reduce the RCS of the spherical structure. This observation was essential in introducing a novel efficient GA with hybrid planar/curved surface implementation using as part of its initial generation the best population obtained for the planar RAM design. These results suggest that the optimal RAM for a surface with arbitrary curvature may be efficiently determined by applying the GA with hybrid planar/curved surface population initialization     

二维stolt插值解耦合的GEO SAR成像算法

针对地球同步轨道合成孔径雷达(GEO SAR)二维频谱形式复杂、二维空变性处理困难等问题,考虑成像参数随距离和方位的空变性,给出了一种利用二维stolt插值解耦合的GEO SAR成像算法,该算法不需要求解GEO SAR复杂的二维频谱,在距离频域和方位时域利用空变斜距的二阶近似模型和二维stolt插值变换校正了距离和方位的耦合;同时,针对二维插值计算量大和复杂度高的问题,采用非均匀快速傅里叶变换(NUFFT)替代了传统的插值和快速逆傅里叶变换(IFFT)运算。理论分析和仿真结果表明该算法能够补偿回波的二维空变特性,实现GEO SAR聚焦成像,且各成像指标接近理论值。      

基于和差波束的三维ISAR成像技术

针对大带宽、高分辨的雷达信号,同一距离单元多个散射点复数叠加,导致传统基于一维距离像比幅测角的三维成像方法效果较差。提出了一种基于逆合成孔径雷达(ISAR)成像的三维成像方法,根据同一距离单元内多个散射点多普勒的不同,利用ISAR成像方法对多个散射点进行分离,在图像配准的前提下对和差信号ISAR像素点进行比幅法测角,最后,剔除角闪烁点及误差较大的散射点,对图像进行重构及合成得到三维ISAR像,同时完成目标定标。实测点目标及飞机目标的处理结果表明了本文方法较传统方法成像质量有较大改善,验证了方法的有效性及可行性。     

An overview of near-field antenna measurements

After a brief history of near-field antenna measurements with and without probe correction, the theory of near-field antenna measurements is outlined beginning with ideal probes scanning on arbitrary surfaces and ending with arbitrary probes scanning on planar, cylindrical, and spherical surfaces. Probe correction is introduced for all three measurement geometries as a slight modification to the ideal probe expressions. Sampling theorems are applied to determine the required data-point spacing, and efficient computational methods along with their computer run times are discussed. The major sources of experimental error defining the accuracy of typical planar near-field measurement facilities are reviewed, and present limitations of planar, cylindrical, and spherical near-field scanning are identified.     

干涉式逆合成孔径雷达成像技术综述

干涉式逆合成孔径雷达（InISAR）成像是一种将干涉技术与逆合成孔径分辨相结合的高分辨雷达三维成像方法,能够实现对远距离运动目标全天候、全天时的三维成像,在军事和民用领域都呈现出广泛的应用前景和实用价值。其基本思想是利用位置分布不同的多个天线获取成一定视角差的多幅逆合成孔径雷达（ISAR）复图像,实现目标散射中心的二维分辨,然后通过干涉相位处理,恢复出目标散射中心的真实三维分布。本文综述了InISAR三维成像的理论框架,回顾了InISAR成像技术的发展历程,着重对图像配准、相位解缠绕、运动补偿、斜视、基线配置等关键技术难点进行了分析和评估,明确了研究中存在的问题,阐述了有待进一步研究的方向,最后对InISAR的发展现状和趋势进行了总结和展望。      

三维快速因式分解后向投影算法

后向投影算法具有精确成像、易于补偿、适于多种阵列构型及信号形式等优点,广泛应用于雷达成像领域。针对三维成像中,巨大计算量带来的低运算效率问题,文中利用孔径分块的方式将二维快速因式分解后向投影（FFBP）扩展至三维成像应用,建立了适于三维FFBP成像的三维极坐标系,对三维FFBP中孔径划分问题、算法实现问题以及计算效率问题进行了分析。仿真结果验证了该算法,其成像效率可提高13.8倍。     

一种高精度的毫米波稀疏平面阵列频域类成像算法

本文以手持式毫米波人体安检设备为研究背景,设计了一种工作于90~94GHz频段的稀疏十字阵列,并采用时域相关算法与改进距离徙动算法（Range Migration Algorithm,RMA）对目标进行成像.针对改进RMA算法在推导过程中存在球面波展开为平面波近似和复杂的插值问题,本文提出一种高精度的无需球面波展开和复杂插值运算的基于（Fast Fourier Transform,FFT）的成像算法,在实现过程中不会引入近似误差和插值误差.采用电磁仿真软件建立目标回波模型,进行测试分辨率和噪声鲁棒性的实验.系统方位分辨率达到5mm,满足系统设计指标要求,验证了所提算法的正确性.综合实验结果得出所提算法的计算效率优于时域相关算法并且噪声鲁棒性优于改进RMA算法,在手持式毫米波人体安检设备实时成像的应用中,所提算法的适用性更好.     

融合ω-K和BP算法的圆柱扫描毫米波三维成像算法

结合主动式圆柱扫描毫米波3维成像安检仪的实际应用需求,该文提出一种用于3维场景重建的新方法。该方法采用ω-K算法实现天线阵列方向和距离方向的解耦合与聚焦,再采用后向投影(BP)算法进行距离方向和角度方向的合成孔径处理实现聚焦,进而实现3维场景的重建。3维人体模型仿真和实测数据处理结果表明,该方法具备理论可行性和工程适用性,除此之外,该文方法在CUDA平台下可以实现快速精确3维人体成像,并且能够适应非理想圆柱扫描轨迹3维成像应用。      

Experimental 0.22 THz Stepped Frequency Radar System for ISAR Imaging

High resolution inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging is demonstrated by using a 0.22 THz stepped-frequency (SF) imaging radar system. The synthesis bandwidth of the terahertz (THz) SF radar is 12 GHz, which are beneficial for high resolution imaging. The resolution of ISAR image can reach centimeter-scale with the use of Range-Doppler algorithm (RDA). Results indicate that high resolution ISAR imaging is realized by using 0.22THz SF radar coupled with turntable scanning, which can provide foundations for further research on high-resolution radar image in the THz band.     

A Fast and Accurate Far-Field Pseudopolar Format Radar Imaging Algorithm

A novel imaging algorithm to be used under the condition of having an image scene in the far field of a linear radar aperture is presented. This is an application scenario that is drastically different from those of spaceborne and airborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems, which has not been properly addressed to date. The technique is particularly tailored for a stepped-frequency continuous wave (CW) or frequency-modulated CW radar. The radar aperture must be linear and can be formed either with a physical or synthetic array. With the suggested method, the radar reflectivity of the image scene is obtained through an interpolation-free series expansion, where only 2-D fast Fourier transforms of the frequency-domain backscatter data are required. The resulting image is sampled on a “polarlike” or pseudopolar grid, which is introduced to simplify the formulation. The main advantages of this method are its extremely low computational cost and the high accuracy of the resulting imagery. The technique is extensively validated both with numerical simulations and two ground-based SAR data sets. Last but not least, numerical simulations show that this technique can be used with an ultrawideband radar of 1 GHz of bandwidth.