EPISODIC SUSPENDED SEDIMENT TRANSPORT AND ELEVATED POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON CONCENTRATIONS IN A SMALL,MOUNTAINOUS RIVER IN COASTAL CALIFORNIA

Suspended sediment and organic contaminants were measured during a period of 2 years in the San Lorenzo River, central California, which discharges into the Pacific Ocean within the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, in an effort to quantify the potential environmental effects of storm events from a steep, mountainous coastal urban watershed. Most suspended sediment transport occurred during flooding caused by winter storms; 56% of the total sediment load for the 2‐year study was transported by the river during one storm event in January 2010. Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons can exceed regulatory criteria during high‐flow events in the San Lorenzo River, and total annual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon load was on the order of 10 kg in water year 2010. These results highlight the importance of episodic sediment and contaminant transport in steep, mountainous coastal watersheds and emphasize the importance of understanding physical processes and quantifying chemical constituents in discharge from coastal watersheds on event‐scale terms. Published 2012. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.     

Lagrangian analysis of the transport and processing of agricultural runoff in the lower Maumee River and Maumee Bay

Lagrangian analyses is used to evaluate the processing of nutrients and sediments during storm runoff events as water moved from the Maumee River loading station at Waterville, OH through the lower river, Maumee Bay and into Lake Erie's western basin. Chemical signatures of storm water at Waterville were used in combination with frequent collections of water at transects along the flow paths to evaluate processing. These signatures consisted of the contrasting chemographs of conservative parameters (chloride and sulfate), dissolved nutrients (dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) and nitrate) and particulate substances (suspended solids (SS) and particulate phosphorus (PP)). During low flow, sharp drops in concentrations of chloride and sulfate indicated that mixing zones between river water and bay/lake water occurred at the river mouth. During high flows, the location of the mixing zone between riverine and bay/lake water was indicated by the margin of storm-event sediment plumes, with larger storms extending further into the lake. Steep concentration gradients of DRP and nitrate between high storm water concentrations and low bay/lake water concentrations were also present at the plume margin. The large areas of storm water inside the plume margin contained high DRP and nitrate concentrations but relatively low SS and PP concentrations, due to SS and PP deposition along the flow paths. Because this deposition occurred in water with high DRP concentrations, little of the bioavailable PP was likely to have been released prior to deposition. This storm runoff water provides excellent media for algal growth.     

Simulation of Runoff and Suspended Sediment Transport Rate in a Basin with Multiple Watersheds

Accurate runoff and suspended sediment transport rate models are critical for watershed management. In this study, a physiographic soil erosion–deposition (PSED) model is used in conjunction with GIS, to simulate the runoff and sediment transport process during storm events in a multi-watershed basin. This PSED model is verified using three typhoon events and 33 storm events in Cho-Shui River Basin, located in central Taiwan. Cho-Shui River Basin has 11 sub-watersheds displaying a variety of hydrologic and physiographic conditions as well as high concentrations of suspended sediment in river flow and a steep average channel bed slope of 2%. The results show the capability, applicability, and accuracy of the PSED model for multi-watershed basins.     

小流域产流产沙动力学模型

按自然水系划分单元,每一单元又被概化为“一本打开的书”概化后的单元又区分为几个微地貌区。各单元水沙过程演算至流域出口迭加得流域产流产沙过程。此法一方面解决了降雨,侵蚀和下垫面的不均匀性,另一方面又解决了水沙的演算问题。坡面和沟道水流用运动波方程描述并用四点隐式差分格式求其数值解。根据水流作功和能量平衡原理推导出各微地貌区上的土侵蚀量计算公式,建立起具有物理过程基础的小流域产流产沙模型。     

黄河口海洋动力特性与泥沙的输移扩散

本文首先对黄河口潮流、余流、风暴潮等海洋动力进行了分析，在此基础上进一步分析了黄河口泥沙的输移方向与数量，指出黄河口的泥沙在洪枯季节综合的结果是向东北方向扩散，在目前河口海洋动力条件下，有大约４０％的泥沙输往深海．本文还提出了选择最佳河口流路入海方向，充分利用河口海洋动力，提高海流输沙量，稳定河口流路的河口治理策略     

First flush and natural aggregation of particles in highway runoff.

Particle Size Distribution (PSD) in highway runoff was monitored in the 2004-2005 rainy season at three highway sites in west Los Angeles, California. PSD was measured for 200 grab samples for 18 storm events. Particles and especially larger particles showed a strong first flush. On average, the initial 20% runoff volume transported approximately 28% total number of particles between 0.5 and 2 microm in diameter, more than 30% of particles between 2 and 30 microm and more than 40% of particles larger than 30 microm. A naturally occurring aggregation was observed with smaller particles and mixing experiments were performed to determine the possible benefits for sedimentation and filtration. Samples composited from grab samples manually collected over the first hour of runoff were gently mixed (G = 38) and small particle concentration decreased by more than 50%. After 24 hours the number of particles with diameter between 0.5 and 7 microm decreased by 51% with gentle mixing and the same size particles decreased by only 14% without mixing. Number of particles with diameter larger than 20 microm increased by 6 and 4.5 times with and without mixing, respectively. Slow mixing can improve sedimentation efficiency by more than 40% for particles less than 20 microm in diameter.     

Near-Bottom Currents and Suspended Sediment Concentration in Southeastern Lake Michigan

In a study of sediment transport at the edge of the coastal shelf (28 m depth) in southeastern Lake Michigan we used an instrumented tripod to make continuous observations of horizontal current velocity, temperature, and turbidity within 1 meter of the bottom for 4 weeks during October 1981. The concentration of total suspended material (TSM) 0.9 m above the bottom varied from 1 to 5 mg/L in response to coastal upwelling, surface waves, and currents that exceeded 0.28 m/s (0.7 m above the bottom) on occasion. Advection of the Grand River plume also contributed significantly to the variations in the observed TSM concentration. Currents near the bottom were well correlated with surface winds and, although upwelling currents transported sediment upslope, the net horizontal sediment flux during the period of observation was west-southwestward, almost directly offshore. The magnitude of the horizontal sediment flux was approximately 1,000 times the magnitude of the vertical flux estimated from sediment traps deployed as part of earlier studies. We infer that local resuspension occurred roughly 20 percent of the time and the critical mean flow speed (at 0.7 m) for resuspension of the local silty sands was estimated to be about 0.18 m/s.     

侵蚀泥沙颗粒中137Cs的含量特征及其示踪意义

通过对黄土丘陵区典型小流域—燕沟的林地、坡耕地与沟口洪水泥沙的颗粒组成分析 ,发现其颗粒组成有明显的差异 ,表明该研究区在侵蚀过程中发生了一定程度的颗粒分选 ,而在泥沙输移过程中颗粒分选不明显 ,在应用1 37Cs示踪流域侵蚀速率或利用沟口泥沙推算流域侵蚀模数时应适当进行颗粒校正。通过对坝地沉积泥沙1 37Cs含量进行分析 ,结果表明 ,1 37Cs含量、沉积厚度与次降雨侵蚀强度、侵蚀类型之间存在密切关系 ,同时运用沉积样中核素含量特征可望解决流域尺度坡面侵蚀与沟谷侵蚀的比重关系这一研究难题。     

珠江三角洲河网与河口夏季水沙通量的模拟

本文利用一、三维水动力与泥沙耦合模型,计算珠江三角洲河网与河口夏季水沙通量,构建其收支模式,并分析水沙迁移路径与泥沙沉积特征。研究表明,西江为最主要的水沙输入源,磨刀门为最主要的水沙输出口门,蕉门次之。夏季泥沙以淤积为主,上游汇入的泥沙,有39.4％沉积于河网区,其余60.6％经八大口门输入珠江口后,有59.5％发生沉积,另外1.1％输入外海。河网区的水沙输送由径流控制,而河口区则由径流、潮汐、季风等因素控制。河网区各区域的沉积特点因动力条件的差异而呈现不同的规律,大量泥沙在西江干流、虎门水道淤积。珠江口中以内伶仃洋与磨刀门海域的沉积量最大,泥沙在西滩周边和磨刀门海域快速沉积,其中磨刀门海域淤积最为强烈。     

Distribution of dioxins in surface soils and river-mouth sediments and their relevance to watershed properties.

The dioxins toxic equivalent (TEQ) concentration in surface soils, river sediments and river-mouth sediments was measured by the CALUX assay in the Yasu and Ado River basins around Lake Biwa, Japan. In order to examine the distribution of dioxins in each watershed, we evaluated and compared the correlation between the dioxins TEQ concentration and the solid characteristics (i.e. organic carbon content and particle size distribution) of all samples. In both basins, the dioxins TEQ concentration in forest soil correspondingly showed a very good linear relationship to organic carbon content. On the other hand, the dioxins TEQ concentration in paddy field was significantly high, although organic carbon content was relatively low. Generally, the smaller particles have the higher dioxins TEQ concentrations in surface soils, and river sediments were composed of very coarse particles and had relatively low dioxins TEQ concentration. Therefore, we expected high dioxins TEQ concentration in river-mouth sediment, which was, however, not the case. Although the dioxins TEQ concentration in river-mouth sediments is low, the degree of dioxins pollution was different in each basin. The difference was considered to come from the difference of watershed properties including land use, river-slope, dam construction as well as the surface soil pollution.     

径流泥沙的成因分割估算模式

从降雨对径流的形成，坡面的侵蚀和泥沙的输移过程出发，将径流分割为地表径流及地下径流；     

紫色土区小流域泥沙输出过程对雨型和空间尺度的响应

以紫色土区3个具有不同集水面积、物理特征和土地利用方式的小流域为研究对象，在1999～2000年间对流域野外自然降雨下泥沙输出过程进行了监测，旨在从小流域尺度阐明径流含沙量过程特征及其空间约束效应。结果表明：天然降雨侵蚀过程中流域径流含沙量时间曲线表现为波浪起伏形、幂函数递减形和抛物线复合形3种类型；峰值径流流量后，含沙量降低，表现为变化幅度小的低含沙量特征。泥沙输出过程对流域空间尺度的响应受降雨型式的强烈影响。均匀型降雨侵蚀下，径流含沙量时间曲线表现为低含沙量的波浪起伏形，并且，随流域面积的增加，次降雨平均含沙量增加；间歇型降雨侵蚀下，随流域面积的增加，径流含沙量曲线从抛物线复合形向幂函数递减形过渡；中大型降雨侵蚀下，径流含沙量时间曲线表现为幂函数递减形，泥沙输出过程对流域空间尺度的响应不敏感。     

祖厉河流域水沙状况及其对黄河安宁渡断面含沙量的影响

分析了近50年祖厉河流域出口断面靖远水文站的年径流量、年输沙量,总体来看,年径流量和输沙量均表现为下降趋势,径流量与输沙量关系密切,直接影响到该流域输沙量的变化。同时,近50年来,祖厉河泥沙进入黄河后在较大时段内呈扩散状态,且黄河安宁渡断面含沙量在一定程度上取决于祖厉河入黄口的水沙状况。     

Particle Transport,Nutrient Cycling,and Algal Community Structure Associated with a Major Winter-Spring Sediment Resuspension Event in Southern Lake Michigan

Over the past decade, intermittent satellite imagery revealed the presence of an extensive plume of resuspended sediments in late winter-early spring with a clear offshore projection coinciding with the region of maximum sediment accumulation in the lake. The large scale of the plume implied that this process was important in sediment, and associated constituent, cycling and transport, but it had never been sampled due to severe conditions. The onset of the 1996 event coincided with a major March storm. Within a few days the plume was approximately 10 km wide and over 300 km in length, implying that the source of the reflective materials was widely distributed. An estimate of the total mass of resuspended sediment, 12 days after the storm, was similar to the annual external load of (sand-free) particulate material to the southern basin. The high turbidity plume persisted for over a month, progressing northward along the eastern shore with a major offshore transport feature. Sediment traps within this feature recorded a major mass flux event. The plume was sampled on two occasions and was found to contain 5 to 10 times as much suspended matter as open-lake locations outside the visible plume. Total particulate phosphorus was high within the plume making this episodic process important in sedimentwater exchange. The diatom community structure within the plume was significantly different from outside the plume and was characteristic of more eutrophic waters. Abundance of non-diatom phytoplankton and microbial food web organisms were highest at the plume edge. The episodic nature of this process makes it difficult to sample, but the scale makes it important in designing monitoring programs and massbalance modeling efforts.     

黄土高原重点流域河网分形特征研究

分形理论为流域地貌形态特征的定量描述开辟了新的思路。本文采用盒维数计算原理和方法,计算黄土高原20条重点流域的河网分维值,探讨其分维值与流域面积、径流模数、产沙模数的相关关系,结果表明:黄土高原地貌形态在其无标度区间内表现出很好的分形特征,根据计算出的各流域分维值发现,黄土高原大多数流域可能处于侵蚀发育的幼年期;流域干流长度与流域面积的幂函数关系式拟合较好,符合Hack提出的主河道长度与流域面积的关系;径流模数与河网分维存在很好的线性关系,其相关系数通过了显著性水平为0.01的检验;河网分维与流域面积、产沙模数都呈正相关性,但难以用某一种简单函数描述。最后通过多元回归分析,建立了产沙模数模型,验证结果表明,该模型具有较高精度,可以对流域产沙模数进行估算。     

Sediment and heavy metal distribution and transport in a coastal area affected by a submarine outfall in the Basque Country (Northern Spain)

In 1989 a submarine outfall was brought into service in the coastal area of Zarautz, in the Basque Country (north of Spain). The outfall discharge point is located at −35 m depth and −1 km offshore. This work deals with the sediment dispersion and distribution patterns in the vicinity of an outfall. The methodological field procedures included bathimetric surveys and sediment sampling for grain size characterization and analysis of organic matter content and heavy metal concentrations. Sediment resuspension and transport paths were estimated. Small-sized sediments have been only deposited in the proximity of the outfall discharge point. Heavy metal distribution in the sediments shows only minor influence of the outfall. Only under storm weather conditions sediments will get into suspension. Sediment transport studies suggest a net transport from the outfall discharge point to the N-NW. It can be established that sediments discharged by the outfall will not be transported coastwards; thus, water quality in this area will not be affected.     

皇甫川流域水沙特性分析及其治理对策

作者对皇甫川流域从径流泥沙来源、水沙特性、水沙变化趋势等方面进行了较为深入地分析和研究，据此提出皇甫川流域近期治理方略是：以沟道坝系建设为切入点；积极推进林草植被建设；对砒砂岩地区实行大面积封禁治理。流域近期至2010年，治理的重点建议放在十里长川、沙圪堵至皇甫区间和沙圪堵以上的纳林川左岸。     

Impacts of the Sustainable Forestry Initiative Landscape Level Measures on Hydrological Processes

The effects on hydrological processes of the application of the landscape level measures included in the sustainable forestry initiative (SFI) program were analyzed through simulation. A landscape scenario where limitation of harvesting units size, imposition of a green-up interval, and establishment of streamside management zones (SMZ) were simulated was compared with a reference scenario where no SFI rules were followed. An intensively managed forested landscape located in East Texas, USA, was used as the study area. The HARVEST landscape model was used to simulate landscape pattern and a modified version of the APEX model was used to simulate hydrological processes. Water and sediment yields were generally small within the observation period and most of the runoff and erosion observed occurred during intense storm events. Water and sediment yield at the subarea level and water yield at the watershed level were similar in both scenarios. However, sediment yield at the watershed level was higher in the non-SFI scenario. The differences were due to the reduction in channel erosion resulting from the presence of SMZs. The effect of buffer zones in terms of sediment deposition was not different between scenarios, which can be attributed to the level slopes of the study area. Landscape measures of the SFI program, namely buffer zones, seem important in reducing channel degradation, particularly during major storm events, in intensively managed forest landscapes in East Texas.     

珠江磨刀门河口洪季悬沙与沉积物颗粒度分布及交换过程

基于洪季磨刀门河口实测水沙观测资料和河床表层沉积物数据,通过对不同区域不同时刻悬沙浓度和粒度、沉积物粒径组成分析,运用因子分析和粒度谱等统计计算方法,重点研究近期洪季磨刀门河口及滨海水域悬沙与河床沙交换过程及其动力机制。结果表明:磨刀门河口拦门沙内河道及汊道口区域的动力以径流为主的涨落潮流流系,悬沙与河床沙交换过程较弱;拦门沙浅滩区域泥沙运动表现为"波浪掀沙,潮流输沙"特性,再悬浮泥沙平均量占实测悬沙浓度的32%;拦门沙外滨海水域悬沙组成受径流与潮汐相对强度影响显著,构成上大潮时以再悬浮泥沙为主,小潮时则以径流下泄悬沙沉积为主,而悬沙输运方向受到东南向波浪和沿岸流控制。     

A study of SS size distribution during runoff and fractionation of phosphates depending on soil size in agricultural watershed.

Characterization of the differences and algal-available fractions of P in soils, suspended solids, and bottom sediments have been the main topics of research during the past decade. However, the size distribution and properties of particulate matter in runoff have not been much studied in Japan. Here we study particle size distribution during runoff and the chemical characteristics of P in each soil size fraction and relate them to land use. The temporal variation of particulate sizes during rain events is different in each watershed. Most particles have the size in the range of 10-100 microm. Also, the percentage of BAP in TP as well as percentage of PCOD in SS also varies temporally and spatially during runoff. To investigate how soil particles characteristics depend on land use, soil samples from two watersheds are examined. For particle size distribution and specific gravity, no significant difference among watersheds is found. However, C, N, and P content are indirectly proportional to the particle size, which means smaller particle size results in larger. H2O-extracted P, NH4Cl-extracted P, NAI-P, Apatite-P, Organic-P, and TP contents in each soil particle sample vary depending on particle size, land use, and watershed.