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1.
    
Hospitals play a critical role in helping communities respond effectively to extreme weather events (EWEs). Despite predictions of more EWEs, little is known about the process by which hospital infrastructure resilience to such events can be built. Using Gunderson and Holling’s Adaptive Cycle, a new theoretical perspective based on socio-ecological resilience theory is provided to understand this process. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews, observations of disaster drills and disaster planning meetings, as well as additional documentary analysis of past incident reports. The research findings were then refined and validated in a focus group meeting with respondents. The findings indicate that there are significant organizational barriers which prevent facilities managers improving the resilience of hospital facilities to future EWEs. It was found that the disaster planning process is ad hoc and non-inclusive, focused on man-made disasters and compliance driven, top-down approach, under-resourced and is driven by a general ignorance of the importance of resilient-built facilities to health care delivery during an EWE. It is concluded that to produce more resilient hospital infrastructure, there needs to be a more well-resourced, integrated and collaborative approach to disaster management planning which enables health facilities managers to play a more central role in disaster planning decisions. There also need to be better systems, technologies and training implemented to manage information about health infrastructure performance before, during and after EWEs.  相似文献   

2.
    
There is extensive research on the negative health impacts of poor housing quality. However, little is known about the potential health benefits of high-quality housing in poor neighbourhoods. Neighbourhoods with unexpectedly good health outcomes despite high levels of deprivation have been deemed resilient places and housing quality in these areas may be a contributor to this resilience. This study aimed to evaluate whether an indicator of neighbourhood housing quality was associated with a previously quantified resilience index (RINZ) in New Zealand. It was found that areas with high housing quality tended to have higher median income, greater proportions of partnered people and shorter-term residents, and very low proportions of Māori. A positive association was found between housing quality and resilience, after adjustment for deprivation. There was no indication of differences by heterogeneity in housing quality within the aggregate unit of analysis. These findings pose the hypothesis that improving housing quality in similarly deprived areas that have poor health outcomes could potentially boost health. To extend this understanding, further development of a more sophisticated housing quality indicator is recommended.  相似文献   

3.
    
It has been argued that the broad range of people responsible for the delivery, operation and maintenance of the built environment need to become more proactively involved in making the built environment resilient to a wide range of known and unforeseen hazards and threats. Accordingly, the (actual and potential) roles of a wide range of stakeholders associated with the integration of disaster risk reduction into the (re-)development of the built environment are examined. A review of literature, government data and interviews with key stakeholders in England highlights that despite regulatory intentions to increase local resilience through the use of public and private sector stakeholders, a number of structural and operational obstacles exist. A range of strategies can be employed to overcome these obstacles: revisions to building codes, tightening planning policy, improving professional training, clarifying roles and missions, enabling complementary bottom-up and top-down approaches, and the provision of good-practice guidance about the broad range of structural and non-structural risk reduction measures. Many of the operational challenges are non-structural and require a coherent, overarching strategy: changing and aligning the social understandings and practices in civil society, government and built environment stakeholders.  相似文献   

4.
    
Hong Kong has resisted the global trend toward electricity market restructuring and deregulation, and maintains two vertically integrated utility monopolies. However, the regulated market achieves impressive performances with relatively low tariffs, rare electricity disruptions, and quick service restoration following outages. This research examines electricity reliability and resilience in the context of Typhoon Mangkhut in September 2018, with a particular focus on how the regulatory framework of the Scheme of Control Agreement (SCA) shapes planning, operating, and investing decisions. The SCA quantitively establishes financial incentives for utilities to achieve high-quality service and guard against potential political influence on utility decision-making.  相似文献   

5.
ABSTRACT

Initiatives to operationalize the concept of resilience in the building industry are rapidly emerging. The concept of resilience has introduced a way to explore solutions to some important problems in the building industry. However, much of the work that has taken place to date represents activities generally assigned to risk management, which is discussed as being inherently insufficient for sustaining the functions of the built environment under stresses. This commentary considers the opportunities and limitations for mainstreaming resilience into building industry processes and actors. Barriers include indeterminate analytical meaning, event and performance uncertainty, immature regulatory standards setting, and untested enterprise economics. Further, the multiple outcomes of recovery and the relationship between building recovery and adaptation are discussed and, along with economics of resilience investments, a research need highlighted. A simple heuristic is presented to illustrate the complement of resilience to risk management and advance the integration of resilience into existing industry workflows.  相似文献   

6.
    
The possible relations between resilience engineering and built environments are explored. Resilience engineering has been concerned with the safe and efficient functioning of large and small industrial systems. These may be described as built systems or artefacts. The resilience engineering approach argues that if the performance of systems is to be resilient, then they must be able to respond, monitor, learn and anticipate. The last ability in particular means that they must be able to consider themselves vis-à-vis their environment, i.e. be sentient and reflective systems. In practice, this means people individually or collectively can adjust what they do to match conditions, identify and overcome flaws and function glitches, recognize actual demands and make appropriate adjustments, detect when something goes wrong and intervene before the situation becomes serious. It is particularly important to understand the range of conditions about why and how the system functions in the ‘desired’ mode as well as ‘unwanted’ modes. Resilience is the capacity to sustain operations under both expected and unexpected conditions. The unexpected conditions are not only threats but also opportunities.  相似文献   

7.
    
Societies often solve problems by developing more complex technologies and institutions. Sustainability emerges from success at solving problems. Complexity is a powerful problem-solving tool, but increased complexity requires resources and carries a metabolic cost. Resilience, a condition of vulnerability or the capacity to recover from a setback, helps achieve sustainability goals. Resilient societies must have reserve problem-solving capacity to adjust to major challenges. The abilities of ancient and modern societies to respond to crises at different states of complexity illustrate the relationship between problem-solving capacity and resilience. Increasing complexity, effective at first, seems inexorably to accumulate and to evolve to diminishing returns, undermining the ability to solve future problems. These processes are illustrated through historical case studies, including urban resilience.  相似文献   

8.
建成环境与行人交通事故的关系是城市规划和交通管理领域的重要研究议题。然而,现有研究多局限于线性关系的探讨,缺乏对非线性影响及阈值效应的深入分析,难以支撑精细化规划与治理实践。为此,本文以重庆市渝中区为例,整合行人交通事故数据、路网数据、土地利用数据、手机信令数据、POI数据等多源空间大数据,运用梯度提升决策树模型(GBDT),从道路设施、土地利用、设施临近性、空间结构、社会经济5 个维度系统解析建成环境要素对行人交通事故频率的非线性关系和阈值效应。研究发现:第一,各建成环境要素与行人交通事故存在非线性关系和阈值效应;第二,控制度对行人交通事故的相对重要性最高,其次是人口密度、路网密度和土地利用混合度。研究结论为精细化建成环境规划与交通治理提供了科学依据,对提升行人步行安全具有重要的实践指导意义。  相似文献   

9.
    
The concept of regenerative design and development is situated within the broader theoretical context of sustainability. The emerging regenerative paradigm is contrasted with the two current sustainability paradigms – internationally negotiated ‘idealistic’ public policy and private sector ‘Ecological Modernization’ – that seek to maintain the status quo. Each of these sustainability paradigms is explained though a brief historical narrative to illustrate their response to broader social pressures, the main critiques of each and some commonalities. It is argued that the dominant sustainability paradigms are reaching the limitations of their usefulness due to their conceptual foundation in an inappropriate mechanistic worldview and their tacit support of a modernization project that prevents effective engagement with a complex, dynamic and living world. The regenerative paradigm provides an alternative that is explicitly designed to engage with a living world through its emphasis on a co-creative partnership with nature based on strategies of adaptation, resilience and regeneration. It provides a foundation for a sustainability paradigm that is relevant to an ecological worldview.

Le concept de conception régénératrice et de développement régénérateur se situe dans le contexte théorique plus large de la durabilité. Le paradigme régénérateur émergent est mis en opposition avec les deux paradigmes actuels de la durabilité – une politique publique « idéaliste » négociée au niveau international et une « modernisation écologique » du secteur privé – qui cherchent à maintenir le statu quo. Chacun de ces paradigmes de la durabilité est expliqué au moyen d'un bref récit historique qui permet d'illustrer leur réponse aux pressions sociales plus larges et les critiques principales faites à chacun de leurs points communs. Il est avancé que les paradigmes dominants de la durabilité atteignent les limites de leur utilité en raison de leur fondement conceptuel dans une vision du monde inappropriée, mécaniste, et de leur soutien tacite à un projet de modernisation qui empêche une participation effective à un monde complexe, dynamique et vivant. Le paradigme régénérateur fournit une alternative qui est explicitement conçue pour participer à un monde vivant à travers l'accent qu'il met sur un partenariat cocréateur avec la nature, fondé sur des stratégies d'adaptation, de résilience et de régénération. Il fournit les bases d'un paradigme de la durabilité qui est pertinent par rapport à une vision du monde écologique.

Mots clés: cadre bâti écologisme conception régénératrice résilience bâtiment durable conception durable durabilité urbaine  相似文献   

10.
    
We argue that the concepts of resilience in engineering science and robustness in mathematical optimisation are strongly related. Using evacuation planning as an example application, we demonstrate optimisation techniques to improve solution resilience. These include a direct modelling of the uncertainty for stochastic or robust optimisation as well as taking multiple objective functions into account.  相似文献   

11.
Although most disasters are not entirely unexpected and therefore can, to varying degrees, be mitigated for, the UK construction sector does not play a sufficiently integrated role in disaster risk management. Research is reported on the development of a knowledge database and decision support framework to enable more effective disaster risk-management strategies from a construction perspective. A survey of UK professionals involved with disaster risk-management activities (i.e. emergency planning, constructing, urban planning, insurance) indicates that knowledge and awareness of integrated approaches is poor, and the construction sector as a key stakeholder and potential resource is not being used sufficiently. Key recommendations to improve the construction sector in the process are as follows: construction-related stakeholders need to become more involved in groups such as Local Resilience Teams and Forums; risk and hazard awareness training needs to be integrated systematically into the professional training of architects, planners, engineers, developers, etc.; and the construction sector should embrace and pre-empt regulatory changes regarding resilient construction requirements.

Bien que la plupart des catastrophes ne soient pas complètement inattendues et que, dans des proportions variables, elles puissent par conséquent être atténuées, l'industrie britannique du bâtiment ne s'implique pas suffisamment dans la gestion des risques de catastrophes. Il est rendu compte de recherches sur le développement d'une base de connaissances et d'un cadre de soutien à la prise de décision afin de rendre des stratégies de gestion des risques de catastrophes plus efficaces du point de vue de l'industrie du bâtiment. Une enquête auprès des professionnels britanniques impliqués dans les activités de gestion des risques de catastrophes (à savoir, planification des mesures d'urgence, construction, aménagement urbain, assurances) indique que le niveau de connaissances et de sensibilisation en matière d'approches intégrées est faible, et que le secteur du bâtiment en tant que partie prenante essentielle et ressource potentielle n'est pas suffisamment utilisé. Les principales recommandations pour améliorer le secteur du bâtiment sont les suivantes: il faut que les parties prenantes liées à l'industrie du bâtiment soient plus impliquées dans des groupes tels que les Equipes et les Forums Locaux de Résistance (Local Resilience Teams and Forums); il est nécessaire que les formations de sensibilisation aux risques et aux dangers soient systématiquement intégrées dans la formation professionnelle des architectes, des urbanistes, des ingénieurs, des promoteurs, etc., et le secteur du bâtiment devrait adopter facilement et anticiper les changements de réglementation relatifs aux obligations de résistance des constructions.

Mots clés: secteur du bâtiment, atténuation des catastrophes, plans en prévision des catastrophes, gestion des risques de catastrophes, inondations, risques naturels, résistance, Royaume-Uni  相似文献   

12.
随着我国社会老龄化不断加剧,面向老龄人群的精细化规划设计方法需求迫切。相关研究表明,建成环境的感受是否安全,将直接影响老龄人群开展日常活动的意愿和强度。在新技术的支持下,大规模快速测度城市空间情绪感知已成为可能。因此,建立老龄人群的城市空间“感知—评价—优化”分析框架有助于精细化规划设计的实现。本研究以重度老龄化的特大城市——沈阳市中心城区作为研究对象,采用深度学习对城市街景要素进行语义分割;建立人机对抗的老龄人群安全感知随机森林模型,并对沈阳中心城区的街景进行评价。此外,研究还采用冷热点聚类、增强归回树(BRT)模型等方法,探讨了城市空间中老龄人群安全感知与建成环境之间的关系。结果表明:第一,沈阳市老龄安全感知水平呈现显著的空间异质性,总体趋势为内高外低;第二,研究基于冷热点聚类模型分析得到了安全感知空间聚类特征,并分析其与不同用地性质的概率分布关系;第三,在不同用地类型下城市老龄安全感知冷热点集聚差异显著,居住用地热点呈片状分布、商业用地呈南北线状分布、公共服务设施用地由于分散且数量较少而聚类不显著;第四,研究基于BRT模型分析了人机对抗模型中,街景要素与安全感知水平的贡献水平和边际效应。研究结果对面向老龄人群的精细化规划和设计提供了一定支撑。  相似文献   

13.
14.
步行对老年人的身心健康至关重要。在积极应对人口老龄化和健康中国两大战略背景下,构建满足老年人步行出行需求、支持老年人步行活动的空间,已成为城乡规划学科的一项紧迫任务。现有研究已广泛证实了社区建成环境与老年人步行行为的密切关联,但大多未能充分考虑变量之间可能存在的非线性关系及其协同效应。本研究以成都市为例,借助POI和街景图像等多源大数据,运用前沿的可解释机器学习方法(融合LightGBM和SHAP模型),分析了社区建成环境与老年人步行频次之间的非线性关系和变量之间的协同效应。结果表明,对老年人步行频次影响最大的3个建成环境变量是人行道占比、归一化植被指数和休闲娱乐设施可达性。SHAP模型进一步揭示了社区建成环境对老年人步行行为存在阈值效应,并详细描述了变量之间的协同效应。最后,提出了完善社区服务设施建设、提高社区步行道通达性、营造高品质公共空间,以及考虑建成环境要素的交互作用四个方面的规划建议。本研究为城乡规划学科参与老年人活动研究展现了新的视角,并为以支持步行活动为导向的适老步行环境规划设计提供了科学支撑。  相似文献   

15.
基于韧性城市理论的灾害防治研究回顾与展望   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
韧性城市提供了一种新的思路和理论体系来解决稳定发展需求和城市内外部干扰不可预测性之间的矛盾,并在城市灾害防治领域展开了一系列理论研究和实践应用.对韧性概念起源和理论发展进行了梳理,比较和辨析了城市韧性和灾害韧性的概念和研究边界,概括了当前灾害韧性研究进展和研究热点,详细介绍了适应性循环的扰沌模型和韧性城市规划基本范式,依据已有研究总结出韧性城市规划范式的基本研究策略.基于文献综述对韧性评价的研究进展进行评述,并对比分析了当前广泛应用的两个评价体系,总结了其优缺点.从区域、城市和社区三个层级系统分析了韧性城市理论在区域与城市规划及防灾领域中的应用,依据对已有研究综合分析,探讨了城市灾害韧性研究的三个发展趋势.  相似文献   

16.
    
How the notion of time is conceptualized can directly influence the planning, design, operation and management of cities. Resilience can be understood as an innovation in timing because it changes how people consider, value and act upon the future. Time concepts are part of a deep-rooted culturally specific sociological paradigm, and are central to society's identity and world view. To understand the scope for changing timing paradigms, an exploration is made into the historical interaction between time concepts, economic systems and built environments. Consideration is given to what kind of changes are most needed in timing, especially in light of the accelerating time preferences that can undermine long-term planning and inhibit serious discussion about the future. A new urban-based timing protocol is presented that integrates the scenario planning process by extending time horizons of the past and future, and by combining backcasting and forecasting. The new approach creates an integrated system of timing. Although many institutional barriers may frustrate adoption efforts, a number of positive opportunities are identified. These include the potential for new city-based networks to collaborate around the development and adoption of more appropriate timing tools, with support from national and international funding agencies.  相似文献   

17.
Globalization, the process by which local settlements and ecosystems are becoming linked in a global network, presents policy scientists and planners with difficult design challenges. Coping with either natural or built environments in isolation is extremely challenging in its own right (e.g. built environments at different scales: a single building, a collection of buildings, a neighbourhood or a city are in themselves very complex). In the Anthropocene era, where human activities shape the planetary system in which built and natural environments are becoming more tightly linked across scales, these complex systems need to be considered as elements in a global network, i.e. as a coupled social–ecological system (SES) at the global scale. In the context of this spiralling complexity, multi-scale and multilevel processes become more important and design/management problems become extraordinarily difficult. Preliminary ideas are explored for how research on this multilevel design problem might proceed. Specifically, based on combining insights from a collection of theories and models based on resilience and robustness concepts, the basic elements of a new approach are presented that recognizes the importance of self-organizing processes at multiple scales and emphasizes the use of feedbacks to link these processes across scales.  相似文献   

18.
宿舍热环境直接影响学生的睡眠质量和身心健康。分析了热环境的影响因素,对过渡季节的宿舍外热环境和室内热环境进行了测试,并用PMV-PPD指标对宿舍的热环境进行了评价。研究结论对高校宿舍热环境的研究和改善具有重要参考作用。  相似文献   

19.
杨子垒 《山西建筑》2009,35(7):27-28
简述了Amos Rapoport(拉普卜特)的环境行为学研究,阐释了环境行为学研究与规划设计的关系,对环境蕴涵的意义进行了挖掘,并阐释了环境的意义如何影响人们的行为,探讨了非言语表达方法,分析了拉氏的环境行为学研究对于规划设计者的积极意义。  相似文献   

20.
    
Problem, research strategy, and findings: Conventional hazard mitigation and pre-disaster recovery planning processes typically begin with hazard scenarios that illustrate probable events and analyze their impacts on the built environment. The processes conclude with responses to the hypothetical disruption that focus on “hardening” buildings or structures or removing them from threatened areas. These approaches understate the importance of natural and social sources of adaptive capacity. Three “proof-of-principle” exercises designed to strengthen the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)'s Risk MAP (Risk Mapping, Assessment, and Planning) process in Washington State suggest how better to conduct hazard mitigation and recovery planning. Each begins with workshops where stakeholders identify built, natural, and social assets that contribute to human wellbeing (HWB) before introducing earthquake scenarios that affect HWB. Participants then identify assets that could facilitate adaptation to changed circumstances (a “new normal”). Participants discuss how these assets would achieve the goals of comprehensive community planning as well as hazard mitigation and recovery from disaster. Neighborhood-scale social organization emerges as an important priority.

Takeaway for practice: Asset-based approaches enable communities to better recover from disaster and adapt to a post-disaster “new normal.” By premising planning discussions on a more holistic set of assets, communities can balance physical recovery goals with qualities that help them to adapt to future change. Furthermore, thinking about recovering before an event actually occurs can enlarge the menu of mitigation strategies. Planning for adaptation can also help communities achieve many non-risk-related objectives.  相似文献   

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