华北平原区地下水开采量估算研究

准确获取地下水开采量对于区域地下水资源评价和管理工作具有十分重要的意义。但由于地下水开采活动过于分散,目前管理和计量的手段不足,导致地下水开采量统计数据存在较大误差。通过建立华北平原地下水流区域数值模型,利用模拟水位与实际观测水位相拟合的方法,完成了华北平原开采量的反演估算,最终获得了华北平原2002年-2008年各年的地下水开采量,其平均年开采量为249.20亿m3。     

Estimating Regional Groundwater Recharge Using a Hydrological Budget Method

Estimating groundwater recharge is a key component in determining the sustainable yield of groundwater resources in arid and semi-arid areas such as southern California. Estimating groundwater recharge on a regional scale requires developing a water budget that incorporates data on boundary conditions, aquifer properties, groundwater levels, and groundwater production. The hydrological budget method proposed herein is simple, cost-effective, and easy to apply. It utilizes matched pairs of groundwater level measurements, groundwater extraction data, and distributed specific yield information for estimating groundwater recharge. In this method, ARCGIS 9.0 Geostatistical and Spatial Analyst applications are used for interpolating/extrapolating and creating grids for specific yield, bedrock elevation, and raw groundwater data. The annual average groundwater recharge for the Hemet subbasin in western Riverside County, California, from 1997 to 2005 is estimated at 12.5 MCM, with wet and dry periods ranging between 14.9 MCM and 11.7 MCM, respectively. The proposed method utilizes information commonly available to most groundwater management entities, such as groundwater production data, groundwater level measurements, and lithologic information.     

Groundwater Exploration and Assessment in Rural Communities of Yobe State, Northern Nigeria

The provision of adequate water supply and sanitation to the rapidly growing urban populations is increasingly becoming a problem for governments throughout the world. The continuing expansion of the numbers of people in cities who need water and sanitation services form a continuous pressure to either invest in additional production capacity or to stretch the available supplies to serve more people. Due to rapid increase in population growth in the Yobe State north of Nigeria, there is a shortage in the water supply to Damaturu city the capital of the state and surrounding villages. At the present the total water supply is about 10,000 m³/day abstracted form the shallow alluvial groundwater aquifer using 29 production wells. Due to the expected increase in water demand and the limited potentiality of shallow aquifer system, other deep aquifers were explored and investigated to evaluate their potentiality for future water demand. Vertical Electrical Sounding Method was used for the geophysical survey of the study area. Groundwater flow model was developed and calibrated against the historical information. Three wellfields were designed to provide Damaturu city and surrounding villages with the required water. The calibrated model has been used to evaluate the aquifer potentiality and the effect of future withdrawals on the deep aquifer system. It was found that the aquifer system within the study area consists of two main layers. The upper layer is the Chad formation comprises an alluvial sand and gravel with intercalation of thin sility clay layers. The second layer is Keri-Keri formation consists of sandstone formation which is not explored before. During this study the Kerri-Kerri aquifer system was investigated as an alternative source for groundwater for future demand. The study presents an integrated groundwater resources management strategy for present and future water supply for rural communities.     

Arc Hydro与Arc Hydro Groundwater水文数据模型研究综述

由于目前在地表水与地下水的联合模拟研究中备受青睐的Arc Hydro与Arc Hydro Groundwater水文数据模型能否应用于水文模拟尚缺少实证性研究,通过查阅大量文献资料,分析这两个水文数据模型的功能和优点,以及存在的问题和未来发展趋势。指出Arc Hydro模型虽然具备强大的水文分析与提取功能,但其本身并不能实现水文模拟,必须与独立的水文模型利用数据交换来完成水文模拟;Arc Hydro Groundwater模型虽然包含MODFLOW分析模型,但只能对MODFLOW模型输出的结果进行可视化处理,目前还不具备独立的地下水模拟功能。认为地表水与地下水联合模型与GIS耦合集成平台的开发将是未来研究的热点。     

滹沱河大型入渗试验地下水补给量计算

通过采用水均衡法计算了滹沱河入渗试验期间的河道入渗补给量,并求取了滹沱河水源地一带获得的河道入渗补给量。研究表明:试验期间河道入渗水量为1 482.75万m3,河道入渗补给地下水量为1 382.89万m3,河道渗漏补给系数为93%;滹沱河水源地接受的补给量为742.53万m3,水源地范围内的观测井最大水位上升幅度6.823m,地下水补给效果明显。     

Groundwater Recharge Assessment for the Kalahari Catchment of North-eastern Namibia and North-western Botswana with a Regional-scale Water Balance Model

Groundwater is the only source of drinking water for the inhabitants of the Kalahari. Thus understanding spatial and temporal variations in groundwater recharge is very important and a regional-scale water balance model has therefore been set up for a 209,149 km² catchment in north-eastern Namibia and north-western Botswana. The model has a spatial resolution of 1.5 × 1.5 km, daily model time-steps, and climatic input parameters for 19 years are used. The distributed, GIS-based, process-oriented, physical water balance model (MODBIL) used in this study considers the major water balance components: precipitation, evapotranspiration, groundwater recharge, and surface runoff/interflow. Mean precipitation for the study area is 409 mm a⁻¹, while mean actual evapotranspiration is 402 mm a⁻¹ and mean groundwater recharge is 8 mm a⁻¹ (2% of mean annual precipitation). The recharge pattern is mainly influenced by the distribution of soil and vegetation units. Groundwater recharge shows a high inter- and intra-annual variability, but not only the sum of annual precipitation is important for the development of groundwater recharge; a large amount of precipitation in a relatively short period is more important. Published independent data from the Kalahari in Namibia, Botswana and the Southern African region under similar climatic conditions are used to verify the modelling results.     

新安江流域取水许可总量控制指标体系研究

对新安江流域水资源及其开发利用和流域取水许可现状等进行综合分析,提出了包括约束性和预期性指标在内的新安江流域取水许可总量控制指标体系,并确定出2010年流域取水许可总量控制各项指标取值.旨在为新安江流域科学实施取水许可管理制度提供定量化的技术支撑.     

Groundwater management and protection in Denmark: a review of pre-conditions,advances and challenges

Denmark is making continuous efforts to attain sustainable groundwater management. With groundwater constituting virtually the only resource for all water uses, groundwater management was addressed early on and has progressed over the last century. This article gives an overview of the advances, along with past and present challenges in securing sustainable groundwater utilization. The objective is to document comprehensively the Danish case and to highlight some of the unique conditions and principles that have shaped and facilitated groundwater management in the country.     

资料匮乏地区中小流域设计洪水计算方法的研究

因缺乏实测流量资料,中小流域常采用暴雨资料推求设计洪水。文章以乌托水电站近坝支流--谟章河为例,首先基于数字高程模型（DEM）和ArcGIS平台提取流域特征信息,为谟章河设计洪水推求提供基础条件;然后利用反距离权重插值法计算谟章河流域设计暴雨;接着利用SCS模型进行产流计算,利用推理公式法进行汇流计算。计算结果表明,推荐的中小流域设计洪水计算方法是可行的,对解决资料匮乏地区具有一定的参考价值。     

马海盆地鱼卡河下游流域地下水均衡估算

鱼卡河下游位于柴达木盆地北部边缘的马海盆地,地下水是当地重要水源之一。通过搜集气象、水文资料及查阅相关文献,结合野外实地考查与试验,在掌握其水文地质基本特征的基础上,计算了其地下水系统2000~2013年的地下水均衡量。结果表明:对于流域内的地下水系统而言,河流渗漏补给是其主要补给源,约占总补给量的77.8%,而潜水蒸发是其主要排泄方式,约占整个系统排泄量的85.6%。流域内地下水年均补给总量为10 260.5万m~3/a,年均排泄总量为108 96.6万m~3/a,地下水均衡差为636.1万m~3/a,地下水位呈59 mm/a的下降趋势。研究结果对流域地下水资源量计算、地下水环境以及生态环境保护等均具有一定的参考价值。     

Exploring market-based environmental policy for groundwater management and ecosystem protection for the Great Lakes region: Lessons learned

The Great Lakes–St. Lawrence River Basin Water Resources Compact (the Compact) was created to protect future water supplies and aquatic ecosystems in the Great Lakes. The Compact requires the eight Great Lakes state to regulate, among other things, large withdrawals of groundwater and surface water so that they do not negatively affect stream flows and ecosystems within the Great Lakes Basin. Thus, the Compact raises the possibility of increased restrictions on groundwater withdrawals in many locations throughout the Great Lakes region. However, restricting withdrawals is likely to encounter opposition from water users when such restrictions are viewed as an infringement on existing water use rights and/or as negatively impacting local economic development. Such conflicts could hinder effective implementation of state and regional water policy. This paper explores the application of a market-based environmental management tool called “Conservation Credit Offsets Trading (CCOT)” that could facilitate allocation of groundwater withdrawals, and develops a framework for guiding the implementation of CCOT within the context of a groundwater permitting system. Using a watershed in southwestern Michigan, this study demonstrates how bio-physical information and input from various local stakeholders were combined to aid groundwater policy designed to achieve the objective of no net (adverse) impact on stream ecosystems. By allowing flexibility through trading of conservation credit offsets, this groundwater policy tool appears to be more politically acceptable than traditional, less flexible, regulations. The results and discussion provide useful lessons learned with relevance to other areas in the Great Lakes Basin.     

Conjunctive Management of Large-Scale Pressurized Water Distribution and Groundwater Systems in Semi-Arid Area with Parallel Genetic Algorithm

This study develops a production well management model for the conjunctive management of water resources in semi-arid areas. The management model integrates a large-scale pressurized water distribution system and a three-dimensional groundwater model under an optimization framework. The well pump operations optimization problem is formulated as a Boolean integer nonlinear programming (BINLP) problem to optimize the periodic 24-h pump on/off operations over a 1-week operation horizon. The management model considers multiple objectives and is solved by a parallel genetic algorithm (PGA) to overcome the difficulty of solving the BINLP problem. The PGA significantly reduces computation time for a case study in Chandler, Arizona. The Chandler water distribution model is built based on EPANET, and the Chandler three-dimension groundwater model is developed using MODFLOW. The high performance computing (HPC) of the genetic algorithm makes it possible to obtain 24-h real-time operations in the 7-day forecast model. The tank reliability, resilience, and vulnerability (R-R-V) are evaluated to infer the system reliability. The Pareto curve provides compromise solutions between the two competing objectives of energy reduction and pressure violation reduction.     

发挥南水北调的生态效益修复华北平原地下水

该文阐述了南水北调工程对修复华北平原地下水枯竭的潜在生态效应.华北平原是我国最大的冲积平原之一,由于城市与工农业生产的快速发展,华北平原的地下水被大量超采,使地区的地下水位每年平均下降 0 5～ 1 0 m,并导致了一系列的生态、环境问题,诸如干化缺水、地面下沉、海水入侵等.为了挽救地下水资源和修复生态,笔者认为调水实现后可望利用南水北调中线与东线长期向北方输水的效应,实现对地下水的回补 ,并提出了技术与体制的框架.     

Groundwater Depletion in the Jordan Highlands: Can Pricing Policies Regulate Irrigation Water Use?

Jordan is one of the countries with the scarcest water resources in the world. The aquifers of the Lower Jordan River Basin, a region of prime importance for the country, are exploited well beyond their sustainable rate. In 1997, Jordan’s officials designed a new water strategy, with emphasis on demand-management instruments. Water pricing policies, and notably the bylaw no. 85 of 2002, were deemed to assist in controlling agricultural groundwater abstraction with the ambitious task of taking the abstraction rate close to the annual recharge. While much hope has been placed in such strategies, this paper argues that substantial increases in volumetric charges would not result in major water savings but would further decrease the income from low-value or extensive crops. A shift towards high-value crops would raise water productivity but would also entail a transfer of wealth to the government and to wealthier entrepreneurs. It is therefore essential that negative incentives be accompanied by positive measures offering attractive alternatives (market opportunities, subsidies for modernization, technical advice, etc.) and exit options with compensation. Prices are unlikely to enable regulation of groundwater abstraction and significant reduction will only be achieved through policies that reduce the number of wells in use, such as buying out of wells.     

Dynamic Optimal Monitoring Network Design for Transient Transport of Pollutants in Groundwater Aquifers

Optimal groundwater pollution monitoring network design models are developed to prescribe optimal and efficient sampling locations for detecting pollution in groundwater aquifers. The developed methodology incorporates a two dimensional flow and transport simulation model to simulate the pollutant concentrations in the study area. Different realizations of the pollutant plume are randomly generated by incorporating the uncertainty in both source and aquifer parameters. These concentration realizations are incorporated in the optimal monitoring network design models. Two different objectives are considered separately. The first objective function minimizes the summation of unmonitored concentrations at different potential monitoring locations. This objective function in effect minimizes the probability of not monitoring the pollutant concentrations at those locations where the probable concentration value is large. Although this probability is not explicitly incorporated in the model, a surrogate form of this objective is included as the objective function. The second objective function considered is the minimization of estimation variances of pollutant concentrations at various unmonitored locations. This objective results in a design that chooses optimal monitoring locations where the uncertainties in simulated concentrations are large. The developed optimization models are solved using Genetic Algorithm. The variances of estimated concentrations at potential monitoring locations are computed using the geostatistical tool, kriging. The designed monitoring network is dynamic in nature, as it provides time varying network designs for different management periods, to account for the transient pollutant plumes. Such a design can eliminate temporal redundancy and is therefore, economically more efficient. The optimal design incorporates budgetary constraints in the form of limits on the number of monitoring wells installed in any particular management period. The solution results are evaluated for an illustrative study area comprising of a hypothetical aquifer. The performance evaluation results establish the potential applicability of the proposed methodology for optimal design of the dynamic monitoring network for detection and monitoring of pollutant plumes in contaminated aquifers.     

1966～2015年长江源冰川融水变化及其对径流的影响 ——以冬克玛底河流域为例

气候变暖改变了长江源的冰冻圈,影响了当地的生态系统。采用HydroGeoSphere（HGS）水文模型,对长江源区冬克玛底河流域冰川融水进行了模拟研究,以评估气候变暖背景下冰川融水径流对流域水资源的影响。利用研究区周围4个气象站点的资料,采用多元回归和插值方法重建了1966~2015年气象数据,并采用2005~2006年的实测流量数据对模型模拟结果进行了验证,表明模型有一定的可信度。结果显示：① 过去50 a,冬克玛底河流域的平均物质平衡为-151 mm/a,冰川物质累积亏损为7.55 m,温度升高对冰川的影响超过降雨增加的影响;② 物质平衡与降水呈现正相关,与正积温和冰川融水为负相关;③ 过去50 a,冬克玛底河流域总径流量、冰川区产流量、非冰川区产流量都呈现增加趋势,其中增加的总径流量的25%为降水增加所致,75%为气温升高导致冰川消融所致。研究结果可为气候变暖背景下长江源的保护提供一定的科学依据和参考。     

Groundwater contributions to surface water in the Assiniboine Delta Aquifer (ADA): A water quantity and quality perspective

In the Lake Winnipeg Basin (LWB), at both basin and regional scales, there are currently gaps regarding the significance of groundwater as a mediator of nutrient and contaminant fluxes to Lake Winnipeg. During 2018, surface water and groundwater samples were collected from various locations across the largest sand and gravel aquifer (Assiniboine Delta Aquifer [ADA]; 3800 km²) in the LWB as well as from surface water courses flowing above this aquifer. The samples collected during spring and fall were analyzed for anions and cations as well as for a series of isotopic and geochemical tracers (e.g. water isotopes, carbon 14, artificial sweeteners, pesticides, etc.). The results reveal that groundwater and the small watercourses flowing above the ADA have a similar chemical composition, which is in contrast with the chemical composition of the main watercourse flowing above the aquifer (Assiniboine River [AR]). When corroborated with stream discharge measurements this indicates that groundwater plays a significant role at local scale in controlling both the flow and the chemical composition of the AR tributaries. Nitrate showed low to non-detectable concentrations in both groundwater and surface water. With respect to groundwater, this could be related to the reducing conditions in the deeper aquifer in conjunction with relatively large groundwater travel times of up to 2400 years.     

Regionalisation of physically-based water balance models in Belgium. Application to ungauged catchments

More than 60 catchments from Northern Belgium ranging in size from 16 to 3160 km² have been studied by means of a physically-based stochastic water balance model. The parameter values derived from calibration of the model were regionally mapped for the study region. Associations between model parameters and basin lithological characteristics were established and tested. The results show that the simple conceptual monthly water balance model with three parameters for actual evapotranspiration, slow and fast runoff is capable either to generate monthly streamflow at ungauged sites or to extend river flow at gauged sites. This allows a fairly accurate estimation of monthly discharges at any location within the region.     

白洋淀流域分布式水文模型开发与验证

针对白洋淀流域水资源保护工作开发了分布式水文模型WEP-L模型。WEP-L模型是对流域水循环过程与能量循环过程的综合模拟,具有较高的模拟精度。对白洋淀流域1956 } 2000年的径流模拟计算表明:主要水文站的相对误差在5%以内,Nash-Sutcliffe效率系数在0. 8以上,可以用于白洋淀流域的水文循环分析。