基于多重分形研究脉冲磁场周期对凝固组织的影响

为了研究脉冲磁场对凝固组织的影响,采用自发研制的脉冲磁场发生装置将脉冲磁场非接触式地施加到钛处理低碳钢的凝固过程中,利用金相显微镜和实验室设计的多重分形软件研究了不同周期的脉冲磁场对凝固组织的影响。结果表明,该钢种的凝固组织具有分形特征;随着脉冲磁场周期的延长,Δα和Δf(α)呈现为先减小后增大的规律,在脉冲磁场周期为0.5 s时,组织最为均匀。由此可以推断脉冲磁场周期对凝固组织的影响存在一个最佳值。     

氧化物冶金与脉冲磁场参数影响钢组织的研究

 脉冲磁场处理与氧化物冶金技术是细化组织、提升材料性能的两种常用方法,将其有机结合可进一步优化钢铁材料的性能。利用自主研制的高频感应线圈加热炉与脉冲磁场发生装置将脉冲磁场非接触式地施加在钛处理低碳钢的凝固过程中,利用金相显微镜、多重分形软件与维氏硬度仪研究了不同脉冲磁场参数对凝固组织的影响。结果表明,脉冲磁场感应强度为135~190 mT、磁场作用时间为5~10 min时,试样的金相组织最细小均匀,原始奥氏体晶粒得到明显细化,原始奥氏体晶粒面积由15.79 mm2下降到1.25 mm2,试样的硬度值由118.1HV提升到165.4HV,此参数下的脉冲磁场对凝固组织的细化程度最佳。     

成分与冷却速率对高硅不锈钢凝固模式的影响

 高硅奥氏体不锈钢因其较高的Si元素含量所表现出的优异耐蚀性能而成为制酸行业普遍应用的一种特殊钢种。然而,高含量Si元素的加入会引发铸造缺陷和成分偏析加剧以及钢中析出相增多,热加工过程中易产生热裂纹等问题。高硅奥氏体不锈钢凝固过程中δ铁素体的含量、形态和分布与合金化学成分和热加工历史紧密相关,其室温组织取决于析出相的析出顺序和随后的固态相变,因此,奥氏体不锈钢的凝固模式势必会影响合金的热塑性。为此通过调整高硅奥氏体不锈钢中Si元素与Cr元素的含量,采用金相显微镜(OM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜能谱分析(SEM/EDS)、电子探针(EPMA)、JMatPro软件计算等方法,探究了合金成分变化与冷却速率对高硅奥氏体不锈钢凝固模式的影响,并对经典铬镍当量算法进行了评估。结果表明,Schneider铬镍当量算法相较于Rajasekhar铬镍当量算法对大多数合金的凝固模式预测较为准确;随着合金中Si元素与Cr元素含量的提高,合金凝固模式由AF模式转变为FA模式,合金凝固过程中经历更多的“δ→γ”固态相变,其中质量分数为6.0%Si成分的合金对应的δ铁素体增幅减缓;随着质量分数为5.0%的Si铸锭冷却速率的提高,合金凝固模式由AF模式转变为A模式;Hammar and Svensson凝固路线判据可以准确预测高硅奥氏体不锈钢的初始析出相。研究为合理制定高硅奥氏体不锈钢的合金成分与成形工艺提供理论依据。     

BN1TL不锈钢连铸坯组织对鳞折缺陷形成影响及试验验证

节镍奥氏体不锈钢热轧板及冷轧板表面的鳞折问题严重影响了产品的合格率。以BN1TL不锈钢连铸坯作为研究对象,分析了BN1TL不锈钢凝固组织的特点,并通过冷装炉方式下的热轧模拟试验验证了连铸坯组织与鳞折缺陷的相关性。试验结果表明,BN1TL不锈钢的凝固组织以柱状晶为主,晶粒尺寸由表层至芯部逐渐增大,柱状晶晶界存在铬的碳化物析出。同时该特点的凝固组织由于存在大量晶间析出,导致晶界弱化严重,经过热轧后易生成鳞折缺陷,并且影响整个轧制工艺流程。热轧模拟试验结果表明,材料在粗轧时即产生鳞折缺陷,精轧时缺陷得到扩展。减小在粗轧时的道次压下量可以减少鳞折缺陷的生成,改善板坯表面质量。     

凝固过程中的脉冲磁场和脉冲磁力研究

用数值模拟方法研究了凝固样品中的脉冲磁感应强度和电磁力的分布特性。模拟结果表明，脉冲磁场凝固条件下，脉冲磁感就强度和电磁力分布具有轴向、径向分布的不对称性和不均匀性。这种分布特性有助于了解脉冲磁场对金属凝固组织的细化作用。     

振动激发金属液原位形核的物理模拟

为了提高铸坯的等轴晶率、细化凝固组织,以30%氯化铵水溶液和铁素体不锈钢为研究对象,分别进行了物理模拟和浇注实验.结果发现:当一种带有冷却结构和高频振动的晶核发射器棒体插入氯化铵溶液时,在棒体表面将迅速形成大量的细小晶粒.这些晶粒在振动作用下被连续不断地弹射至溶液中,成为凝固过程中等轴晶的形核核心;晶核发射器的冷却强度越大、振动频率越高,则形成的晶粒数量越多且粒径越小;铁素体不锈钢液经振动激发形核处理后,凝固组织中的等轴晶率超过了80%.     

脉冲磁场强度对钛处理低碳钢凝固过程的影响

采用自发研制的脉冲磁场发生装置将脉冲磁场非接触式地施加到钛处理低碳钢的凝固过程中,利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜和能谱仪研究了不同强度的脉冲磁场对试样的宏观形貌、枝晶和组织的影响。结果表明,随着脉冲磁场强度的增加,试样的宏观表面逐渐变得平整;枝晶和组织随着脉冲磁场强度的增加逐渐细化,但达到一定强度后,继续增加又出现了相反的结论。由此可以推断,脉冲磁场强度对枝晶和组织的影响存在一个最佳值。     

Observations of the columnar-to-equiaxed transition in stainless steels

Observations are reported for the columnar-to-equiaxed transition (CET) in stainless steel bars which have been solidified slowly and progressively in a horizontal configuration. For ferritic, austenitic, and ferritic/austenitic stainless steels containing more than 0.085 wt pct carbon, CETs occur at about the same distance from the start of solidification at a given growth rate. With increasing growth rates, the transition occurs closer to the start of solidification. At low carbon levels, near 0.02 wt pct carbon, the ferritic/austenitic steel is entirely columnar, in most cases. Adding nickel to the ferritic/austenitic steel, which makes the leading phase austenitic, produces a CET with small equiaxed grains. This suggests that different particles which are effective with austenitic growth become operative as nucleants. The transition from a columnar to an equiaxed structure occurs abruptly across the diameter of the sample. There is extensive fluid flow in the bulk melt, which produces shallow temperature gradients in the melt prior to the onset of solidification. The bulk melt flow does not appear to interact significantly with the melt in the interdendritic region or the melt immediately ahead of this region. The width of the solid/liquid region in the present experiments is observed to be between 10 and 20 mm, depending on the growth velocity and the distance from the start of solidification.     

Microstructures of Austenitic Stainless Steel Produced by Twin-Roll Strip Caster

 The microstructures of austenitic stainless steel strip were studied using color metallographic method and electron probe micro analysis (EPMA). In the cast strips, there are three kinds of solidification structures: fine cellular dendrite in the surface layer, equiaxed grains in the center and fine dendrite between them. The solidification mode in the surface layer is the primary austenite AF mode because of extremely high cooling rate, with the retained ferrite located around the primary cellular austenite. In the fine dendrite zone, the solidification mode of molten stainless steel changes to FA mode and the residual ferrite with fish-bone morphology is located at the core of the dendrite. The retained ferrite of equiaxed grains in the center is located in the center of broken primary ferrite dendrite with vermicular morphology.     

Solidification Structure Refining of 430 Ferrite Stainless Steel With TiN Nucleation

The thermodynamics of TiN precipitation in liquid steel of 430 ferrite stainless steel has been calculated to find out the condition of TiN precipitation during the initial solidification stage. The difference in the solidification structure of 430 ferrite stainless steel has been discussed through comparative tests of vacuum induction furnace melting with different contents of Ti. It has been found that the equiaxed grain proportion can be increased from 20% to 69% as the content of Ti from 0.1% up to 0. 4%. The size of the TiN particles precipitated is 1-3 μm and the number of TiN particles is about （200- 300）/μm^2. It is found that the effect of using TiN to refine the solidification structure has been confirmed under the strict process condition used for 430 ferrite stainless steel.     

Heat transfer during Nd: Yag pulsed laser welding and its effect on solidification structure of austenitic stainless steels

Theoretical and experimental investigations were carried out to determine the effect of process parameters on weld metal microstructures of austenitic stainless steels during pulsed laser welding. Laser welds made on four austenitic stainless steels at different power levels and scanning speeds were considered. A transient heat transfer model that takes into account fluid flow in the weld pool was employed to simulate thermal cycles and cooling rates experienced by the material under various welding conditions. The weld metal thermal cycles and cooling rates are related to features of the solidification structure. For the conditions investigated, the observed fusion zone structure ranged from duplex austenite (γ)+ferrite (δ) to fully austenitic or fully ferritic. Unlike welding with a continuous wave laser, pulsed laser welding results in thermal cycling from multiple melting and solidification cycles in the fusion zone, causing significant post-solidification solid-state transformation to occur. There was microstructural evidence of significant recrystallization in the fusion zone structure that can be explained on the basis of the thermal cycles. The present investigation clearly demonstrated the potential of the computational model to provide detailed information regarding the heat transfer conditions experienced during welding.     

5%Si高硅奥氏体不锈钢元素偏析及均匀化处理

 高硅奥氏体不锈钢由于高含量硅元素的加入使其具有优异的耐高温腐蚀性能和较低的成本,在制酸行业有着潜在的应用价值。然而,该合金中高含量硅元素的加入会促进凝固过程中溶质再分配,进而造成显著的元素偏析,最终导致合金内部产生枝晶组织和大量的有害相。对铸锭组织进行均匀化处理能够有效消除枝晶与元素偏析,促进析出相回溶和枝晶消融,从而改善材料的热塑性,有效应对热变形开裂问题。因此,采用金相显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜能谱分析(SEM/EDS)、电子探针(EPMA)、JMatPro软件计算等方法,研究了实验室条件下制备的5%Si高硅奥氏体不锈钢铸锭的显微组织和元素分布状态,通过残余偏析指数、扩散动力学计算并结合均匀化处理试验验证,最终确定了5%Si高硅奥氏体不锈钢合理的均匀化处理工艺。结果表明,5%Si高硅奥氏体不锈钢凝固过程中钼元素偏析最为严重,通过残余偏析指数模型计算得到的均匀化动力学方程可用来指导该成分合金的均匀化处理工艺;5%Si高硅奥氏体不锈钢经过1 150 ℃×12 h均匀化处理后,铸锭内枝晶消融,元素偏析基本消除,析出相与铁素体回溶到基体中,合金转变为全奥氏体组织,热塑性得到改善;当加热温度达到1 250 ℃时,合金出现过烧现象,晶界开始熔化。     

Effect of Coating on Instantaneous Interracial Heat Transfer During Near-Rapid Solidification

 For many rapid or near-rapid solidification processes, the interfacial heat transfer between the melt and the substrate is a key issue on the cooling and solidification rate of castings. For the purpose of controlling and adjusting of the interfacial thermal resistance, the effects of C/BN, Zn and organic coatings on the instantaneous interfacial heat flux and the solidified structure of AISI304 stainless steel solidification on copper substrate have been investigated by using an experimental simulator. The results show that C/BN coatings can improve the uniformity of heat flux and solidified structure; Zn coating can increase the heat flux and solidification rate in the growth stage of the solidified shell; organic coating will decrease the heat flux and the solidification rate and make re-melted structure on the surface of the solidified shell.     

06Cr19Ni10奥氏体不锈钢的DTA试验与组织分析

 根据铬当量、镍当量的计算结果推断了06Cr19Ni10奥氏体不锈钢的凝固模式,并采用差热分析技术（DTA）对06Cr19Ni10奥氏体不锈钢在10和30℃/min的加热冷却速度下的凝固过程进行了研究,对DTA曲线中的吸热峰和放热峰进行了分析,并采用激光共聚焦显微镜（LSCM）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对样品进行了测定。分析结果表明：06Cr19Ni10奥氏体不锈钢的实际凝固模式为FA型,即铁素体奥氏体型。随着冷却速率的增加,奥氏体形核率增大,残余的δ铁素体在形态上更加细小分散。该研究结果对实际生产中改善铸坯组织,提高铸坯质量具有着一定的意义。     

化学成分对430铁素体不锈钢凝固结构的影响

在430铁素体不锈钢成分体系基础上,研究了成分的变化对430铁素体不锈钢凝固结构的影响。经试验发现,含碳量的变化显著影响430铁素体不锈钢的凝固组织,含碳量越高,铸锭中的等轴晶比率越大;而Ti元素的加入,虽然有利于430铁素体不锈钢铸锭中等轴晶的形成,但需要保证TiN在钢的液相线附近析出,促进钢的异质形核,从而优化钢的凝固结构。     

The effect of quenching on the solidification structure and transformation behavior of stainless steel welds

Weld solidification structure of three different types of stainless steel,i.e., 310 austenitic, 309 and 304 semiaustenitic, and 430 ferritic, was investigated. Welds of each material were made without any quenching, with water quenching, and with liquid-tin quenching during welding. The weld micro-structure obtained was explained with the help of the pseudobinary phase diagrams for Fe-Cr-Ni and Fe-Cr-C systems. It was found that, due to the postsolidification 5 → γ phase transformation in 309 and 304 stainless steels and the rapid homogenization of microsegregation in 430 stainless steel, their weld solidification structure could not be observed unless quenched from the solidification range with liquid tin. Moreover, the formation of acicular austenite, and hence, martensite, at the grain boundaries of 430 stainless steel welds was eliminated completely when quenched with liquid tin. The weld solidification structure of 310 stainless steel, on the other hand, was essentially unaffected by quenching. Based upon the observations made, the weld microstructure of these stainless steels was summarized. The effect of cooling rate on the formation of primary austenite in 309 stainless steel welds was discussed. Finally, a simple method for determining the relationship between the secondary dendrite arm spacing and the solidification time, based on welding speeds and weld pool configurations, was suggested.     

双辊连铸不锈钢薄带凝固组织特点

 通过金相观察分析了同径双辊薄带连铸机上生产的奥氏体不锈钢薄带的凝固组织,结果表明：铸带凝固组织包括2个柱状晶区和1个等轴晶区,其等轴晶呈近球形或蔷薇形。与传统连铸板坯相比,其柱状晶区一次及二次枝晶的间距较小,等轴晶粒内部为非枝晶结构,其尺寸大约是连铸坯等轴晶的1/10,凝固组织更致密。     

节铬型铁素体不锈钢连铸板坯凝固过程热模拟

连铸板坯凝固传热主要在厚度方向进行,这造成了连铸坯大部分区域由侧面向中心凝固,因此可以近似地用非稳态定向凝固进行热模拟。利用自主研发的水平式连铸坯枝晶生长热模拟装置研究了新型节铬铁素体不锈钢连铸坯凝固组织,以期在工业生产前预测连铸工艺对其凝固组织的影响。热模拟试样热端温度采用连铸坯心部冷却曲线进行控制,并通过调节冷却水流量控制热模拟试样冷端的冷却强度,从而实现由冷端向热端的非稳态定向凝固。实验发现过热度和冷却强度对热模拟试样的等轴晶率及其平均晶粒尺寸影响不显著,但大的冷却强度会导致柱状晶长度增加。     

MgO-Al_2O_3-SiO_2复合夹杂物对430不锈钢凝固组织的影响

通过真空感应炉试验,研究不同Mg含量处理所获得的不同MgO-Al2O3-SiO2复合夹杂物对凝固组织的影响。试验结果表明,随着钢中Mg含量的增加,铸锭等轴晶率呈现先升高后下降的趋势,而等轴晶尺寸和柱状晶宽度呈现先降低后升高趋势,存在一个最佳的Mg的质量分数范围(5~13)×10-6,铸锭的等轴晶率在70%以上。夹杂物观测并结合热力学计算发现,随着钢中Mg含量的增加,MgO-Al2O3-SiO2复合夹杂物外层逐步析出MgO·Al2O3相;然而,Mg的质量分数高于13×10-6时,夹杂物外层开始析出2MgO·SiO2相。晶面错配度计算表明,MgO·Al2O3与δ-Fe的错配度为1.2%,2MgO·SiO2与δ-Fe的错配度为13%。可以判断,MgO·Al2O3相可促进等轴晶形成,抑制晶粒长大,2MgO·SiO2相则起不到促进形核作用。从而解释了铸锭等轴晶率、晶粒尺寸随Mg含量的变化规律。     

Microstructural modification of austenitic stainless steels by rapid solidification

The microstructural modifications in three austenitic stainless steels (types 308, 310, and 312) were evaluated after rapid solidification. These three steels are commonly used weld filler metals. Two methods of rapid solidification were investigated, autogenous laser welding and arc-hammer splat quenching. The structure of 310 stainless steel was found to be 100 pct austenite, and did not vary over the range of conditions studied. On the contrary, the structures of types 308 and 312 steels were very sensitive to the cooling rates and solidification conditions. With the highest cooling rates, the type 308 structure was fully austenitic while the type 312 structure was fully ferritic. At lower cooling rates, the structures were duplex ferrite plus austenite. The results were interpreted in terms of faster kinetics of solidification of austenite compared to ferrite under the conditions examined. A comparison of the structures produced by the two rapid solidification techniques indicated the cooling rates are comparable.