Numerical prediction of a nusselt number equation for stirred tanks with helical coils

A methodology to obtain a Nusselt correlation for stirred tank reactors is presented. The novelty of the approach is the use of a validated computational model to obtain the heat‐transfer coefficients. The advantages of this new approach are many, including the possibility of testing different heat‐transfer configurations to obtain their Nusselt correlation without performing experimental runs. Physical phenomena involved was represented both qualitatively and quantitatively. The classical experimental work of (Oldshue and Gretton, Chem Eng Prog. 1954;50(12):615–621) illustrates the procedure. A sufficient number of virtual points in the whole range of the Reynolds number should be obtained. Results strongly depend on mesh refinement in the boundary layer, so a procedure is suggested to guarantee heat‐transfer coefficients are accurately estimated. The final Nusselt correlation was compared against all the 107 experimental points of the work by (Oldshue and Gretton, Chem Eng Prog. 1954;50(12):615–621), and an average deviation on the results of 10.7%. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 3912–3924, 2017     

螺旋通道内流动沸腾传热研究进展

螺旋通道因其优越的传热性能在强化传热领域有着重要的应用。近年来,高热流密度下设备的散热问题严重制约着先进技术的高速发展,传统螺旋通道单相强化传热技术已难以满足如此高的散热要求。由此,学者们开始探索以螺旋通道和流动沸腾传热相结合的复合强化传热技术。但由于螺旋通道特有的结构导致管内工质会受离心力的影响产生二次流,使得流动沸腾的情况较直通道更复杂,因此许多学者研究螺旋通道流动沸腾传热得出的结论并不一致。本文主要综述了近年来常规和微细尺度螺旋通道内流动沸腾的研究进展,阐述和分析了质量流率、干度、压力等参数对螺旋通道传热系数及临界工况的影响。指出了实验工况及螺旋通道结构的不同可能是导致结果存在分歧的主要原因,重点归纳了研究者根据实验结果拟合得到的流动沸腾传热实验关联式,并对经典直通道及螺旋通道沸腾传热关联式用于预测螺旋通道沸腾传热系数时的优缺点给予评价,指出今后螺旋通道内流动沸腾流传热的研究方向。     

振荡热管内的振荡及传热传质特性

通过分析振荡热管内部气液两相系统的受力和传热传质过程,对振荡热管进行了合理的简化和假设,建立了详细的理论模型.以n型单液塞振荡热管为例,采用显示差分法求解建立的控制方程,并预测传热传质特性和液塞的振荡行为,结果显示：液塞在毛细管路内的运动既有宏观振荡又有局部振荡,振荡的幅度和频率在增大和减小中交替变化,没有固定的周期;液塞两侧气泡间的压差是其振荡的主要驱动力,当振荡热管非水平工作时,需考虑重力的影响,与其他力相比,毛细阻力对液塞振荡的影响可以忽略;液膜短时间内的干涸是诱发新一轮振荡以及强化传热的源动力.     

Free convective mass transfer at horizontal single screens and arrays of horizontal screens in relation to electrochemical reactor design

Rates of free convection mass transfer at horizontal screens made of woven cylindrical wires were studied by measuring the limiting current of copper deposition from acidified copper sulphate solutions for a horizontal screen surrounded by a cylindrical counter‐electrode. Variables studied were screen characteristic parameters and the physical properties of solutions. The data were correlated by a new mass transfer correlation. Mass transfer measurements at arrays of separated horizontal screens revealed that screen spacing has a little effect on the rate of array mass transfer. On the other hand, increasing the number of screens per array was found to decrease the rate of array mass transfer. Implications of the present results for the design and operation of electrochemical reactors suitable for heavy metal removal from waste water and electrosynthesis are noted.     

内置螺旋弹簧换热管内流动与传热三维数值模拟

为研究内置螺旋弹簧换热管单管强化传热原理,采用Fluent软件对内置螺旋弹簧换热管内流体流动与传热特性进行数值模拟,考察了弹簧的应用对管内流场、压降和换热性能的影响,并分别取螺旋弹簧节距p分别为2 mm、4 mm、5 mm初步研究了弹簧的节距对强化传热效果的影响。模拟结果显示：弹簧管内流体呈螺旋流动状态,管壁附近流体切向速度和径向速度有一定程度的提高,从而加剧了管内流体的混合及边界层的扰动,充分换热,弹簧管进出口温度差较光管有所增加,最高增加了0.9 ℃;相同雷诺数条件下,内置螺旋弹簧换热管Nu数均高于光管,而压降和阻力系数相比光管有明显增加,随着弹簧节距减小换热增强而摩擦阻力系数增加。     

三分螺旋折流板换热器水-水传热壳侧综合性能

对倾斜角为10°、15°和20°的扇形折流板,倾斜角为15°的椭圆折流板和倾斜角为20°的轴向搭接扇形折流板三分螺旋折流板换热器以及弓形折流板换热器的传热特性和压降性能进行了测试试验研究,其中螺旋折流板全部采用分区布管结构,有48根管子,而弓形折流板换热器有49根管子。试验数据分析采用轴向Reynolds数Re_z,o作为自变量,壳侧Nusselt数Nu_o、轴向Euler数Eu_z,o等参数作为因变量,并采用Nu_o/Eu_z,o量纲1组合数作为综合性能指标。在试验范围内,20°s方案的综合性能指标最高,比弓形折流板换热器方案平均提高69.8%;倾斜角最小的10°s方案的综合性能低于弓形折流板换热器方案;轴向搭接折流板换热器方案的综合性能低于相同倾斜角外圈连接折流板换热器方案,而椭圆折流板方案的综合性能低于相同倾斜角的扇形折流板方案。     

螺旋折流板管壳式换热器壳程局部传热及流阻

文中对螺旋折流板管壳式换热器壳侧局部传热、局部流速及阻力性能进行了实验研究,测量结果表明,其壳侧局部传热膜系数与点速度是沿换热器的径向距离增大而增大,且局部传热膜系数的变化规律与相应点速度变化规律相一致。所取6个测量位置点分布较为均匀,基本上反映了换热器局部相应换热及流场分布规律。同时文中归纳出换热器壳侧的平均努塞尔准数Nu与雷诺准数Re的关联式及流动阻力系数f与雷诺准数Re的关联式,为换热器的实际运用提供了参考依据。     

折面螺旋折流板换热器的流动传热性能

针对现有平面螺旋折流板换热器的相邻折流板与壳体间存在的三角漏流区,提出了一种折面螺旋折流板换热器。基于实验研究分析了折面螺旋折流板换热器的螺旋角和搭接度对流动传热性能的影响,并拟合了壳程对流传热和阻力系数的实验关联式。结果表明,当壳程体积流量相同时,随着螺旋角的减小,折面螺旋折流板换热器的壳程总压降增加,壳程管束压降增加,壳程膜传热系数提升,综合性能增强;相同壳程体积流量下,随着搭接度的增加,壳程总压降也增加,壳程膜传热系数增加,综合性能提高。实验研究表明螺旋角18°、搭接度50%的折面螺旋折流板换热器流动传热性能最佳。将折面螺旋折流板换热器的螺旋角和搭接度作为修正因子拟合到了实验关联式中,对比发现实验值与Nu实验关联式计算值的平均相对误差为1.13%,与f实验关联式的平均相对误差为6.84%,说明了拟合的正确性和可靠性。研究结果为折面螺旋折流板换热器的设计提供了理论指导。     

扰流柱协同螺旋片强化套管换热器壳侧换热

对于内管外壁安装有螺旋片的套管换热器的壳侧,在螺旋片所形成的螺旋通道中心,沿螺旋方向周期性地布置扰流柱以进一步提高其换热性能,对这种扰流柱协同螺旋片强化的换热器的换热特性进行了实验研究,应用场协同理论分析了其强化机理。结果表明,在Re=4000～14000范围内,扰流柱协同螺旋片强化的换热器的传热系数为相同螺距下只安装螺旋片的换热器的1.53～2.53倍,为光滑内管换热器的3.08～4.87倍。在相同质量流量、相同压降及相同泵功条件下,扰流柱协同螺旋片强化的换热器的综合换热性能明显好于相同螺距下只安装螺旋片的换热器及光滑内管换热器;在相同压降及相同泵功条件下,保持螺距不变,安装扰流柱比螺距减小一半的综合换热性能更好;单位螺距内安装奇数个扰流柱比安装偶数个扰流柱略好。扰流柱的安装增大了径向速度,使温度场与速度场的协同效果更好,从而提高了换热效果。     

Mass and heat transfer enhancement at the wall of cylindrical agitated vessel by turbulence promoters

Rates of liquid–solid mass transfer at a wall of stirred tank reactor lined with an array of vertical tubes turbulence promoter were studied using the dissolution of copper in acidified dichromate technique. Parameters studied are physical properties of the solution, impeller geometry, impeller rotation speed, cylinder diameter, circumferential distance between the vertical cylinders, and the effect of drag reducing polymers. The presence of vertical cylinders at the reactor wall increased the volumetric mass transfer coefficient compared to the presence of the wall without the cylinders by an amount ranging from 12.5% to 214.5%. The presence of Polyox WSR-301 drag reducing polymer decreased the rate of mass transfer by an amount ranging from 3.5% to 32.26% depending on polymer concentration and impeller rotation speed. All data were correlated by dimensionless mass transfer equations. The importance of the present results in building high space time yield catalytic reactors suitable for conducting diffusion controlled reactions was highlighted, also the possible role of the vertical tube array as a secondary built in heat transfer facility which assists external cooling jacket was noted.     

螺旋叶片转子强化传热机理分析

以螺旋叶片转子为研究对象,对转子的强化换热机理进行理论分析,提出螺旋叶片转子3种强化传热机理,包括截面收缩效应强化、螺旋流动效应强化以及二次流效应强化。采用理论推导的方法,建立湍流区内Nusselt数预测关联式以及压力降预测关联式,从而预测转子几何参数等对转子强化传热特性及阻力特性的影响。同时,将关联式预测结果与对应的强化传热实验结果进行对比,对比结果表明:推导得出的Nusselt数预测关联式计算值与实验得到的Nusselt数之间的最大偏差为7.4%,阻力系数的预测关联式计算值与其实验值之间的最大偏差为10.1%。     

射流强化螺旋通道内流体流动与换热的数值模拟

采用CFD软件模拟了射流作用下圆形截面螺旋通道内流体的流动及强化传热特性,模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好。研究了无量纲曲率?=0.061、无量纲螺距?=0.121的螺旋通道内复合涡旋结构及其演变过程,考察了射流入射角度?=π/6~π/3、射流速比?j=3~6时射流对螺旋通道换热的强化效果。结果表明,射流的初始阶段,射流的冲击作用抑制了单一螺旋通道内的离心二次涡旋,生成一对与其旋转方向相反的射流诱导涡旋,随流动发展,射流诱导涡旋先由两涡演变为单涡结构而后逐渐耗散消失。射流作用显著强化了螺旋通道内侧壁面附近流体的换热,随着?减小或?j增大,强化传热效果增强。?j≥4时,不考虑射流流量增加时综合强化传热因子JF1=1.26~1.67,考虑射流流量增加时JF2=1.008~1.19。     

Mass transfer studies at packed bed rotating cylinder electrodes of woven-wire meshes

Mass transfer has been studied at rotating cylinder electrodes of woven-wire meshes using the reduction of ferricyanide as test reaction. The experimental data are well correlated by an empirical expression between the Sherwood number and the Reynolds number, both in terms of the hydraulic diameter as characteristic length, and including two additional dimensionless parameters in order to characterize the geometry of the meshes. The mass-transfer enhancement factor for three-dimensional electrodes is analyzed.     

Mass transfer studies at rotating cylinder electrodes of expanded metal

Mass transfer has been studied at rotating cylinder electrodes of expanded metal using the reduction of ferricyanide as test reaction. The experimental data are well correlated by an empirical expression between the Sherwood number and the Reynolds number, both in terms of the hydraulic diameter as characteristic length, and including two additional dimensionless parameters in order to characterize the geometry of the expanded metal. Comparisons of the mass-transfer performance of the expanded metal electrodes with other three-dimensional structures are made.     

不同位置射流强化螺旋通道传热性能分析

为了进一步提高并更合理评价射流强化螺旋通道内流体换热的综合性能,改进了射流管的安装位置并提出新的强化传热评价指标。采用实验和数值模拟对比研究了在圆形截面螺旋通道的内侧壁面和外侧壁面分别施加射流的强化传热效果。数值模拟结果与实验测量结果吻合较好。基于相同质量流量,探究了射流入射角度α以及射流与主流质量流量比ε_jm对强化传热特性的影响。考虑射流带来的附加功耗增加,提出以热功系数比(hpc)为评价指标对比分析了综合强化传热效果。结果表明,在α=30°～80°、ε_jm=0.1～1.5的研究范围内,与外侧壁面施加的射流相比,内侧壁面施加的射流对流体扰动更强,传热增强效果更好,同时消耗总功耗更小。当ε_jm=0.5、α=60°时,射流对螺旋通道的综合强化传热效果最佳,内侧、外侧壁面射流下的hpc最高值分别为1.39和1.32。     

周向重叠三分螺旋折流板换热器壳侧传热性能

探析了周向重叠三分螺旋折流板换热器高效强化传热性能的主要机理,周向重叠三分螺旋折流板换热器除了具备螺旋折流板换热器的一般特点外,还同时具有适合正三角形布管方案和防相邻折流板之间短路的功能;指出周向重叠方案相邻折流板连接处三角区内的一排管束可以有效抑制因上下游通道的压差引起的逆向泄漏;介绍了倾斜角为20°、24°、28°和32°的单头螺旋、32°双头螺旋周向重叠三分螺旋折流板换热器和弓形折流板换热器的试验结果,表明试验范围内的最佳方案是倾斜角20°方案,其平均壳侧传热系数、压降和综合指标(h_o/Δp_o)与弓形折流板换热器的数值之比分别为1.122、0.566和2.035。     

黏度随温度变化对三角形螺旋夹套内湍流流体流动及换热的影响

考虑受热流体黏度随温度变化的影响,对三角形螺旋夹套内流体湍流换热进行了数值模拟分析。经与实验结果比对,证明了模拟方法可靠。基于模拟结果重点分析了受热流体黏度变化对流道内流体流动和换热特性的影响,剖析了受热流体的截面平均流动阻力(fRe_m)和平均Nusselt数(Nu_m)沿流动方向的发展特点,并比较了不同流动参数和不同结构参数下流道内受热流体定黏度和变黏度时流体总流动阻力和传热系数的差别。结果表明:考虑流体黏度随温度变化时会明显影响三角形螺旋夹套内流体的流动和换热特性。对比两种流体fRe_m和Nu_m沿流体流动方向的发展过程发现,在早期、中间和后期发展3个阶段中,后期发展阶段中两种流体的发展趋势明显不同;相同来流条件和热边界条件下,与定黏度流体相比,同一横截面上变黏度流体各点的局部流动阻力较小,而局部Nusselt数却较大,因此变黏度流体总的流动阻力较小,而总的传热系数较大;Reynolds数越低,流道量纲一曲率越小,变黏度受热流体的流动和换热性能与定黏度流体流动和换热性能相比差异愈明显,则考虑流体黏度随温度变化对流体流动和传热的影响更为重要。     

螺旋折流板换热器的协同角分布特性及局部换热特征

采用商用软件GAMBIT和FLUENT对3种不同螺旋角的螺旋折流板换热器周期性模型进行了三维数值模拟计算分析。计算发现40°角模型的Nusselt数最高而平均协同角最小,结论符合场协同原理。揭示了螺旋折流板换热器内场协同角的分布特征,发现螺旋折流板换热器整场的场协同角分布相当均匀。同时,对螺旋折流板换热器内不同区域的局部换热特征进行了研究,发现中心区域的换热强度随Reynolds数逐渐增强。