奥氏体304不锈钢及焊缝在氯化物溶液中应力腐蚀开裂行为及机理研究

<正> 本文用慢应变速率实验(SSRT)技术,研究固溶态和敏化态的304不锈钢基材和焊缝在两种环境:a)酸性介质(HCl引起的应力腐蚀);b)中性介质(Cl~-引起的应力腐蚀)中,其发生应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)的可能性、严重程度、影响因素作用规律和过程机理,获得出许多有科学意义的数据。主要试验结果如下:     

高速列车车轴用EA4T钢腐蚀疲劳性能研究

目的 研究腐蚀环境中EA4T车轴钢疲劳性能,为车轴的腐蚀检测和使用寿命评估提供依据.方法 采用旋转弯曲疲劳试验机,在人造雨水模拟的腐蚀环境和空气环境中,对EA4T车轴钢试样进行疲劳试验,以获得不同环境下试样的疲劳S-N曲线、表面损伤以及裂纹扩展规律.然后对扩展裂纹进行概率统计,通过扫描电镜对疲劳失效的断口进行观察,并分析对比不同环境中裂纹扩展门槛值的变化.结果 空气环境中,试样的疲劳极限为355 MPa,而在腐蚀环境中,试样不存在疲劳极限,107循环周次对应的疲劳强度降低到245 MPa,相比空气环境中降低了31％.Gumbel分布统计与Weibull双参数分布统计相比,更适合描述EA4T车轴钢试样表面腐蚀裂纹长度随加载次数的变化.腐蚀环境中,疲劳裂纹萌生于表面腐蚀坑,并存在多个裂纹源.腐蚀环境显著降低了试样裂纹扩展门槛值,空气环境下,该值为6.29 MPa·m1/2,腐蚀环境下降低到4.1 MPa·m1/2.结论 腐蚀环境降低EA4T钢疲劳寿命的主要原因是,腐蚀环境降低了裂纹扩展门槛值,加快了裂纹萌生以及短裂纹扩展.而当裂纹达到一定长度时,腐蚀环境对裂纹扩展几乎没有影响.     

高耐蚀型耐候钢S450EW热轧工艺及腐蚀性能

制定了S450EW高耐蚀型耐候钢的热轧工艺,具体为:加热—粗轧—精轧—层流冷却—卷取,粗轧材料厚度控制值为40 mm,温度控制在(1050±20)℃范围内,精轧材料厚度控制值为7 mm,温度控制在(870±20)℃范围内,并对不同热轧工艺的样品进行金相试验及力学性能检测,以确定各工艺参数的设定范围。同时,完成S450EW钢的腐蚀性能验证,将试验钢的轧制成品径线切割为70 mm×50 mm×3. 5 mm的板状,并在Fl-65型干湿周期浸润腐蚀试验机内进行试验。结果表明,S450EW钢的两种试验样品的平均腐蚀率分别为1. 770和1. 839 g·m~(-2)·h,明显小于参比钢Q345试样的平均腐蚀率2. 909 g·m~(-2)·h。     

3 Cr 钢和碳钢在含 CO2环境中的腐蚀速率对比

模拟长庆苏里格油田的液体环境,并通入CO2,采用腐蚀失重法,对比研究了普通3Cr钢和碳钢在高温高压和常温常压两种条件下的腐蚀行为。结果表明:该模拟腐蚀环境中,3Cr钢和碳钢在常温常压条件下的腐蚀速率分别为0.118 mm/a及0.408 mm/a,碳钢的腐蚀速率是3Cr钢的3倍多;当温度和压力提高后,3Cr钢的腐蚀速率为1.59 mm/a,与碳钢的1.54 mm/a相当。     

考虑应力比和门槛值的海水腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展预测模型

采用自行改造的海水腐蚀疲劳试验机,研究了3 Hz频率、不同应力比R (0.1、0.3、0.5)下,海洋工程用结构钢DH36Z35在空气和人造海水中疲劳裂纹扩展动力学行为。结果表明:相同裂纹尖端应力场强度因子幅值ΔK下,空气和海水环境中都显示疲劳裂纹扩展速率随着应力比R的增加而增加的规律,在近门槛值区间1×10-7mm/cycle≤da/d N≤1×10^-6mm/cycle该现象尤其明显;在疲劳裂纹扩展速率da/d N>1×10-6mm/cycle的中速区间,空气中和海水中疲劳裂纹扩展速率出现拐点,高于该拐点海水加速裂纹扩展,低于该拐点海水抑制裂纹扩展,且应力比R越大,拐点对应裂纹扩展速率越高。依据空气和海水中不同应力比和门槛值条件下疲劳裂纹扩展速率实验结果,提出了一种修正的Walker模型,可通过空气中疲劳裂纹扩展速率预测不同应力比下海水环境中疲劳裂纹扩展速率。     

深冷处理对EH40极寒环境船用钢板的海水腐蚀性能影响

采用模拟浸泡实验技术,结合腐蚀形貌分析以及动电位极化和电化学阻抗技术研究了深冷处理对EH40极寒环境船用钢板在3.5%(质量分数)NaCl溶液中的海水腐蚀行为。结果表明:未经深冷处理的极寒环境船用钢板表面发生均匀腐蚀,在样品表面有均匀致密的腐蚀层产生;而经过-80℃深冷处理的钢板试样表面发生点蚀现象,其腐蚀失重增加,腐蚀速率由1.15 mm/a升至1.33 mm/a,增幅约为15.6%,同时腐蚀电流密度由1.244μA·cm^-2升至3.643μA·cm^-2,电化学阻抗值减小,耐蚀性降低;两者的腐蚀产物以α-FeOOH、β-FeOOH和γ-FeOOH为主。较低的环境温度对于极寒环境船用钢板的耐腐蚀性能有一定的影响。     

THE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND MECHANICAL VARIABLES ON CORROSION FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION RATE IN A HIGH STRENGTH STEEL——Quantitative Understanding of the Corrosion Fatigue Crack Growth Rate in a High Strength Steel

本文对4330M钢在蒸馏水中的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展速率进行了定量研究。测出4330M钢在蒸馏水中的(da/dt)-K曲线,并在R=0.2,0.6,0.7,0.8四种情况下测出4330M钢在氩气中和在蒸馏水中的(da/dN)-△K曲线。研究了应力比R对腐蚀疲劳的影响。 在上述实验基础上,拟制了一个BASIC计算程序,根据应力腐蚀和氩气气氛下疲劳的实验数据,用电子计算机对叠加模型和竞争模型分别算出以每周表示的应力腐蚀裂纹扩展速率(da/dN)_(SCC)。比较了两种模型的相互关系。计算结果表明4330M钢在蒸馏水中的腐蚀疲劳实验数据和Austen提出的竞争模型相符合。本文对竞争模型进行修正,提出要加上考虑交互作用的修正项。使用经修正后的竞争模型,就能解释腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展速率定量研究方面存在的一些问题。 试验结果表明,4330M钢适用于研究腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展的机制问题。     

环境介质和力学因素对高强度钢腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展速率的影响——高强度钢腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展速率的定量研究

本文对4330M钢在蒸馏水中的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展速率进行了定量研究。测出4330M钢在蒸馏水中的(da/dt)-K曲线,并在R=0.2,0.6,0.7,0.8四种情况下测出4330M钢在氩气中和在蒸馏水中的(da/dN)-△K曲线。研究了应力比R对腐蚀疲劳的影响。在上述实验基础上,拟制了一个BASIC计算程序,根据应力腐蚀和氩气气氛下疲劳的实验数据,用电子计算机对叠加模型和竞争模型分别算出以每周表示的应力腐蚀裂纹扩展速率(da/dN)_(SCC)。比较了两种模型的相互关系。计算结果表明4330M钢在蒸馏水中的腐蚀疲劳实验数据和Austen提出的竞争模型相符合。本文对竞争模型进行修正,提出要加上考虑交互作用的修正项。使用经修正后的竞争模型,就能解释腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展速率定量研究方面存在的一些问题。试验结果表明,4330M钢适用于研究腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展的机制问题。     

稀土铝黄铜合金在NaCl+NH4Cl腐蚀液中的腐蚀行为

利用失重法、X射线衍射分析、扫描电镜与能谱分析等手段研究了Cu-Zn-Al-Ni-B-Ce合金在自来水和去离子水配置的NaCl(35g/L)+NH4Cl(26.75g/L)腐蚀液中的耐腐蚀性能及其腐蚀行为。结果表明:该合金在溶液中的腐蚀产物均主要为稀土氧化物(Ce4O7)、铜的碱式氯化物(Cu(OH)Cl)和铜氨络合物的水合物(Cu(OH)2NH3.H2O);在去离子水溶液中合金的腐蚀速率为1.60×10-3mm/a,在自来水溶液中的腐蚀速率达到了7.51×10-2mm/a;合金在两种腐蚀液中均有沿晶界腐蚀现象,合金在自来水溶液中的腐蚀产物厚度10~20μm,远大于合金在去离子水中的腐蚀产物厚度1μm左右,且经去离子水溶液腐蚀后的合金表面比经自来水溶液腐蚀后的平滑。     

正十六硫醇分子在Ag表面的自组装动力学及其保护作用

利用充放电电容法、接触角测量法和电化学阻抗法研究了正十六硫醇在Ag镀层表面的自组装行为。在浓度为10和100μmol·L~(-1)条件下,由充放电电容法得到吸附速率常数分别为(1.3±0.2)×10~6和(2.8±0.5)×10~4mol~(-1)·L·s~(-1),由接触角方法得到的吸附速率常数分别为(9.3±0.7)×10~5和(3.4±0.6)×10~4 mol~(-1)·L·s~(-1),两种方法得到的结果一致。同时,结果也表明低浓度的硫醇分子有更高的吸附速率常数。Tafel极化曲线表明,经5 mmol·L-1的正十六硫醇溶液浸泡15 min后,Ag镀件在阴极和阳极区域的电流密度显著降低,缓蚀率可达98.6%。80°C下烘烤12 h实验、Na_2S溶液腐蚀实验以及H_2S气体腐蚀实验的结果进一步证实上述保护工艺既符合生产操作要求,又可以获得显著的耐蚀效果。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.