Alterations in intestinal barrier function do not predispose to translocation of enteric bacteria in gastroenterologic patients

The potential of electrospray mass spectrometry (ESMS) for the sequencing of glycopeptides was evaluated using quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) technology in the MS/MS mode. The location of O-glycosylation sites was possible in the positive ion (+) mode by detection of prominent y- and b-fragment ions from the underivatized TAP25-2 [T1APPAHGVT9S10APDT14RPAPGS20T21APPA], an overlapping sequence of MUC1 tandem repeats which had been glycosylated in vitro by two GalNAc residues in the positions T9 and T21. The high mass resolution and accuracy of QTOF-(+)ESMS allowed reliable structural assignments. The reduced complexity of the fragment spectra and the higher signal-to-noise ratio render QTOF-(+)ESMS an alternative mass spectrometric approach to the identification of O-glycosylation sites when compared with sequencing by post-source decay matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization MS. Diagnostic ions from the N-terminus in the b-series offered direct evidence, which was supported by indirect evidence from the C-terminus ions of the y-series. The higher glycosylated GalNAc2-substituted fragments were mainly observed as multiply ionized species.     

电感耦合等离子体串联质谱法测定 高纯氧化镁粉中金属杂质元素

基于电感耦合等离子体串联质谱(ICP-MS/MS)法建立了准确可靠分析高纯氧化镁粉中金属杂质元素的新方法。ICP-MS/MS通过启用新的质量过滤装置,在氧化镁基质的金属杂质元素测定过程中,能有效减少多原子干扰。采用He为碰撞气,O₂以及NH₃/He混合气为反应气,对比了在单四极杆(SQ)模式和串联四极杆(MS/MS)模式下消除干扰的效果。采用He碰撞模式无法消除一些特殊的质谱干扰,特别是双电荷离子干扰;然而,将分析物转移为氧化物离子或团簇离子,能实现待测元素的无干扰分析,并能获得极低的检出限,通过加标回收实验评估了方法的准确性。结果显示,方法的检出限为0.46~65.9ng/L。各元素的线性相关系数(R²)均不小于0.9998,真实样品的加标回收率为93%~108%,相对标准偏差为1.6%~4.4%。方法完全能用于高纯氧化镁粉中金属杂质元素的实时监控。     

Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry: a primer

This review offers an introduction to the principles and generic applications of FT-ICR mass spectrometry, directed to readers with no prior experience with the technique. We are able to explain the fundamental FT-ICR phenomena from a simplified theoretical treatment of ion behavior in idealized magnetic and electric fields. The effects of trapping voltage, trap size and shape, and other nonidealities are manifested mainly as perturbations that preserve the idealized ion behavior modified by appropriate numerical correction factors. Topics include: effect of ion mass, charge, magnetic field, and trapping voltage on ion cyclotron frequency; excitation and detection of ICR signals; mass calibration; mass resolving power and mass accuracy; upper mass limit(s); dynamic range; detection limit, strategies for mass and energy selection for MSn; ion axialization, cooling, and remeasurement; and means for guiding externally formed ions into the ion trap. The relation of FT-ICR MS to other types of Fourier transform spectroscopy and to the Paul (quadrupole) ion trap is described. The article concludes with selected applications, an appendix listing accurate fundamental constants needed for ultrahigh-precision analysis, and an annotated list of selected reviews and primary source publications that describe in further detail various FT-ICR MS techniques and applications.     

Sodium-cationized oligosaccharides do not appear to undergo 'internal residue loss' rearrangement processes on tandem mass spectrometry

The phenomenon of 'internal residue loss' of protonated native- and per-O-methylated oligosaccharides has recently been described as occurring on high-energy collision conditions. Awareness of this phenomenon in the mass spectrometric analysis of oligosaccharides is of great importance since the rearrangement ions produced by this process may complicate monosaccharide sequence assignment. In this research, oligosaccharides having N-acetyl-glucosamine residues as the reducing or non-reducing terminal residue have been included in our MS/MS analyses in order to try to better understand the factors that influence 'internal residue loss'. Native and per-O-methylated compounds were submitted to positive and negative MS/MS, selecting protonated, sodium-cationized, or de-protonated pseudomolecular ions as precursors. High- and low-energy collision induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry experiments were performed using a four sector instrument and a hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer respectively. The phenomenon of 'internal residue loss' was not observed on either high- or low-energy CID-MS/MS when sodium-cationized precursor ions of either native or per-O-methylated oligosaccharides were examined. Similarly, MS/MS analysis performed in the negative ionization mode also failed to generate ions resulting from 'internal residue loss'. This combination of experiments therefore offers a way to be sure whether ions observed in the tandem mass spectra of protonated native or per-O-methylated oligosaccharides originate from 'internal residue loss' or from direct glycosidic linkage fragmentation.     

褐煤的气相色谱/串联三重四极杆质谱鉴别检测方法

基于传统褐煤鉴别方法操作复杂、定性结果主观影响较大等特点,探索并建立了褐煤的气相色谱/串联三重四极杆质谱鉴别方法(GC-MS/MS)。对煤炭样品采用丙酮溶液提取,提取液用气相色谱/串联三重四极杆质谱仪进行全扫描总离子流色谱和选择离子扫描及多反应监测扫描质谱(色谱和质谱)的采集分析。从总离子流图检测出褐煤的特征峰,结合特征峰的质荷比394.8/187、394.8/95、394.8/161、394.8/159.1对褐煤样品进行多反应监测模式(MRM)分析,使得定性分析更准确可靠。实验方法可广泛应用于煤炭中褐煤与其他种类煤炭区分的定性检测。     

Applications of 1.06-micron IR laser desorption on a Fourier transform mass spectrometer

Various sugars, peptides, and lipids were analyzed on a Fourier transform mass spectrometer using laser desorption and ionization with and without the assistance of matrixes. A compact Nd:YAG laser with an output at 1.06 microns corresponding to fundamental frequency was employed. Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria were also subjected to laser desorption mass spectrometry. Characteristics ions of conjugated lipid, formed by attachment of alkali metal cations, endogenous to the cells, were observed. Particle/liquid matrixes (e.g., cobalt in glycerol) proved to be useful with the 1.06-micron laser. The particles absorb efficiently laser radiation in a broad wavelength range. The liquid provides the same advantages as in fast atom bombardment: increased signal-to-noise ratios and enhanced sample lifetimes. The effect of laser power on total ion current was shown to differ for samples with and without the particle/liquid matrix. The Fourier transform analyzer provides MS/MS capability for both positive and negative ions from complex mixtures. Ions desorbed externally are introduced into the cell via a quadrupole ion guide with a lower mass cutoff. Such a setup allows matrix ions to be excluded and thus provides excellent signal-to-noise ratios for lower mass range fragment ions formed inside the cell.     

De novo peptide sequencing in an ion trap mass spectrometer with 18O labeling

De novo peptide sequencing in an ion trap mass spectrometer coupled on-line with a capillary HPLC using 18O labeling provides a viable alternative to the method using the combination of nanospray, 18O labeling and a quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Seven to sixteen amino acid residues can be sequenced from the liquid chromatography/randem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) spectra. This approach combines the benefit of capillary LC and the high sensitivity of the ion trap operated in the MS/MS mode. The wide availability of the LCQ mass spectrometer makes this approach readily adaptable to the biological mass spectrometry community.     

电感耦合等离子体串联质谱法测定高温合金中痕量砷

高温合金中Co含量较高,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)测定高温合金中As时,⁵⁹Co¹⁶O⁺会严重干扰As的分析,这一直是ICP-MS测定高温合金中痕量As的研究难点。在串联四极杆(MS/MS)模式下向碰撞/反应池内通入O₂,设置一级质量过滤器(Q1)m/z=75,⁷⁵As⁺可以与O₂反应生成⁷⁵As¹⁶O⁺,而干扰离子不能与O₂发生反应,将二级质量过滤器(Q2)设置为m/z=91,仅⁷⁵As¹⁶O⁺通过并被检测器检测,从而避免了⁵⁹Co¹⁶O⁺的质谱干扰。据此,建立了电感耦合等离子体串联质谱法(ICP-MS/MS)测定高温合金中痕量As的方法。采用As质量浓度为1.000 ng/mL、Co质量浓度为1.000~1 000 μg/mL的系列标准溶液考察了单四极杆和MS/MS两种模式下Co对As测定的质谱干扰。结果表明,在MS/MS模式下,As的回收率均在100%左右,这说明在MS/MS质量转移模式下,采用O₂为反应气,通过两次质量选择,可以成功消除Co基体带来的严重干扰。对O₂流速进行了优化,选择O₂流速为0.375 mL/min。方法线性范围为1.00~100 ng/mL,线性相关系数为1.000 0,检出限为0.006 7 μg/g,定量限为0.023 μg/g。选择纯钴标准样品为测定对象,按照实验方法对其中As进行测定,并进行加标回收试验,回收率在96%~102%之间。采用所建立的方法对镍基高温合金标准物质和高温合金样品中As进行测定,测定结果分别与认定值或原子荧光光谱法测定值基本一致,实际样品测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)为1.6%～2.8%。     

Functional wave time-lag focusing matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization in a linear time-of-flight mass spectrometer: improved mass accuracy

A strength of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry is its ability to analyze mixtures without separation. MALDI mass spectrometers capable of providing a linear mass calibration over a broad mass range should find wide use in these applications. This work addresses issues pertinent to mass measurement accuracy of a time-lag focusing MALDI time-of-flight instrument and presents a new approach to improving mass accuracy by using a functional wave extraction pulse, instead of a square wave, for time-lag focusing. A model is described of an ideal extraction pulse shape that provides constant total kinetic energy for all ions. If total kinetic energy is constant, then there is an exact linear correlation between ion mass and flight time raised to the second power. Using a descending wave extraction pulse, it is demonstrated that mass accuracy of better than 30 ppm using two internal calibrants and better than 70 ppm using external calibrants can be obtained over a 25 ku mass range. The practical aspects of an instrument needed to obtain consistent mass accuracy is discussed. It is found that ion flight time shows a small dependence upon laser flux; flight times increase slightly as the flux increases. But this dependence is much smaller than is observed in continuous-extraction MALDI.     

Method to compare collision-induced dissociation spectra of peptides: potential for library searching and subtractive analysis

We report the development of a method to compare collision-induced dissociation (CID) spectra of peptides. This method employs a cross-correlation analysis of a CID spectrum to a reference spectrum and normalizes the cross-correlation score to the autocorrelation of the CID spectra. The query spectrum is compared by using both mass information and fragmentation patterns. Fragmentation patterns are compared to each other using a correlation function. To evaluate the specificity of the approach, a set of 2180 tandem mass spectra obtained from both triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometers (TSQ) and quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometers (LCQ) was created. Comparisons are performed between tandem mass spectra obtained on the same instrument type as well as between different instrument types. Accurate and reliable comparisons are demonstrated in both types of analyses. The scores obtained in the cross-comparison of TSQ and LCQ tandem mass spectra of the same peptide are found to be slightly lower than comparisons performed with spectra obtained on the same instrument type. The method appears insensitive to variations in day-to-day performance of the instrument, minor variations in fragment ion abundance, and instrumental differences inherent in the same instrument model. The use of this method of comparison is demonstrated for library searching and subtractive analysis of tandem mass spectra obtained during LC/MS/MS experiments.     

氧气反应模式-电感耦合等离子体串联质谱法测定土壤中砷和硒

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定土壤中的As和Se时会受到严重的氩化物、氯化物、氧化物、双电荷等多原子离子干扰,从而导致测定土壤中As和Se难度加大。采用石墨消解仪以王水消解土壤样品,在串接模式下,分别设置第一级四极杆质量过滤器(Q1)质荷比(m/z)为75和80,在碰撞/反应池中通入氧气,⁷⁵As⁺、⁸⁰Se⁺和氧气反应生成⁷⁵As¹⁶O⁺和⁸⁰Se¹⁶O⁺,而干扰离子不能与氧气反应,分别设置第二级质量过滤器(Q3)m/z为91和96,使得⁷⁵As¹⁶O⁺和⁸⁰Se¹⁶O⁺通过并进入检测器中,从而避免了质谱干扰,据此建立了石墨消解-电感耦合等离子体串联质谱法(ICP-MS/MS)测定土壤中As和Se的方法。对氧气流速进行了优化,选择氧气流速为1.0 mL/min。实验表明:As和Se的线性范围均为0.500～100 μg/L,线性相关系数分别为0.999 93和0.999 98,检出限分别为0.008 mg/kg和0.001 mg/kg,定量限分别为0.032 mg/kg和0.004 mg/kg。采用所建立的实验方法对土壤标准物质和土壤样品中的As和Se分别进行测定,结果表明,对于标准物质,As和Se的测定值均在认定值的范围内,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)分别在2.0%~4.4%和2.6%~7.8%之间;对于土壤样品,实验方法对As和Se的测定结果与原子荧光光谱法基本一致,相对标准偏差(n=6)分别在2.3%~4.5%和3.7%~7.9%之间。     

氧气反应模式-电感耦合等离子体串联质谱法测定土壤中砷和硒

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定土壤中的As和Se时会受到严重的氩化物、氯化物、氧化物、双电荷等多原子离子干扰,从而导致测定土壤中As和Se难度加大。采用石墨消解仪以王水消解土壤样品,在串接模式下,分别设置第一级四极杆质量过滤器(Q1)质荷比(m/z)为75和80,在碰撞/反应池中通入氧气,⁷⁵As⁺、⁸⁰Se⁺和氧气反应生成⁷⁵As¹⁶O⁺和⁸⁰Se¹⁶O⁺,而干扰离子不能与氧气反应,分别设置第二级质量过滤器(Q3)m/z为91和96,使得⁷⁵As¹⁶O⁺和⁸⁰Se¹⁶O⁺通过并进入检测器中,从而避免了质谱干扰,据此建立了石墨消解-电感耦合等离子体串联质谱法(ICP-MS/MS)测定土壤中As和Se的方法。对氧气流速进行了优化,选择氧气流速为1.0 mL/min。实验表明:As和Se的线性范围均为0.500～100 μg/L,线性相关系数分别为0.999 93和0.999 98,检出限分别为0.008 mg/kg和0.001 mg/kg,定量限分别为0.032 mg/kg和0.004 mg/kg。采用所建立的实验方法对土壤标准物质和土壤样品中的As和Se分别进行测定,结果表明,对于标准物质,As和Se的测定值均在认定值的范围内,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)分别在2.0%~4.4%和2.6%~7.8%之间;对于土壤样品,实验方法对As和Se的测定结果与原子荧光光谱法基本一致,相对标准偏差(n=6)分别在2.3%~4.5%和3.7%~7.9%之间。     

Activities of the enzymes participating in purine and free-radical metabolism in cancerous human colorectal tissues

Liquid chromatography-pneumatically assisted electrospray mass spectrometry with negative ionization has been used for the determination of acidic herbicides in ground water. Eighteen pesticides or pesticide degradation products belonging to several different groups of acidic herbicides (phenoxy acids, sulfonylureas, phenols, etc.) were covered in the study. Optimization of electrospray inlet conditions is described as well as results from investigations of the linearity of the detector response. Conditions for tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS) detection of characteristic daughter ions formed by collision-induced dissociation (CID) of the parent ion are described and a comparison of obtainable instrument detection limits by single MS and MS-MS was made. Detection limits using MS in the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode were generally in the order of 1 microgram/l or below, whereas detection limits were three-four times higher using MS-MS detection. A principle of analysis is proposed based on single quadrupole MS as a method for quantitative determination followed by verification of positive findings by CID MS-MS. Application of the method for detecting acidic herbicides residues in a "real-world" ground water sample is demonstrated.     

Dual parallel mass spectrometers for analysis of sphingolipid, glycerophospholipid and plasmalogen molecular species

Analysis of phospholipids was performed using a liquid chromatographic separation with two mass spectrometers in parallel providing electrospray ionization (ESI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) data simultaneously from a triple quadrupole instrument and a single quadrupole instrument, respectively. The output from UV-Vis and evaporative light scattering detectors were also acquired by the two mass spectrometers, respectively, for four detectors overall. This arrangement was used to identify and calculate area percents for molecular species of dihydrosphingomyelin (DHS) and sphingomyelin (SPM) in commercially available bovine brain SPM, in human plasma extract and in porcine lens extract. Molecular species of phosphatidylethanolamine and its plasmalogen, and phosphatidylcholine and its plasmalogen were identified and semi-quantitative analysis performed. Commercially available bovine brain SPM was found to contain 11.5% DHS and 88.5% SPM. The only DHS molecular species identified in human plasma was 16:0-DHS, at or below 1% of the sphingolipid content. Porcine lens membranes were found to contain 14.4% DHS and 85.6% SPM. Other findings reported here include: (1) phospholipids were found to undergo dimerization in the electrospray source, giving masses representing combinations of species present. (2) Triacylglycerols gave usable mass spectra under electrospray ionization conditions, as well as under APCI-MS conditions. (3) Triacylglycerols gave ammonium adducts as base peaks in their APCI mass spectra, which reduced fragmentation and increased the proportions of molecular ions. (4) Mass spectra were obtained for phospholipids which underwent both protonation and sodium adduct formation in different chromatographic runs.     

半导体制冷器件在国产电感耦合等离子体质谱仪上的应用

半导体制冷雾室是电感耦合等离子体质谱仪上广泛使用的器件,可以提高仪器的分析性能.将自研半导体制冷器件应用于电感耦合等离子体四极杆质谱仪,选取覆盖低、中、高质荷比的9Be、89y、115 In、138 Ba、140Ce和209Bi为研究对象,在雾室温度为0～20℃范围内考察了雾室温度对背景噪声、检出限、信号强度、氧化物产...     

Negative ion electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry in the structural characterization of penicillins

The mass spectrometry (MS) behaviour of ten commercially available penicillins has been studied by means of electrospray and multiple-stage MS/MS experiments performed using an ion trap instrument. For all the examined compounds negative ions are produced under ESI conditions, with a yield two or three orders of magnitude higher than that observed for positive ions. MSn experiments indicate the occurrence of a fragmentation pathway related to the beta-lactam ring, different from that usually described for positive ions of these compounds, and provide structural information on both the beta-lactam ring and the side chains.     

Protein identification by capillary zone electrophoresis/microelectrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry at the subfemtomole level

A method for the identification of proteins by their amino acid sequence at the low-femtomole to subfemtomole sensitivity level is described. It is based on an integrated system consisting of a capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) instrument coupled to an electrospray ionization triple- quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer (ESI-MS/MS) via a microspray interface. The method consists of proteolytic fragmentation of a protein, peptide separation by CZE, analysis of separated peptides by ESI-MS/MS, and identification of the protein by correlation of the collision-induced dissociation (CID) patterns of selected peptides with the CID patterns predicted from all the isobaric peptides in a sequence database. Using standard peptides applied to a 20-microns-i.d. capillary, we demonstrate an ESI-MS limit of detection of less than 300 amol and CID spectra suitable for searching sequence databases obtained with 600 amol of sample applied to the capillary. Successful protein identification by the method was demonstrated by applying 50 and 38 fmol of a tryptic digest of the proteins beta-lactoglobulin and bovine serum albumin, respectively, to the system.     

Analytical advances in detection of performance-enhancing compounds

The use and abuse of performance-enhancing substances has been an issue in sports since the ancient Greeks. The availability of numerous synthetic steroids and recombinant peptide hormones has made testing an analytical challenge. Recent advances in mass spectrometry have provided an opportunity to decrease detection limits. The Atlanta Olympic Games in 1996 marked the first time every specimen was screened by gas chromatography (GC) coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS). A further improvement may be seen with GC/MS/MS and quadrupole ion traps. Electrospray HPLC/MS has also been applied to the detection and confirmation of peptide hormones in urine. The ability to detect subtle differences in oligosaccharide structure may provide a way to detect abuse of recombinant glycoproteins. Simply decreasing detection limits is not enough; new technology also allows development of a foundation on which to base interpretation. Application of HPLC/MS/MS has allowed direct measurement of steroid conjugates in urine. The relative importance of sulfate, glucuronide, and other conjugates and metabolites of testosterone and epitestosterone can now be assessed. In the international sports arena, the impact of genetic metabolic disposition must also be considered if we are to provide an equitable system. Further research will establish more-refined criteria for the detection threshold of abused substances.     

Differentiation of lysine/glutamine in peptide sequence analysis by electrospray ionization sequential mass spectrometry coupled with a quadrupole ion trap

Electrospray ionization coupled to a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer is used to differentiate between the isobaric amino acids lysine and glutamine in sequence analysis of peptides. Collision-induced dissociation is used for fragmentation. Several isobaric peptides with one or more lysines or glutamines at different positions were investigated. The ambiguous amino acid either in the peptide chain or at the C- or N-terminus can be clearly identified based on specific side chain fragment ions resulting from MS3 or MS4 of B- and Y"-fragment ions.     

Microfabricated device coupled with an electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer: protein identifications based on enhanced-resolution mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry data

We describe the coupling of a microfabricated fluidic device to an electrospray ionization (ESI) quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer (QqTOFMS) for the identification of protein samples. The microfabricated devices consisted of three reservoirs connected via channels to a main capillary, which in turn was linked via a microspray interface to the QqTOFMS. Here we present preliminary results obtained using this system. Standardized solutions of myoglobin tryptic digest were analyzed indicating a limit of detection at the low to sub fmol/microL. The combination of the microfabricated device for rapid sample delivery and the rapid acquisition capability, enhanced resolution and mass accuracy of the QqTOF offers unique possibilities for the rapid identification of proteins by database searching. This platform can generate MS data suitable for protein database searching by the peptide-mass fingerprinting approach and MS/MS data suitable for protein database searching. Here the results of the two database-searching approaches are compared and the possibilities of combining the two approaches for rapid identification of protein are discussed. Also, we present a comparison of the results obtained using the three-position microfabricated device coupled to the ESI-QqTOFMS and to an ESI-ion trap MS. Finally the combination of C-terminal 18O labeling of peptides and the microfabricated system for automated combined peptide-mass fingerprinting and sequence-tag database searching is discussed.